1.

Objectivity
- The focus of information is on the topic rather
EAPP than the writer him/herself
Ways to achieve objectivity:
Chapter 1: Nature of Academic Texts
- Avoid using personal words
Definition of terms: - Avoid rhetorical questions
- Avoid emotive language
Academic Writing- Kind of writing used in schools.
Subject- Topic of the text 2. Explicitness
Tone- attitude of the author about the topic - The clarity of the writing structure
Purpose- the message of the author; the author goal in - Clear and precise language
writing the text 3. Caution
Language- words used by the writer in discussing the topic - The careful attention to avoid sweeping
Audience- readers of the text generalization
Point of View- how an author tells the information 4. Writing Styles
(1st, 2nd, 3rd) - Ways of writing
Style- how an author arranges his/her writing: techniques - Through stories, facts, descriptions, or arguments
and strategies
Knowledge- amount of information poured into the text; Four main writing styles
shows expertise 1. Narrative Writing- authors tells a story (fictional
Explicitness- Information should be precise and exact or non- fictional )
2. Expository Writing- exposes the topic by
Academic Text- is defined as a critical, objective, providing facts to explain it
specialized text written by experts or professionals in a 3. Descriptive Writing- Describes the topic;
given field using formal language. becomes more effective with the use of sensory
Purpose of Academic Text: images
- To inform 4. Persuasive Writing- also known as argumentative
- To persuade writing; argues an option on a debatable topic.
- To argue
Academic Texts and Text Structure
Formal Language- is used in academic texts (avoid using Academic Text:
colloquial or Jargon words)
- Language must be in Layhams term  Academic text is intended for the scholarly and
- Academic paper is back up with valid evidences the research community in society, particularly
from reliable sources schools.
 Academic texts are for academia, and they are
Four Features of Language
objective, formal, and factual.
5. Formality
 Essays, Research Papers, Reports, Projects,
- Your dignified stance in writing
Articles, and Thesis are considered as academic
- Since writing for a community, avoid colloquial
texts.
words and expressions
Non- Academic Text:
Ways to achieve formality:
 Non-academic texts are writings that are informal
- Choosing expanded forms over contracted forms
and dedicated to a lay audience. They are
- Choose one word verbs over two word verbs
emotional, personal and subjective without any
- Avoid using abbreviations
kind of research involving. Therefore, anyone can
- Avoid using colloquial/idiomatic expressions
write a non-academic text.
 Newspaper articles,
 e-mail messages,
 text messages,
 journal writing, and letters
are some examples of non-academic text.
  How did you gather data? How to read a text critically:
 What Instrument did you use? 1. Annotate what you read
 What are your findings? 2. Outlining the text
 What have you collected? 3. Summarizing a text
 What are the meaning of the results? 4. Evaluating a text
 What future action/s do you recommend? Annotate what you read
- To 'annotate' is, simply, to add notes' These could
be comments, explanations, criticisms, or
questions pertaining to whatever text you're
reading.
- To annotate a text, you generally highlight or
underline important pieces of information and
make notes in the margin.
Outlining the text
- Outlining is a crucial early step in the writing
process. An outline provides the framework upon
which your finished piece of writing is built; it
CRITICAL READING provides the template to fill in with your unique
Critical- in this context means “analyze and evaluate” insights and ideas.
Critical Thinking- means Outline - shows the order in which the information will be
- Thinking outside the box presented and indicates the relationship of information to
- Unlimited thinking each other.
- Divergent thinking
Critical Reading
- is a form of language analysis that does not take
the given text at face value, but involves a deeper
examination of the given claims as well as the
supporting points and possible counterarguments.
- The ability to reinterpret and reconstruct for
improved clarity and readability is also a
component of critical reading. Summarizing a text
Difference between basic and critical reading
A summary is always much shorter than the original text.
Basic Reading- basic reading tells the reader only what the
Writing a summary does not involve critiquing or
text says (the claims and facts contained in the text).
evaluating the source. You should simply provide an
Critical Reading- critical reading, however, also tells the
accurate account of the most important information and
reader what the text does and what it means.
ideas (without copying any text from the original).
Importance of Critical Reading Summarization: Pull out the main points of the text and
- Critical reading skills play an important role in the write them down.
success of a student. A student who has excellent
critical reading skills is able to evaluate a piece of Evaluating a text
writing as he or she reads. "Evaluating" in this context involves encouraging the
- Critical reading of several texts enables a reader to reader to form opinions, make judgments, and develop
understand a given subject from various ideas from reading.
perspectives, which is important in academics. Forming your evaluation of the text may include the
following process:
• Analysis
• Interpretation
• Synthesis
Evaluating a text
• Analysis- the separation of something into its parts or
elements, which helps to examine them more closely.
• Interpretation- after breaking down the text and
examining them, what conclusions you can draw from this
evidences.
• Synthesis- after analysing and interpreting them, you
should make new connections with what you know.
Text structure refers to how the information within a 5. -includes a topic sentence related to the thesis
written text is organized, arranged, or constructed. statement
This strategy helps you understand 6. -logical ordering of ideas
 The main idea; 7. -includes transition sentences for a good flow of
 the details; the essay
 the cause and effects; 8. -includes substantial and relevant examples
 and/or different views of a topic and among Conclusion
others. 1. Closes the essay
Importance of Structure in Academic Writing 2. Briefly summarizes the major points
 A well-structured text enables the reader to follow 3. Usually has a closing statement
the argument and navigate the text. 4. -wraps all arguments and points
 Knowing to recognize common text structures can 5. -restates the main arguments in a simplified
help you monitor your comprehension. manner
6. -leaves the reader something to ponder especially
Common structures for argumentative essays
TWO COMMON STRUCTURES USED IN ACADEMIC Difference in using the three-part structure in Academic
WRITING and Non Academic Text
1. The three-part essay structure In ACADEMIC TEXT
2. The IMRaD structure.  It is intended for the scholarly and the research
The three part essay structure community in society.
The three-part essay structure is a basic structure that  Academic texts are for academia, and they are
consists of objective, formal, and factual.
1. Introduction In NON ACADEMIC TEXT
2. Body  It is intended for the general public in society.
3. Conclusion  Non-academic texts, are casual, informal and
 The introduction and the conclusion should be personal, and are for the general public.
shorter than the body of the text. The IMRaD structure
 For shorter essays, one or two paragraphs for each The sections of the IMRaD structure are:
of these sections can be appropriate.  Introduction,
 For longer texts or thesis, they may be several  Methods,
pages long.  Results
Introduction  and
1. Provides a background about the topic  Discussion
2. Prepares the mind of the readers on what the
topic is all about
3. -must contain an attention grabber
4. -makes the essay sound interesting
5. -may begin with a quote
6. -intro moves from general to specific Introduction
7. -there should be a thesis statement or Methods
The aim or purpose of the paper Results
Body Discussions
1. Discusses or elaborates the topic  What is the problem?
2. Contains the major points of the topic or the  Why do you want to study it?
explanation  What did other researchers found about it?
3. Is usually the longest part
4. -includes evidences and support