Applied Math for

Distribution Systems
Course #1102

Fleming Training Center

April 8 - 12, 2013
http://www.tn.gov/environment/fleming/
Applied Math for Distribution State of Tennessee

COURSE # 1102
APRIL 8 - 12, 2013

Monday, April 8
8:30 am Solving for X Amanda Carter
9:30 am Area, Volume, and Conversions Amanda
11:00 am LUNCH
12:15 pm Velocity and Flow Amanda

Tuesday, April 9
8:30 am Pressure and Force Amanda
10:00 am Meter Accuracy Amanda
11:30 am LUNCH
1:00 pm Head and Head Loss Amanda

Wednesday, April 10
8:30 am Disinfection Amanda
10:30 am Temperature Conversions Amanda
11:15 am LUNCH
1:00 pm Horsepower and Efficiency Amanda

Thursday, April 11 State of Tennessee

8:30 am Hydrant Flow Problems Amanda
9:30 am Trench Calculations Amanda Fleming Training Center
10:30 am Pipe Leakage Amanda 2022 Blanton Dr.
Murfreesboro, TN 37129
11:30 am LUNCH Phone: 615-898-6507
12:45 pm C-Factor Amanda Fax: 615-898-8064
2:15 pm Review for exam Amanda E-mail: Amanda.Carter@tn.gov

Friday, April 12
8:30 am Test and Course Evaluations Amanda
 Table of Contents

Section 1 Basic Math Review Page 3

Section 2 Area and Volume Page 15

Section 3 Velocity and Flow Page 27

Section 4 Pressure and Force Page 41

Section 5 Meter Accuracy Page 57

Section 6 Head and Head Loss Page 67

Section 7 Disinfection Page 87

Section 8 Horsepower and Efficiency Page 103

Section 9 Trench Calculations Page 125

Section 10 Leak Test Page 143

Section 11 Hydrant Flow Page 151

Section 12 C – Factor Page 159

Section 13 Temperature Conversions Page 175

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 Section 1

Basic Math Review

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Section 1 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Basics
• The unknown is a variable
in the equation that we
are trying to solve.

• The unknown variable is

usually represented by a
Solving for the Unknown letter such as, x.

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Basics How do I get x by itself?

When solving for an unknown Part 2: Multiplication and (6)x = 60
variable, x. Division
• If a number is being x = 60
multiplied by or divided into 6
1. X must be in the numerator. x is must be moved across x = 10
2. X must be by itself on one the = to get x by itself.
x = 12
side of the equation • Numbers will move at a 3
diagonal when they cross x = 12 (3)
the equal sign. x = 36

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What if x is not in the numerator? Order of operations if you have +/- and */

2= 4 • If x is in the denominator it When solving for an unknown

x can trade places with a that involves more than one
2x -5 = 40
number on the other side of 2x -5 = 40 +5 process.
2 =x the = sign. 2x = 45 1. Do the addition and
4
• Flip-flop subtraction first
x = 45
0.5 = x • This is the only time you 2 2. Then do the multiplication
can move x!! x = 22.5 and division.
• If x is in the numerator DO
NOT MOVE x!!
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Practice Practice
(23)(x)(7.48) = 542
Step 1. Determine if x is in (8)(x) = 21 Step 1. Determine if x is in
Step 1 yes the numerator (3)(3) the numerator
Step 2 Step 2. Simplify the
Step 2. Simplify the numbers Step 1 yes
(23) (7.48) = 172.04 numbers
(172.04) (x) = 542 Step 3. Get x by itself Step 2
Step 3. Get x by itself
(8)(x) = 21
Step 4. Solve the equation Step 4. Solve the equation
Step 3 9
(172.04) (x) = 542 Step 3 Step 4
(8)(x) = 21 (8)(x) = (21)(9) x = (21)(9) x = 23.625
x = 542
172.04 9 8
Step 4
x = 3.15 TDEC - Fleming Training Center 7 TDEC - Fleming Training Center 8

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Practice Solving for x²

Step 1. Determine if x is in the
80 = 3700 numerator • The procedure for solving for x²
Step 2. Simplify the numbers
x is the same as solving for x.
Step 3. Get x by itself
Step 1 No Step 4. Solve the equation • There is one extra step at the
Step 2 end.
Already simplified Step 1. Determine if x² is in the numerator
Step 3 Step 4 Step 2. Simplify the numbers
80 = 3700 80 = x 0.0216 = x Step 3. Get x² by itself
x 3700 Step 4. Solve the equation
Step 5. Take the square root of both sides
of the equation

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Solving for x² Things to remember

(x²) (0.785) = 2826
Step 1. Determine if x² is in • Only move x if it is the denominator.
Step 1 Yes
the numerator
Step 2 already simplified
• If x is in the numerator leave x where it is
Step 2. Simplify the
and move the other numbers away from x.
Step 3 numbers
(x²) (0.785) = 2826
Step 3. Get x² by itself • It does not matter if x is on the left side or
(x²) = 2826 Step 4. Solve the equation
the right side of the equation.
Step 4
0.785
Step 5. Take the square • x=5
(x²) = 3600 root of both sides of the • 5=x
equation
Step 5 • They mean the same thing!
√x² = √3600
x = 60 TDEC - Fleming Training Center 11 TDEC - Fleming Training Center 12

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Math Problem Strategies

Use these rules of operation to approach math problems (especially when working with
formulas):

1) Work from left to right.

2) Do all the work inside the parentheses first.
3) Do all the multiplication/division above the line (numerator) and below the line
(denominator).
4) Then do all the addition and subtraction above and below the line.
5) Perform the division (divided the numerator by the denominator).

Strategy for solving word problems:

1) Read the problem, disregard the numbers (What type of problem is it? What am I asked to
find?)
2) Refer to the diagram, if provided. If there isn’t one, draw your own.
3) What information do I need to solve the problem, and how is it given in the statement of the
problem?
4) Work it out.
5) Does it make sense?

It might be helpful to write out everything that is known in one column and the unknown (what
am I asked to find?) in another column. Identify the correct formula and write it in the middle,
plug in the numbers and solve.

Known Unknown

Length = 35 ft Area = ?
Width = 49 ft
A = (l)(w) 49 ft

A = (35 ft)(49 ft)

A = 1715 ft2

35 ft

**Remember: make sure measurements agree; if diameter of pipe is in inches

then change to feet; if flow is in MGD and you need feet or feet/sec then change
to ft3/sec before you plug values into formula.

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mega .. kilo hecto deka no deci centi milli .. micro

(M) (k) (h) (da) prefix (d) (c) (m) (µ)
1 1 1 1
1,000,000 1,000 100 10 1 /10 /100 /1,000 /1,000,000

Tank Volume Calculations: Most tank volumes calculations are for tanks that are either
rectangular or cylindrical in shape.

Rectangular Tank

Volume = ( l )( w )( d )
depth, d

width, w

length, l

Cylindrical Tank

Diameter, D

Volume = (0.785) ( D )2 ( d )

depth, d

Portion of a Pipeline

Diameter, D
Volume = (0.785) ( D )2 ( l )

length, l

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Solving for the Unknown

Basics – finding x

1. 8.1 = (3)(x)(1.5) 6. 56.5 = 3800

(x)(8.34)

2. (0.785)(0.33)(0.33)(x) = 0.49
7. 114 = (230)(1.15)(8.34)
(0.785)(70)(70)(x)

3. 233 = 44
x
8. 2 = x
180

4. 940 = x
(0.785)(90)(90)
9. 46 = (105)(x)(8.34)
(0.785)(100)(100)(4)

5. x = (165)(3)(8.34)
0.5
10. 2.4 = (0.785)(5)(5)(4)(7.48)
x

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11. 19,747 = (20)(12)(x)(7.48) 16. (3000)(3.6)(8.34) = 23.4

(0.785)(x)

12. (15)(12)(1.25)(7.48) = 337

x 17. 109 = x
(0.785)(80)(80)

13. x = 213
(4.5)(8.34) 18. (x)(3.7)(8.34) = 3620

14. x = 2.4 19. 2.5 = 1,270,000

246 x

15. 6 = (x)(0.18)(8.34) 20. 0.59 = (170)(2.42)(8.34)

(65)(1.3)(8.34) (1980)(x)(8.34)

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Finding x2

21. (0.785)(D2) = 5024

22. (x2)(10)(7.48) = 10,771.2

23. 51 = 64,000
(0.785)(D2)

24. (0.785)(D2) = 0.54

25. 2.1 = (0.785)(D2)(15)(7.48)

(0.785)(80)(80)

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Percent Practice Problems

Convert the following fractions to decimals:

1. ¾

2. ⅝

3. ¼

4. ½

Convert the following percents to decimals:

5. 35%

6. 99%

7. 0.5%

8. 30.6%

Convert the following decimals to percents:

9. 0.65

10. 0.125

11. 1.0

12. 0.05

Calculate the following:

13. 15% of 125

14. 22% of 450

15. 473 is what % of 2365?

16. 1.3 is what % of 6.5?

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Answers for Solving for the Unknown

Basics – Finding x

1. 1.8 8. 360 15. 2817

2. 5.7 9. 1649 16. 4903

3. 5.3 10. 244.7 17. 547,616

4. 5,976,990 11. 11 18. 117

5. 8256.6 12. 5 19. 508,000

6. 8.1 13. 7994 20. 0.35

7. 0.005 14. 590.4

Finding x2

21. 80 23. 40 25. 10.9

22. 12 24. 0.83

Percent Practice Problems

1. 0.75 7. 0.005 13. 18.75

2. 0.625 8. 0.306 14. 99

3. 0.25 9. 65% 15. 20%

4. 0.5 10. 12.5% 16. 20%

5. 0.35 11. 100%

6. 0.99 12. 5%

Basic Math Review 13

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 Section 2

Area and Volume

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Area
• Surface of an object
• Two dimensional
Area, Volume and Conversions • Measured in:
▫ Square inches
▫ Square feet
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▫ Square meters, etc.

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Area Formulas Area of a Rectangle

• Rectangle length 10 ft
A = (length, ft)(width, ft)
5 ft

• Circle
A = (l, ft)(w, ft)
A = (0.785)(diameter, ft)2
Diameter is equal
to length and width
A = (10 ft)(5 ft)
diameter of a square and a
= circle takes up 78.5%
of square A = 50 ft2

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Area of a Circle Volume

• The amount of space an object occupies
A = (0.785)(D, ft)2 • Volume = (area)(third dimension) or
A = (0.785)(2ft)(2ft) V = (l)(w)(d)
2 ft
A = 3.14 ft2 • Measured in:
▫ Cubic inches
▫ Cubic feet
▫ Gallons
Diameter = 2 ft
▫ Acre-feet, etc.

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Volume of a Rectangular Tank, ft3 Volume of a Rectangular Tank, gal

V, ft3 = 1200 ft3
V = (length, ft)(width, ft)(depth, ft)
V, gal = (Volume, ft3)(7.48 gal/ft3)
10’
V = (12 ft)(10ft)(10ft)
V, gal = (1200 ft3)(7.48 gal/ft3) 10’
V = 1200 ft3
10’ V, gal = 8976 gal
10’

12’
12’

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Volume of a Cylinder, ft3 Volume of a Cylinder, gallons

V, ft3 = 424 ft3
6’ 6’
V = (0.785)(D, ft)2(height, ft)
V, gal = (Volume, ft3)(7.48 gal/ft3)
V = (0.785)(6 ft)(6 ft)(15 ft)
V, gal = (424 ft3)(7.48 gal/ft3)
15’
V = 424 ft3
V, gal = 3171.52 gal
15’

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Note Conversions
• When calculating area and volume, if you are • Need to know:
given a pipe diameter in inches, convert it to • The number that relates the two units
feet. ▫ Ex: 12 inches in a foot, 453.6 grams in a pound,
3785 mL in a gallon
8 in. x 1 ft • Whether to multiply or divide
= 0.6667 ft
12 in ▫ Ex: smaller to larger or larger to smaller

Diameter = 8 in

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Conversions Conversions
• Just looking at the • You have just laid ¼ mile of water main. How
units, if you are given many feet is this?
miles and you need
feet, we are going ¼ = 0.25 miles
from left to right on
the page, therefore (0.25 miles)(5280 feet/mile) = 1320 feet
multiply

Multiply

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Flow Conversions – Box Method Percent to Decimal

Percent = per one hundred
20% = 20/100 = 0.20
5% = 5/100 = 0.05
12.25% = 12.25/100 = 0.1225
0.5% = 0.5/100 = 0.005

Move decimal 2 places to the left.

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Math Problem Strategies

Strategy for solving word problems:

1) Read the problem, disregard the numbers (What type of problem is it? What am I asked to
find?)
2) Refer to the diagram, if provided. If there isn’t one, draw your own.
3) What information do I need to solve the problem, and how is it given in the statement of the
problem?
4) Work it out.
5) Does it make sense?

It might be helpful to write out everything that is known in one column and the unknown (what
am I asked to find?) in another column. Identify the correct formula and write it in the middle,
plug in the numbers and solve.

Known Unknown

Length = 35 ft Area = ?
Width = 49 ft
A = (l)(w) 49 ft

A = (35 ft)(49 ft)

A = 1715 ft2

35 ft

**Remember: make sure measurements agree; if diameter of pipe is in inches

then change to feet; if flow is in MGD and you need feet or feet/sec then change
to ft3/sec before you plug values into formula.

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Tank Volume Calculations: Most tank volumes calculations are for tanks that are either
rectangular or cylindrical in shape.

Rectangular Tank

Volume = ( l )( w )( d )
depth, d

width, w

length, l

Cylindrical Tank

Diameter, D

Volume = (0.785) ( D )2 ( d )

depth, d

Portion of a Pipeline

Diameter, D
Volume = (0.785) ( D )2 ( l )

length, l

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Area, Volume and Conversions

AREA
1. A basin has a length of 45 feet and a width of 12 feet. Calculate the area in ft2.

2. A tank has a length of 90 feet, a width of 25 feet, and a depth of 10 feet. Calculate
the surface area in ft2.

3. Calculate the cross-sectional area (in ft2) for a 2 foot main that has just been laid.

4. Calculate the cross-sectional area (in ft2) for a 24” main that has just been laid.

5. Calculate the cross-sectional area (in ft2) for a 2 inch line that has just been laid.

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VOLUME

6. Calculate the volume (in ft3) of a tank that measures 10 feet by 10 feet by 10 feet.

7. Calculate the volume (in gallons) of a basin that measures 22 feet by 11 feet by 5
feet deep.

8. Calculate the volume (in gallons) of water in a tank that is 254 feet long, 62 feet
wide, and 10 feet deep if the tank only contains 2 feet of water.

9. Calculate the volume of water in a tank (in gallons) that is 12 feet long by 6 feet
wide by 5 feet deep and contains 8 inches of water.

10. Calculate the maximum volume of water (in gallons) for a kids’ swimming pool that
measures 6 feet across and can hold 18 inches of water.

11. How much water (in gallons) can a barrel hold if it measures 3.5 feet in diameter
and can hold water to a depth of 4 feet?

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12. A water main has just been laid and needs to be disinfected. The main is 30” in
diameter and has a length of 0.25 miles. How many gallons of water will it hold?

13. A water main is 10” in diameter and has a length of 5,000 feet. How many million
gallons of water will it hold?

14. A 3 million gallon water tank needs to be disinfected. The method you will use
requires you to figure 5% of the tank volume. How many gallons will this be?

15. What is 5% of a 1.2 MG tank?

CONVERSIONS

16. How many seconds in 1 minute?

17. How many minutes in 1 hour?

18. How many hours in 1 day?

19. How many minutes in 1 day?

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20. How much does 1 ft3 of water weigh (pounds)?

21. How many cubic yards of dirt is 700 ft3?

22. 1050 ft3 of dirt is being excavated, how many yd3 is this?

23. A one-quarter mile segment of pipeline is being flushed, how many feet of pipeline
is this?

24. How many feet of pipe is needed for 2 miles of new line?

25. A three-eighths mile segment of pipeline is to be repaired. How many feet of

pipeline is this?

26. If there is a 2,200 gallon tank full of water, how many pounds of water is in the tank?

ANSWERS:

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ANSWERS:

1. 540 ft2
2. 2,250 ft2
3. 3.14 ft2
4. 3.14 ft2
5. 0.022 ft2
6. 1,000 ft3
7. 9,050.8 gal
8. 235,590 gal
9. 359.04 gal
10. 317.1 gal
11. 287.7 gal
12. 48,442.35 gal
13. 0.02 MG
14. 150,000 gal
15. 60,000 gal or 0.06 MG
16. 60
17. 60
18. 24
19. 1440
20. 62.4 lbs
21. 25.9 yd3
22. 38.9 yd3
23. 1320 feet
24. 10,560 feet
25. 1,980 ft
26. 18,348 lbs

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 Section 3

Flow and Velocity

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Velocity
Velocity and Flow

Velocity = distance
time
Velocity is expressed in units such as ft/sec,
miles/hour, ft/min, etc
The time unit of velocity can be different, as
long as it is the same within each problem.
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Velocity: Practice Flow

The space shuttle travelled 4000 ft in 6 seconds,
what was the velocity in ft/sec? Flow is symbolized by the letter Q.

Velocity = distance
Q = (Area) (velocity)
time

Basically, flow is a volume over time.

Velocity = 4000 ft = 666.67 ft/sec
6 sec

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Flow through a channel Flow through a pipeline

Q , ft3/sec = (width, ft)(depth, ft)(velocity, ft/sec) Q, ft3 /sec = (0.785) (Diameter, ft)2(velocity ft/sec)

What is the flow in cfs for a channel that is 2 ft wide, 4 What is the flow in cfs for a 2 ft diameter pipe flowing
ft deep with water moving at 1.5 ft/sec? full at a velocity of 3 ft/sec?

Q, ft3/sec = ( width, ft)(depth, ft)(velocity ft/sec)

Q, ft3 /sec = (0.785)(Diameter, ft)2(velocity, ft/sec)
Q, ft3/sec = (2 ft)(4 ft)(1.5 ft/sec) = 12 ft3/sec
Q, ft3 /sec = (0.785)(2 ft)(2 ft)(3 ft/sec)

Q ft3 /sec = 9.42 ft3/sec

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Notes
1. Make sure you square the diameter.
2. Make sure you convert inches to ft.
3. Look at the units you are asked to find.
4. The flow formulas come out in ft3/sec but
you may be asked to find gal/min or MGD.
5. Use the flow conversion box chart on page 3
or use dimensional analysis to convert flows
to the units desired.
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Applied Math for Distribution

Flow Conversions

1. Express a flow of 5 cfs in terms of gpm.

2. What is 38 gps expressed as gpd?

3. Convert a flow of 4,270,000 gpd to cfm.

4. What is 5.6 MGD expressed as cfs? (round to nearest tenth)

5. Express 423,690 cfd as gpm.

6. Convert 2730 gpm to gpd.

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Applied Math for Distribution

Flow and Velocity

Velocity

1. A cork is placed in a channel and travels 370 feet in 2 minutes. What is the velocity of the
wastewater in the channel, ft/min?

2. A float travels 300 feet in a channel in 2 minutes and 14 seconds. What is the velocity in the
channel, ft/sec?

3. The distance between manhole #1 and manhole #2 is 105 feet. A fishing bobber is dropped
into manhole #1 and enters manhole #2 in 30 seconds. What is the velocity of the
wastewater in the sewer in ft/min?

Distance Traveled, ft

Float
Velocity = Distance Traveled, ft
Duration of Test, min

= ft/min

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Velocity,
ft/time

depth, ft

width, ft

Q = (A) (V)
ft3/time (ft)(ft) (ft/time)

Flow in a channel
4. A channel 48 inches wide has water flowing to a depth of 1.5 feet. If the velocity of the
water is 2.8 ft/sec, what is the flow in the channel in cu ft/sec?

5. A channel 3 feet wide has water flowing to a depth of 2.5 feet. If the velocity through the
channel is 120 feet/min, what is the flow rate in cu ft/min? in MGD?

6. A channel is 3 feet wide and has water flowing at a velocity of 1.5 ft/sec. If the flow
through the channel is 8.1 ft3/sec, what is the depth of the water in the channel in feet?

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Diameter, ft Velocity, ft/time

Q = (A) (V)
ft3/time ft2 (ft/time)

Q = (0.785) ( D )2 ( vel )
3
ft /time (ft)(ft) (ft/time)

Flow through a full pipe

7. The flow through a 2 ft diameter pipeline is moving at a velocity of 3.2 ft/sec. What is the
flow rate in cu ft/sec?

8. The flow through a 6 inch diameter pipeline is moving at a velocity of 3 ft/sec. What is the
flow rate in ft3/sec?

9. The flow through a pipe is 0.7 ft3/sec. If the velocity of the flow is 3.6 ft/sec, and the pipe is
flowing full, what is the diameter of the pipe in inches?

10. An 8 inch diameter pipeline has water flowing at a velocity of 3.4 ft/sec. What is the flow
rate in gpm?

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APPLIED MATH FOR DISTRIBUTION

FLOW RATE
Q = AV

1. A channel is 3 feet wide with water flowing to a depth of 2 feet. If the velocity in
the channel is found to be 1.8 fps, what is the cubic feet per second flow rate in
the channel?

2. A 12-inch diameter pipe is flowing full. What is the cubic feet per minute flow rate
in the pipe if the velocity is 110 feet/min?

3. A water main with a diameter of 18 inches is determined to have a velocity of 182

feet per minute. What is the flow rate in gpm?

4. A 24-inch main has a velocity of 212 feet/min. What is the gpd flow rate for the
pipe?

5. What would be the gpd flow rate for a 6” line flowing at 2 feet/second?

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6. A 36” water main has just been installed. According to the Design Criteria for the
State of Tennessee, the minimum flushing velocity is 2 ft/sec. If the main is
flushed at 2.5 ft/second, how many gallons/minute should be flushed from the
hydrant?

7. A 36” water main has just been installed. If the main is flows at 2 ft/second, how
many MGD will the pipe deliver?

8. A certain pipe has a diameter of 18 inches. If the pipe is flowing full, and the water
is known to flow a distance of 830 yards in 5 minutes, what is the MGD flow rate
for the pipe?

HYDRANT FLOWS
9. A water crew is flushing hydrants on a 12-inch diameter main. The pitot gage
reads 560 gpm being flushed from the hydrant. What is the flushing velocity (in
feet/min) through the pipe?

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10. A water crew is flushing hydrants on a 24-inch diameter main. The pitot gage
reads 1,800 gpm being flushed from the hydrant. What is the feet/sec velocity
through the pipe?

11. A water crew is flushing hydrants on a 8-inch diameter main. The pitot gage reads
630 gpm being flushed from the hydrant. What is the feet/sec velocity through the
pipe?

VELOCITY (OPEN CHANNEL)

12. A float is placed in a channel. It takes 2.5 minutes to travel 300 feet. What is the
velocity in feet per minute in the channel? (Assume that float is traveling at the
average velocity of the water.)

13. A cork placed in a channel travels 30 feet in 20 seconds. What is the velocity of the
cork in feet per second?

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14. A channel is 4 feet wide with water flowing to a depth of 2.3 feet. If a float placed
in the channel takes 3 minutes to travel a distance of 500 feet, what is the cubic-
feet-per-minute flow rate in the channel?

FLOW
15. The average velocity in a full-flowing pipe is measured and known to be 2.9 fps.
The pipe is a 24” main. Assuming that the pipe flows 18 hours per day and that
the month in question contains 31 days, what is the total flow for the pipe in MG
for that month?

16. The flow entering the leg of a tee connection is 9 cfs. If the flow through one
branch of the tee is 5 cfs, what is the flow through the other branch?

5 cfs

9 cfs

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x cfs

17. A water line has been run to a new subdivision. The flow through the main line is
468 gpm. The line splits into two lines (each serving half of the subdivision). If one
line flows 210 gpm, what should be the flow from the other line?

18. If the velocity in the 10-inch diameter section of pipe is 3.5 fps, what is the feet-
per-second velocity in the 8-inch diameter section?

d = 10 inches d = 8 inches
v = 3.5 fps v = ? fps

TIME to FILL
19. A new 500 foot section of 18-inch main is being flushed at a rate of 300 gpm. How
many minutes will it take to flush the line?

38 Flow and Velocity

 TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 3

20. How many minutes will it take to flush an 8-inch line that is ¼ mile long if it is
flushed at a rate of 550 gpm?

21. A new 12-inch main 500 feet long needs to be flushed to remove the chlorine.
How many minutes will it take to flush the line if it is flushed at a velocity of 2
ft/sec?

BONUS
22. Determine the velocity in ft/sec at points A, B, & C.
B
620 gpm
4-in dia

A
910 gpm
6-in dia

C
____ gpm
3-in dia

Flow and Velocity 39

 Section 3 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

ANSWERS:

1. 10.8 ft3/sec 13. 1.5 ft/sec

2. 86.35 ft3/min 14. 1,533.3 ft3/min
3. 2,404.5 gpm 15. 136.8 MG
4. 7,170,172.42 gpd 16. 4 ft3/sec
5. 253,662.76 gpd 17. 258 gpm
6. 7,926.93 gpm 18. 5.47 ft/sec
7. 9.13 MGD 19. 22.02 min
8. 9.47 MGD 20. 6.26 min
9. 95.38 ft/min 21. 4.17 min
10. 1.28 ft/sec 22. A. 10.33 ft/sec
11. 4.02 ft/sec B. 15.84 ft/sec
12. 120 ft/min C. 13.17 ft/sec

40 Flow and Velocity

 Section 4

Pressure and Force

41
Section 4 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Pump Heads

Distribution Math

TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Definitions
 Suction Side - the inlet, or low-pressure, side
 Discharge Side - the outlet, or high-pressure, side
 Pump Center Line - the reference line from which pump
head measurements are made; imaginary line drawn
through center of the pump
 Static Heads - measured when pumps are off
 Dynamic Heads - measured with the pump running and
water flowing through system
 Static Suction Head - difference in elevation between the
pump center line and the free water surface of the reservoir
feeding the pump; reservoir is higher than the pump
2

42 Pressure and Force

TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 4

TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Definitions
 Static Suction Lift - difference in elevation between the pump
center line and the free water surface of the reservoir
feeding the pump; reservoir is lower than the pump
 Static Discharge Head - difference in height (elevation)
between the pump center line and the level of the discharge
free water surface
 Total Static Head - the total height that the pump must lift
the water when moving it from reservoir 1 to reservoir 2
 for reservoirs higher than pump
= discharge head, ft. - suction head, ft.
 for reservoirs lower than pump

= suction lift, ft. + discharge head, ft. 3

TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Definitions
 Total Dynamic Head - total static head plus head loss from
friction and minor head loss
 these head losses result from friction as the water rubs against the
pipeline and from friction as the water changes direction through
valves and orifices
 HGL (Hydraulic Grade Line) - a line indicating the piezometric
level of water at all points along a conduit, open channel or
stream.
 Head Loss - the amount of energy used up by water moving
from one point to another
 Friction Head Loss - an energy loss caused by the friction of
water moving over a rough surface
 Minor Head Loss - energy loss caused by sudden changes in
either direction or velocity of flow 4

Pressure and Force 43

Section 4 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Reservoir Feeding Pump Higher Reservoir
Than Pump
2
Total
Static
Head
Static
Reservoir
Discharge
Static Head
1 Suction
Head

Pump Off
Static Suction Head = Reservoir1 - Pump Center Line
Static Discharge Head = Reservoir2 - Pump Center Line
Total Static Head = Discharge Head - Suction Head
5

TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Reservoir Feeding Pump Higher
Than Pump
779 ft The elevation of Reservoir 1 is 615 ft,
2 Reservoir 2 is 779 ft, and the pump
TOTAL
center line is 501 ft.
615 ft
1 discharge a. Suction head
615 ft - 501 ft = 114 ft
suction b. Discharge head
501 ft 779 ft - 501 ft = 278 ft
c. Total static head
Pump
= discharge - suction
278 ft - 114 ft = 164 ft

44 Pressure and Force

TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 4

TDEC - Fleming
Reservoir Feeding Pump Lower Than Pump Training Center

Reservoir

Total Static
Static Discharge
Head Head

Static
Suction
Pump Off
Lift
Static Suction Lift = Pump Center Line - Reservoir1
1 Static Discharge Head = Reservoir2 - Pump Center Line
Total Static Head = Suction Lift + Discharge Head
Reservoir 7

TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Reservoir Feeding Pump Higher
Than Pump
624 ft The elevation of Reservoir 1 is 431 ft,
2 Reservoir 2 is 624 ft, and the pump
center line is 557 ft.

discharge a. Suction head

557 ft - 431 ft = 126 ft
TOTAL
b. Discharge head
557 ft 624 ft - 557 ft = 67 ft
c. Total head = discharge + suction
Pump
67 ft + 126 ft = 193 ft
suction

1
431 ft

Pressure and Force 45

Section 4 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Suction Side Higher than Pump TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Reservoir

2
Total
Dynamic
Head
Dynamic
Reservoir
Discharge
Head
1 Dynamic
Suction
Head

Pump On
Dynamic Suction Head = (Suction Side Pressure)(2.31 ft/psi)
Dynamic Discharge Head = (Discharge Side Pressure)(2.31 ft/psi)
Total Dynamic Head = Dynamic Discharge Head – Dynamic Suction Head
9

TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Reservoir Feeding Pump Higher
Than Pump
779 ft Reservoir 1: free water surface at 402 ft
2 Reservoir 2: free water surface at 779 ft
Pump Center line: 365 ft
402 ft Suction gage reads 168 psig
1 Discharge gage reads 345 psig

What is the Total Dynamic Head?

365 ft
a. Suction head
168 psig 345 psig
pressure (168 psi)(2.31 ft/psi) = 388.08 ft
gauges b. Discharge head
(345 psi)(2.31 ft/psi) = 796.95 ft
Total Dynamic Head = discharge - suction
= 796.95 ft - 388.08 ft = 408.87 ft

10

46 Pressure and Force

TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 4

Reservoir Feeding Pump TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Higher Than Pump

797 ft

779 ft a. Suction head

TOTAL
DYNAMIC
2 (168 psi)(2.31 ft/psi) =
HEAD 388.08 ft
b. Discharge head =
(345 psi)(2.31 ft/psi) =
402 ft discharge 796.95 ft
1 c. Total Dynamic Head =
discharge - suction
388 ft
= 796.95 ft - 388.08 ft
= 408.87 ft
suction

365 ft

168 psig 345 psig

pressure
gauges 11

Suction Side Lower than Pipe TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Reservoir

Total Dynamic
Dynamic Discharge
Head Head

Pump On
Dynamic Suction Lift
1
Dynamic Suction Lift = (Suction Pressure)(2.31 ft/psi)
Reservoir Dynamic Discharge Head = (Discharge Pressure)(2.31 ft/psi)
Total Dynamic Head = Suction Lift + Discharge Head 12

Pressure and Force 47

Section 4 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Pressure and Force

1. Convert 27 ft to psig.

2. Convert 79 psig to ft.

3. A water reservoir has 375 ft of water in it. What is the pressure gauge reading if
the gauge is located 5 feet above ground level?

4. A water tank has a pressure gauge located 3 feet below ground. Its current
reading is 70 psig. How many feet of water are in the tank?

5. Determine the force.

Pressure = 40 psig
Length = 2 ft
Width = 1 ft

48 Pressure and Force

TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 4

6. A small cylinder on a hydraulic jack is 10 in. in diameter. A force of 130 lb is

applied to the small cylinder. If the diameter of the large cylinder is 2.5 ft, what is
the total lifting force?

Pressure and Force 49

Section 4 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

APPLIED MATH FOR DISTRIBUTION

PRESSURE & FORCE

1. : Amount of force causing water to move.

2. Pressure exerted by water depends on .

3. 1 psi = _____________ ft of water.

4. Convert feet of head to pressure:

50,000 gal

140 ft 

130 ft 

25,000 gal

 70 ft

50 Pressure and Force

TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 4

5. Convert 14 ft to psig.

6. Convert 127 ft to psig.

7. Convert 32 psig to ft of head.

8. Convert 3 psig to ft of head.

9. Convert 250 ft to psig.

10. Convert 16 psig to ft of head.

Pressure and Force 51

Section 4 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

11.
Convert feet
of head to
pressure.

200 ft 80 ft

12.
Convert pressure
to feet of head.

56 psig 44 psig 32 psig 20 psig

A B C D

52 Pressure and Force

TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 4

13. Pressure = 12 psig

Surface area = 120 in2
Force = ?

14. Pressure = 40 psig

Length = 2 ft
Width = 1 ft
Force = ?

15. Hydraulic jack

Applied force = 150 lbs
Area (operating) = 5 in2
Area (lifting) = 100 in2
Resulting force = ?

Pressure and Force 53

Section 4 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

16. How many feet of water are in the bowl of the tank if the pressure gage is
reading 75 psig?

17. How many feet are between the surface of the water and the overflow when the
pressure gage is reading 75 psig?

18. What will be the reading on the pressure gage if the water is at the overflow?

OVERFLOW

BOWL

200FT

Pressure
Gauge 75 PSIG 160FT

5FT

54 Pressure and Force

TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 4

ANSWERS:
1. pressure
2. height/depth,
density
3. 2.31
4. see diagram
5. 6.06 psi
6. 54.98 psi
7. 73.92 ft
8. 6.93 ft
9. 108.23 psi
10. 36.96 ft
11. see diagram
12. see diagram
13. 1,440 lbs total force
14. 11,520 lbs force
15. 3,000 lbs
16. 18.25 feet
17. 21.75 feet
18. 84.42 psi

Pressure and Force 55

Section 4 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Applied Math for Distribution

Pressure and Force
Practice Quiz

1. Convert a pressure of 26 ft to pounds per square inch.

2. A head of 310 ft of water is equivalent to what pressure in psi?

3. A pressure of 42 psig is equivalent to how many feet of water?

4. A water tank has 250 feet of water in it. What is the pressure gage reading at ground level?

5. A water tank has a pressure gage located 4 ft above the ground. Its current reading is 60
psig. How many feet of water are in the tank?

6. A water tank has a pressure gage located 2 ft below the ground level in a pit. Its current
reading is 60 psig. How many feet of water are in the tank?

56 Pressure and Force

 Section 5

Meter Accuracy

57
Section 5 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Meter Accuracy

TDEC ‐ Fleming Training Center 1

Meter Accuracy

 The actual amount of water flow through a meter

versus the amount registered by the meter
 Expressed as a percentage

Meter = (volume of water registered, gal)

x 100
accuracy actual volume, gal

TDEC ‐ Fleming Training Center 2

58 Meter Accuracy
TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 5

Meter Accuracy

 Smithville performed an accuracy test for a water meter. 750 gallons

were allowed to flow through the meter. The meter registered 741
gallons flowed through the meter during the test. What is the
accuracy of this meter?

Meter = (volume of water registered, gal) x 100

accuracy actual volume, gal

Meter = 741 gal

accuracy 750 gal
x 100 = 98.8%

TDEC ‐ Fleming Training Center 3

Accuracy Requirements for New Meters

METER AWWA % AT % AT
TYPE STANDARD NORMAL MINIMUM
TEST FLOW TEST FLOW
Displacement C700 98.5 ‐ 101.5 95 ‐ 101
Turbine Class I C701 98.0 ‐ 102.0 not required
Turbine Class II C701 98.5 ‐ 101.5 not required
Compound C702 97.0 ‐ 103 change over point
Propeller C704 98.0 ‐ 102.0 95

TDEC ‐ Fleming Training Center 4

Meter Accuracy 59
Section 5 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Water Consumption

 The amount of water used during a period of time

Consumption = Final reading ‐ Initial reading

TDEC ‐ Fleming Training Center 5

60 Meter Accuracy
TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 5

Meter Accuracy

1. A meter being tested by a laboratory shows a reading of 1,023 gal. A volumetric

tank used to measure the water that flowed through the meter indicates the
actual volume is 1,044 gal. What is the percent accuracy of the meter to the
nearest 100th percent?

2. A water meter is tested at the system’s workshop. The meter reads 375 gallons.
The actual flow was measured in a volumetric tank 3 feet in diameter. During the
test the water rose 7 feet in the tank. Determine the meter accuracy as a
percentage.

3. A positive displacement meter being tested reads 1,288 gal. A volumetric tank
shows the actual value is 1,321 gal. What is the percent accuracy of the meter?
Does the meter meet AWWA standards?

Meter Accuracy 61
Section 5 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

APPLIED MATH FOR DISTRIBUTION

METER ACCURACY

ACCURACY REQUIREMENTS FOR NEW METERS

METER AWWA STANDARD % AT NORMAL % AT MINIMUM
TYPE TEST FLOW TEST FLOW
Displacement C700 98.5 - 101.5 95 - 101
Turbine Class I C701 98.0 - 102.0 not required
Turbine Class II C701 98.5 - 101.5 not required
Compound C702 97.0 - 103 change over point
Propeller C704 98.0 - 102.0 95

1. During a test for meter accuracy 300 gallons were allowed to flow through a
meter. The meter registered that 283 gallons flowed through the meter
during the test. What is the accuracy of this meter?

2. During a test for meter accuracy 400 gallons were allowed to flow through a
meter. The meter registered that 450 gallons flowed through the meter
during the test. What is the accuracy of this meter?

3. On Tuesday, a meter read 001234 gallons. The following Tuesday, it read

450345 gallons. What is the daily average consumption?

62 Meter Accuracy
TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 5

4. On Tuesday, a meter read 015050 gallons. The following Tuesday, it read

203349 gallons. What is the daily average consumption?

5. A water meter is tested at the system’s workshop. The meter reads 155
gallons. The actual flow was measured in a volumetric tank 2.5 feet in
diameter. During the test the water rose 4.5 feet in the tank. Determine
the meter accuracy as a percentage.

6. A water meter is tested at the system’s workshop. The meter reads 40

gallons. The actual flow was measured in a volumetric tank 1.0 foot in
diameter. During the test the water rose 5.0 feet in the tank. Determine
the meter accuracy as a percentage.

7. A water meter is tested at the workshop. The meter reads 20.5 gallons.
The actual flow was measured in a volumetric tank 10-inches in diameter.
During the meter test 4.95 feet of water was added to the tank. Determine
the meter accuracy as percent.

Meter Accuracy 63
Section 5 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

8. During a test a meter flowed 198 gallons. The meter registered at 210
gallons. What is the accuracy? Does the meter meet AWWA standards for
propeller meter?

9. During a test a meter flowed 375 gallons. The meter registered at 367
gallons. What is the accuracy? Does the meter meet AWWA standards for
displacement meters?

10. During a meter test a meter flowed 298 gallons. The meter registered 302
gallons during the test. What is the accuracy? Does the meter meet AWWA
standards for a displacement meter?

11. During a meter test a meter flowed 175 gallons. The meter registered 181
gallons during the test. What is the accuracy? Does the meter meet AWWA
standards for a compound meter?

64 Meter Accuracy
TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 5

12. During a meter test a meter flowed 485 gallons. The meter registered 515
gallons during the test. What is the accuracy? Does the meter meet AWWA
standards for a turbine I meter?

13. During a meter test a meter flowed 685 gallons. The meter registered 695
gallons during the test. What is the accuracy? Does the meter meet AWWA
standards for a displacement meter?

14. During a water meter test for accuracy, 150 gallons were allowed to flow
through a meter. The meter registered that 142.3 gallons flowed through
the meter during the test. What is the accuracy of the meter in percent?

ANSWERS:
1. 94.3% 9. 97.9%; no
2. 112.5% 10. 101.3%; yes
3. 64,158.71 gpd 11. 103.4%; no
4. 26,899.86 gpd 12. 106.2%; no
5. 93.9% 13. 101.5%; yes
6. 136.2% 14. 94.9%
7. 101.6%
8. 106.1%; no

Meter Accuracy 65
66
 Section 6

Head and Head Loss

67
Section 6 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Pump Heads

Distribution Math

TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Definitions
 Suction Side - the inlet, or low-pressure, side
 Discharge Side - the outlet, or high-pressure, side
 Pump Center Line - the reference line from which pump
head measurements are made; imaginary line drawn
through center of the pump
 Static Heads - measured when pumps are off
 Dynamic Heads - measured with the pump running and
water flowing through system
 Static Suction Head - difference in elevation between the
pump center line and the free water surface of the reservoir
feeding the pump; reservoir is higher than the pump
2

68 Head and Head Loss

TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 6

TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Definitions
 Static Suction Lift - difference in elevation between the pump
center line and the free water surface of the reservoir
feeding the pump; reservoir is lower than the pump
 Static Discharge Head - difference in height (elevation)
between the pump center line and the level of the discharge
free water surface
 Total Static Head - the total height that the pump must lift
the water when moving it from reservoir 1 to reservoir 2
 for reservoirs higher than pump
= discharge head, ft. - suction head, ft.
 for reservoirs lower than pump

= suction lift, ft. + discharge head, ft. 3

TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Definitions
 Total Dynamic Head - total static head plus head loss from
friction and minor head loss
 these head losses result from friction as the water rubs against the
pipeline and from friction as the water changes direction through
valves and orifices
 HGL (Hydraulic Grade Line) - a line indicating the piezometric
level of water at all points along a conduit, open channel or
stream.
 Head Loss - the amount of energy used up by water moving
from one point to another
 Friction Head Loss - an energy loss caused by the friction of
water moving over a rough surface
 Minor Head Loss - energy loss caused by sudden changes in
either direction or velocity of flow 4

Head and Head Loss 69

Section 6 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Reservoir Feeding Pump Higher Reservoir
Than Pump
2
Total
Static
Head
Static
Reservoir
Discharge
Static Head
1 Suction
Head

Pump Off
Static Suction Head = Reservoir1 - Pump Center Line
Static Discharge Head = Reservoir2 - Pump Center Line
Total Static Head = Discharge Head - Suction Head
5

TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Reservoir Feeding Pump Higher
Than Pump
779 ft The elevation of Reservoir 1 is 615 ft,
2 Reservoir 2 is 779 ft, and the pump
TOTAL
center line is 501 ft.
615 ft
1 discharge a. Suction head
615 ft - 501 ft = 114 ft
suction b. Discharge head
501 ft 779 ft - 501 ft = 278 ft
c. Total static head
Pump
= discharge - suction
278 ft - 114 ft = 164 ft

70 Head and Head Loss

TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 6

TDEC - Fleming
Reservoir Feeding Pump Lower Than Pump Training Center

Reservoir

Total Static
Static Discharge
Head Head

Static
Suction
Pump Off
Lift
Static Suction Lift = Pump Center Line - Reservoir1
1 Static Discharge Head = Reservoir2 - Pump Center Line
Total Static Head = Suction Lift + Discharge Head
Reservoir 7

TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Reservoir Feeding Pump Higher
Than Pump
624 ft The elevation of Reservoir 1 is 431 ft,
2 Reservoir 2 is 624 ft, and the pump
center line is 557 ft.

discharge a. Suction head

557 ft - 431 ft = 126 ft
TOTAL
b. Discharge head
557 ft 624 ft - 557 ft = 67 ft
c. Total head = discharge + suction
Pump
67 ft + 126 ft = 193 ft
suction

1
431 ft

Head and Head Loss 71

Section 6 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Suction Side Higher than Pump TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Reservoir

2
Total
Dynamic
Head
Dynamic
Reservoir
Discharge
Head
1 Dynamic
Suction
Head

Pump On
Dynamic Suction Head = (Suction Side Pressure)(2.31 ft/psi)
Dynamic Discharge Head = (Discharge Side Pressure)(2.31 ft/psi)
Total Dynamic Head = Dynamic Discharge Head – Dynamic Suction Head
9

TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Hydraulic Grade Line

 The surface or profile of water flowing
in an open channel or pipe flowing
partially full
 If a pipe is under pressure, the HGL is
that level water would rise to in a small,
vertical tube connected to the pipe

10

72 Head and Head Loss

TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 6

TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Reservoir Feeding Pump Higher
Than Pump
779 ft Reservoir 1: free water surface at 402 ft
2 Reservoir 2: free water surface at 779 ft
Pump Center line: 365 ft
402 ft Suction gage reads 168 psig
1 Discharge gage reads 345 psig

What is the Total Dynamic Head?

365 ft
a. Suction head
168 psig 345 psig
pressure (168 psi)(2.31 ft/psi) = 388.08 ft
gauges b. Discharge head
(345 psi)(2.31 ft/psi) = 796.95 ft
Total Dynamic Head = discharge - suction
= 796.95 ft - 388.08 ft = 408.87 ft

11

Reservoir Feeding Pump TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Higher Than Pump

797 ft

779 ft a. Suction head

TOTAL
DYNAMIC
2 (168 psi)(2.31 ft/psi) =
HEAD 388.08 ft
b. Discharge head =
(345 psi)(2.31 ft/psi) =
402 ft discharge 796.95 ft
1 c. Total Dynamic Head =
discharge - suction
388 ft
= 796.95 ft - 388.08 ft
= 408.87 ft
suction

365 ft

168 psig 345 psig

pressure
gauges 12

Head and Head Loss 73

Section 6 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Suction Side Lower than Pipe TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Reservoir

Total Dynamic
Dynamic Discharge
Head Head

Pump On
Dynamic Suction Lift
1
Dynamic Suction Lift = (Suction Pressure)(2.31 ft/psi)
Reservoir Dynamic Discharge Head = (Discharge Pressure)(2.31 ft/psi)
Total Dynamic Head = Suction Lift + Discharge Head 13

74 Head and Head Loss

 Head and Head Loss

1. If a pump discharges 10200 gallons in 4 hr and 20 min, what is the gpm

pumping rate?

2. A 25 ft diameter tank has water to a depth of 12 feet. The inlet valve is closed
and a 1 hour pumping test is begun. If the water in the tank at the end of the test
is 3.7 feet, what is the pumping rate in gallons per minute?

3. The elevation of reservoir 1 is 715 feet, reservoir 2 is 937 feet, and the pump
center is located at 578 feet. Calculate the following:
a. Static suction head
b. Static discharge head
c. Total static head
4. The elevation of tank number 3 is 246 feet, reservoir 4 is 521 feet. The pump
center line is at 378 feet. Calculate the following:
a. Static suction lift
b. Static discharge head
c. Total static head

5. The elevation of reservoir A is 250 ft, reservoir B is 320 ft and the pump
centerline is at 95 feet. The pressure gauge reading for the suction side of the
pump is 70 psi, and for the discharge side the gauge reads 150 psi. Calculate the
following:
a. Dynamic suction head
b. Dynamic discharge head
c. Total dynamic head

6. During a pumping test, 15,790 gallons are pumped into a tank. If the pump is
rated at 340 gpm, how many minutes did it take to fill the tank?
TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 6

APPLIED MATH FOR DISTRIBUTION

PUMP RATES/PUMP HEAD PROBLEMS
1. The totalizer of the meter of the discharge side of our pump reads in hundreds of
gallons. At 3:10 PM the totalizer reads 272; at 4:40 PM it reads 635. What is the GPM
pumping rate?

2. During a 60-minute pumping test, 9,456 gallons are pumped into a tank which has a
length of 10 feet, width of 8 feet, and depth of 6 feet. The tank was empty before the
pumping test was started. What is the GPM rate?

3. During a 30-minute pumping test, 3680 gallons are pumped into a tank which has a
diameter of 10 ft. The water level before the pumping test was 3 ft. What is the GPM
rate?

Head and Head Loss 77

 Section 6 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

4. A 50-ft diameter tank has water to a depth of 6 feet. The inlet valve is closed and a 2-
hour pumping test is begun. If the water level in the tank at the end of the test is 2.3
feet, what is the pumping rate in gallons per minute?

6 ft

2.3 ft

5. A tank has a length of 12 feet, a depth of 12 feet, a width of 12 feet, and has water to a
depth of 10 feet. If the tank can be emptied in 1 hour 37 minutes, what is the pumping
rate in gallons per minute?

6. During a pumping test, water was pumped into an empty tank 10 feet by 10 feet by 5
feet deep. The tank completely filled with water in 10 minutes 30 seconds. Calculate
the pumping rate in GPM.

7. During a 60 minute pumping test, 11,321 gallons are pumped into a tank which has a
length of 15 feet, a width of 10 feet and a depth of 8 feet. The tank was empty before
the pumping test was started. What is the GPM rate?

78 Head and Head Loss

TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 6

8. A wet well is 15 feet long and 12 feet wide. The influent valve to the wet well is closed.
If a pump lowers the water level 1.25 feet during a 5-minute pumping test, what is the
gpm pumping rate?

9. A pump is discharged into a 55-gallon barrel. If it takes 35 seconds to fill the barrel,
what is the pumping rate in GPM?

10. A pump is rated at 300 gpm. A pump test is conducted for 3 minutes. What is the
actual gpm pumping rate if the wet well is 10 feet long and 8 feet wide and the water
level drops 1.33 feet during the pump test?

Head and Head Loss 79

Section 6 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

11. The elevation of Reservoir 1 is 614 feet, Reservoir 2 is 789 feet, and the pump center
line is 599 feet.

Calculate the:
A. static suction head:
B. static discharge head:
C. total static head:

12. The elevation of Reservoir 3 is 699 feet, Reservoir 4 is 789, and the pump center line is
722 feet.

Calculate the:
A. static suction lift:
B. static discharge head:
C. total static head:

80 Head and Head Loss

TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 6

13. Reservoir 4: free water surface is at 402 feet.

Reservoir 5: free water surface is at 663 feet.
Pump Center Line: 365 feet
Suction gage reads 168 psig.
Discharge gage reads 300 psig.

What is the Total Dynamic Head?

(HINT: DRAW THE DIAGRAM WITH ALL KNOWN INFORMATION)

14. The elevation of Tank 1 is 620 feet, Tank 2 is 742 feet, and the pump centerline is 401
feet. Calculate:
A. static suction head
B. static discharge head
C. total static head

15. The elevation of Tank 1 is 250 feet, Tank 2 is 320 feet and the pump centerline is at 95
feet. The pressure gage reading for the suction side of a pump reads 90 psi. The
discharge gage reads 200 psi.
A. dynamic suction head
B. dynamic discharge head
C. total dynamic head

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16. The elevation of Tank 1 is 20 feet, Tank 2 is 316 feet, and the pump centerline is 120
feet. Calculate:
A. static suction lift
B. static discharge head
C. total static head

17. Reservoir 1: free water surface is at 102 feet.

Reservoir 2: free water surface is at 867 feet.
Pump Center Line: 237 feet
Suction gage reads 42 psig.
Discharge gage reads 381 psig.

What is the Total Dynamic Head?

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18. During a pumping test, 12,600 gallons are pumped into a tank. If the pump is rated at
210 gpm, how many minutes did it take to fill the tank?

19. If a tank 12 feet long, 12 feet wide, 12 feet deep, and holding water to a depth of 8 feet
can be emptied at a pumping rate of 575 gpm, how many minutes will it take to
remove all the water?

ANSWERS
1. 403.33 gpm 13. 305 ft
2. 157.6 gpm 14. A. 219 feet
3. 122.67 gpm B. 341 feet
4. 452.62 gpm C. 122 feet
5. 111 gpm 15. A. 208 feet
6. 356 gpm B. 462 feet
7. 189 gpm C. 254 feet
8. 337 gpm 16. A. 100 feet
9. 94.3 gpm B. 196 feet
10. 265 gpm C. 296 feet
11. A. 15 ft 17. 977.13 feet
B. 190 ft 18. 60 minutes
C. 175 ft 19. 15 minutes
12. A. 23 ft
B. 67 ft
C. 90 ft

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APPLIED MATH FOR DISTRIBUTION

PUMP RATES/PUMP HEAD
PRACTICE QUIZ

1. During a 90-minute pumping test, 12,467 gallons are pumped into a tank that has a
length of 15 feet, width of 10 feet, and depth of 8 feet. The tank was empty before the
pumping test was started. What is the gpm rate?

2. A 55-ft diameter tank has water to a depth of 7.5 feet. The inlet valve is closed and a 2-
hour pumping test is begun. If the water level in the tank at the end of the test is 3.1
feet, what is the pumping rate in gallons per minute?

3. A tank 60 feet long, 32 feet wide and holding water to a depth of 15 feet is emptied at a
pumping rate of 225 gpm. How many hours does it take to empty the tank?

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4. The elevation of Reservoir 1 is 375 feet, Reservoir 2 is 582 feet, and the pump
centerline is 346 feet.

Calculate the:
A. static suction head:
B. static discharge head:
C. total static head:
2

5. Reservoir 1: free water surface is at 397 feet

Reservoir 2: free water surface is at 728 feet
Suction gage reads: 166 psig
Discharge gage reads:320 psig

What is the Total Dynamic Head?

(HINT: Draw all available information on diagram)

ANSWERS:
1. 138.5 gpm 4. a. 29 ft
2. 651.3 gpm b. 236 ft
3. 16 hours c. 207 ft
5. 355.74 ft

Head and Head Loss 85

86
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Disinfection

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TDEC - Fleming Training Center

TDEC - Fleming Training Center

AWWA Standard for Disinfecting

Water Mains

Distribution Chlorination  AWWA standard C651

 Sec. 1.1
 All new water mains shall be
disinfected before they are placed in
Disinfecting Water Mains and Storage service.
Tanks  All water mains taken out of service for
inspection, repair, or other activities
that might lead to contamination of
water shall be disinfected before they
are returned to service.

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TDEC - Fleming Training Center TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Types of Chlorine Methods of Disinfection for Mains

 Liquid (gas) chlorine = 100%  Tablet Method

 Continuous Feed Method
 Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) = 15%  Slug Method

 Calcium hypochlorite (HTH) = 65%

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Tablet Method Continuous-Feed Method

 Cl2 dose of 25 - 50 mg/L (not less  The main is completely filled to

than 25) remove air pockets
 This method can only be used if  Flushed to remove particulates, and
pipes have been kept clean and dry filled with potable water
during installation.  The potable water shall be
 Place HTH granules or tablets in the chlorinated so that after 24 hours, a
main as it is being installed and free chlorine residual of not less
filling with potable water after than 10 mg/L is present.
installation is complete.
 Hold chlorinated water for 24 hours.5 6

TDEC - Fleming Training Center TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Slug Method Final Flushing of the Main

 HTH granules are placed in the main  Heavily chlorinated water should
during construction not remain in contact with the pipe
 Main is completely filled to eliminate and its appurtenances longer than
all air pockets necessary.
 Flushed to remove particulates
 Slowly flowing a slug of water  If the highly chlorinated water will
through the main at 100 mg/L of endanger the environment, a
chlorine for 3 hours neutralizing chemical should be
used.
Textbook says 300 mg/L for 3 hours, but State Rules
1200-5-1-.17 says to use AWWA Standard C-651 7 8

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AWWA Standards for Disinfection

Bacteriological Testing 1200-5-1-.17(8)(b) of Storage Tanks
After flushing and before the new main is

connected to the distribution system  Before placing into service, all
bacteriological samples will be collected storage tanks shall be disinfected.
 Two consecutive sets of samples, taken at least 24
hours apart  There are standards for disinfecting
A single set of samples 48 hours or longer after
storage tanks covered by AWWA

flushing the highly chlorinated water from lines
 Samples in each set will be collected C652, which covers materials, tank
approximately 2,500-foot intervals with
samples near the beginning point and at end preparation, disinfectant application
 The samples should be tested according to and sampling for coliform bacteria.
Standard Methods.

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Methods for Disinfecting Storage Methods for Disinfecting Storage

Tanks Tanks

 Method 1  Method 2
 Water-tank shall be filled to overflow  A solution of 200 ppm available
level with enough chlorine added to chlorine is applied directly to the entire
maintain at least 10 ppm residual for surface of the storage tank that comes
24 hour period in contact with water when it is full for
at least 30 minutes
 Applied by brushing or spraying on
 Tank should be flushed with potable
water before put back into service
 WARNING: experienced operators only

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Methods for Disinfecting Storage Methods for Disinfecting Storage

Tanks Tanks

 Method 3  Bacteriological Sampling and

 Water and chlorine are added to the Testing
storage tank to make a 50 ppm  Storage tanks must be tested for
available chlorine that fills about 5% of coliform bacteria after chlorination
the total storage volume and held for 6 procedure and before it is put back into
hours service
 Tank is filled to the overflow level and  If positive sample occurs, sampling
held for 24 hours should be repeated until two
 A 2 ppm residual chlorine should consecutive samples are negative
remain after 24 hour period  If this does occur, tank must be
disinfected again and then tested
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TDEC - Fleming Training Center

TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Water Main Disinfection

Calculations  A 300 ft section of a 12” main has

been replaced. What is the volume
of water in gallons that must be
disinfected?
Dose and demand,
Disinfection of mains, Volume = (0.785)(diameter)2(length)
Solutions and dilutions = (0.785)(1 ft)(1 ft)(300 ft)
= 235.5 ft3

(235.5 ft3)(7.48 gal/ft3) = 1761.5 gal

15 16

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Water Main Disinfection Solutions

 If the section of pipe in the previous  How many pounds of 65% HTH would
problem is disinfected with 50 mg/L be needed to make up 10 gallons of a
using 65% HTH, how many pounds of 1% solution?
HTH will be required?
HTH, lbs = (%desired conc.)(des. vol)(8.34 lbs/gal)
lb HTH = (dose, mg/L)(volume, MG)(8.34 lbs/gal) % HTH, as decimal
% chemical purity, as decimal
= (0.01)(10 gal)(8.34 lbs/ gal)
0.65
= (50 mg/L)(0.0017615 MG)(8.34 lbs/gal)
0 .65 = 1.28 lbs
= 1.13 lbs 17 18

TDEC - Fleming Training Center TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Solutions Tank Disinfection

 How many gallons of 15% available  You need to disinfect a 1MG tank
bleach would be needed to make up with method 3. How many pounds
10 gallons of a 1% solution? of HTH (65%) would you need?

Bleach, gal = (desired conc.)(desired vol) Volume = 5% of 1 MG = (0.05)(1 MG) = 0.05 MG

% bleach, as decimal
lbs, HTH = (50 mg/L)(0.05 MG)(8.34 lbs/gal)
0.65
= (0.01)(10 gal)
0.15
= 32 lbs

= 0.67 gallons 19 20

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Fleming Training Center

Pipe Disinfection Formulas for 50 mg/L of HTH
If a pipe is of size not listed below, the following formula will
give the calculations needed to find the amount of HTH
needed, if the length of line is given:

Calculation Formula =
0.000026007(X)2(L)
L= the length of the line in feet,
X = the diameter in inches

Or, Use the following Chart, if Pipe Diameter is listed

DIAMETER (INCHES) LBS OF HTH

6 0.000935(L)

8 0.00166(L)

10 0.0026(L)

12 0.00374(L)

14 0.00509(L)

16 0.00665(L)

20 0.01038(L)

C24 0.01495(L)

Contact Randy Jones or Shannon Pratt at Fleming Training Center

(615) 898-8090

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Disinfection
1. How many pounds of 65% available chlorine HTH is needed to make 7 gallons
of a 13% solution?

2. How many gallons of 7% bleach is used to make 2 gallons of 4% solution?

3. A 1 million gallon storage tank is disinfected with 15 mg/L chlorine. How many
pounds of gas are required?

4. You have just laid 3 miles of a 12 inch line and it needs to be disinfected. How
many lbs of 65% HTH chlorine will be required to dose the line with 25 mg/L?

5. A 200,000 gallon storage tank is to be disinfected using AWWA Chlorination

Method 3. How many lbs of HTH 65% available chlorine would be required?

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APPLIED MATH FOR DISTRIBUTION

DISINFECTION MATH

VOLUME

1. A section of an old 8” water main has been replaced. The 350-foot section of pipe
needs to be disinfected. What is the volume (in gallons) to be disinfected?

2. A tank holds 1.8 million gallons. How many gallons is 5% of the total volume?

3. A barrel is used to mix up an HTH solution. The barrel is 3 feet in diameter and 4
feet tall. If water is filled to the 3.5 foot mark, how many gallons of HTH solution
are in the barrel?

4. A tank is 60 feet in diameter and has a distance of 90 feet to the overflow. How
many million gallons will the tank hold?

5. A ground level storage tank has a diameter of 75 feet. A pressure gauge located 5
feet from the ground level reads 45 psig. How many gallons does the tank
currently hold?

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6. A ground level storage tank has a diameter of 25 feet. A pressure gauge located 5
feet from the ground level reads 34 psig. How many gallons does the tank
currently hold?

7. A ground level storage tank has a diameter of 55 feet. A pressure gauge is located
6 feet under ground and the level reads 35 psig. How many gallons does the tank
currently hold?

HYPOCHLORITE

8. How many pounds of 65% available chlorine HTH is needed to make 1 gallon of
10% solution?

9. How many pounds of 65% available HTH is needed to make 5 gallons of 18%
solution?

10. How many gal of 5.25% bleach is used to make 1 gallon of 3% solution?

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11. How many gallons of bleach (15% available chlorine) will it take to make a 4%
solution when added to enough water to make 50 gallons of hypochlorite?

12. How many pounds of HTH (65% available chlorine) will it take to make a 2%
solution when dissolved in enough water to make 15 gallons of hypochlorite?

13. How many gallons of bleach (5.25% available chlorine) will it take to make a 2%
solution when added to enough water to make 8 gallons of hypochlorite?

USE THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION TO ANSWER # 14 - 17:

A section of pipe 250 feet long and 10 inches in diameter is filled with water. The
desired chlorine dose is 50 mg/L.

14. How many pounds of chlorine gas will be required?

15. How many pounds of 65% available HTH will be required?

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16. How many gallons of 15% available bleach will be required?

17. How many gallons of 5.25% available bleach will be required?

DISTRIBUTION DISINFECTION

18. A 50,000 gallon storage tank is disinfected with 10 mg/L chlorine. How many
pounds of gas are required?

19. You have just laid 5,000 feet of 10 inch line and it needs disinfecting. How many
lbs of 65% HTH chlorine will be required to dose the line with 25 mg/L?

20. You have just laid 200 feet of 8 inch line and it needs disinfecting. How many lbs
of 65% HTH chlorine will be required to dose the line with 25 mg/L?

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21. You have just laid ¾ mile long section of 16 inch line and it needs disinfecting.
How many pounds of 65% HTH chlorine will be required to dose the line with 10
mg/L?

22. You have just laid 25,000 feet of 24 inch line and it needs disinfecting. How many
lbs of 65% HTH chlorine will be required to dose the line with 25 mg/L?

TANK DISINFECTION

23. The 50,000 gallon storage tank is disinfected using AWWA Chlorination Method 3
with 50 mg/L using HTH. How many pounds of HTH 65% available chlorine would
be required?

24. You need to disinfect a water storage tank that has just been repaired. You have
decided to use AWWA Chlorination Method 3 to disinfect the tank. This method
requires you to make up a 50 mg/L available chlorine solution that will fill
approximately 5% of the tank volume. The tank holds 3 MG. How many gallons of
water and lbs of HTH 65% available chlorine will have to be added to meet the
above mentioned requirements?

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25. How many gallons of water and lbs of HTH 65% available chlorine will have to be
added to disinfect a tank that holds 100,000 gallons using AWWA Chlorination
Method 3.

26. You need to disinfect a water storage tank that has just been repaired. You have
decided to use AWWA Chlorination Method 2 to disinfect the tank. This method
requires that a 200 mg/L available chlorine solution be applied to all surfaces that
come into contact with potable water. The tank will require about 2,000 gallons of
the 200 mg/L chlorine solution. How many pounds of HTH 65% available chlorine
will be needed to make up this solution?

27. How many pounds of HTH 65% available chlorine will be needed to make up the
200 mg/L chlorine solution if the tank requires 5,500 gallons of the solution?

28. You need to disinfect a water storage tank that has just been repaired. You have
decided to use AWWA Chlorination Method 1 to disinfect the tank. This method
requires that the tank be filled to the overflow with enough chlorine added to the
water to have a 10 mg/L residual in the tank after a 24 hour retention time. The
tank holds 2,000,000 gallons filled to the overflow. It has been determined that
the initial chlorine dose needs to be 25 mg/L. How many pounds of HTH 65%
available chlorine will it take to get the required dose?

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29. If a storage tank holds 1,000,000 gallons filled to the overflow, and the initial
chlorine dose needs to be 15 mg/L, how many pounds of HTH 65% available
chlorine will it take to get the required dose?

Answers:

1. 913 gal 16. 0.33 gal

2. 90,000 gal 17. 0.97 gal
3. 185 gal 18. 4.17 lbs
4. 1.9 MG 19. 6.5 lbs
5. 3,598,496 gal 20. 0.17 lbs
6. 306,581 gal 21. 5.3 lbs
7. 1,329,500 gal 22. 188 lbs
8. 1.3 lbs 23. 1.6 lbs
9. 11.5 lbs 24. 150,000 gallons, 96 lbs
10. 0.57 gal 25. 5,000 gallons, 3.2 lbs
11. 13.3 gal 26. 5.1 lbs
12. 3.8 lbs 27. 14.1 lbs
13. 3 gal 28. 641.5 lbs
14. 0.43 lbs 29. 192.5 lbs
15. 0.65 lbs

Disinfection 101
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 Section 8

Horsepower and Efficiency

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TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Understanding Work and

Horsepower
HORSEPOWER AND EFFICIENCY
 Work: The exertion of force over a specific distance.

– Example: Lifting a one-pound object one foot.

APPLIED MATH FOR
PUMPS AND  Amount of work done would be measured in foot-
MOTORS pounds
– (feet) (pounds) = foot-pounds

 (1 pound object) ( moved 20 ft) = 20 ft-lbs of work

2
1 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

TDEC - Fleming Training Center TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Understanding Power Types of Horsepower

 Power is the measure of how much work is  Motor Horsepower is related to the watts of electric
done in a given amount of time power supplied to a motor
 The basic units for power measurement is foot-  Brake Horsepower is the power supplied to a pump by
pounds per minute and expressed as (ft-lb/min) a motor
– in electric terminology  Watts  Water Horsepower is the portion of power delivered to
 This is work performed per time (work/time) a pump that is actually used to lift the water

 One Horsepower: 1 HP = 33,000 ft-lb/min

 Water horsepower is affected by elevation and location
 In electric terms: 1 HP = 746 Watts of the pump.

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TDEC - Fleming Training Center TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Motor Brake Water

Horsepower Horsepower Horsepower
(MHP) This image cannot currently be display ed. (BHP) (WHP)
Computing Water Horsepower

 It is the amount of horsepower required to lift

the water
 Formula for water horsepower (WHP)
WHP = (flow gpm) (total head feet)
3,960

33,000 ft-lb/min = 3960

8.34 lbs/gal
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TDEC - Fleming Training Center TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Computing Water Horsepower Brake Horsepower

 For example: A pump must pump 3,000 gpm  BHP = (flow, gpm) (head, ft)
against a total head of 25 feet. What water (3960) (% pump efficiency)
horsepower will be required?

 WHP = (3000 gpm)(25 head in ft)  BHP = water HP

3960 (% pump efficiency)
= 18.94

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TDEC - Fleming Training Center TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Motor Horsepower Pumps

 MHP = (flow, gpm) (head, ft) Motor WHP

MHP BHP Pum
(3960)(% pump eff.)(% motor eff.) p

% motor eff % pump eff

 MHP = brake HP
Right to Left means you divide
(% motor efficiency)

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TDEC - Fleming Training Center TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Pumps - BHP Pumps - MHP

MHP Motor BHP Pum WHP MHP Motor BHP Pum WHP
p p
=  = 
% motor eff % pump % motor eff % pump eff
eff

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TDEC - Fleming Training Center TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Pumps Pumps - BHP

MHP Motor BHP Pum WHP MHP Motor BHP Pum WHP
p p

% motor eff % pump eff

x % motor eff
=
% pump eff

Left to Right means you multiply

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TDEC - Fleming Training Center TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Motor and Pump Efficiency Typical Efficiency

 Neither the motor nor the pump will ever be 100%  Pumps are generally 50-85 % efficient
efficient  Motors are usually 80-95% efficient
 Not all the power supplied by the motor to the pump
(Brake Horsepower) will be used to lift the water (Water
Horsepower)  Combined efficiency of the motor and pump is
 Power for the motor and pump is used to overcome
called wire-to-water efficiency
friction
 Power is also lost when energy is converted to heat,  Wire-to-Water is obtained by multiplying the
sound, etc. motor and pump efficiencies together

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TDEC - Fleming Training Center TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Typical Efficiency Overall Efficiency

 Example:  Must Know the WHP and the MHP

Motor Efficiency = 82% Wire to Water Efficiency – If not given you will have to compute both.
Pump Efficiency = 67% (0.82) (0.67) = 0.55
0.55 x 100% = 55%  % Efficiency, overall = WHP
MHP

 Note: If not given, you will have to calculate both

 % Over All Efficiency = 18.5 WHP  53%
motor and pump efficiency.
35 MHP
 In all cases, the bottom number will be larger than
the top number.
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TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Determining Pumping Costs

Determining Pumping Costs
 Electrical Power is sold in units of kilowatt-
hours
What was your  One Horsepower = 0.746 kilowatt
electric bill last  To compute pumping costs, need to know the
month? power requirements (power demand) of the
motor and the length of time the motor runs

20
19 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

TDEC - Fleming Training Center TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Determining Pumping Costs A Few Electrical Terms...

 For example, if you have a pumping job which  Power (Watts) - amount of work done
requires 25 HP and the cost is $0.035/kW-hr.
What is the pumping cost for one hour?  Voltage (volts) - electrical “pressure” available to cause
flow of electricity
 Cost, $/hr = (MHP)(0.746 kW/HP)(cost, $/kW-hr)
= (25 HP)(0.746)($0.035/ kW-hr)  Amperage (amps) - the amount of flow of electricity
= $0.65/hr
 power = (voltage)(amperage)
or
 Watts = (volts)(amps)
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TDEC - Fleming Training Center TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Motor Ratings, Volts, Amps,

Single and Multiple Phases Wattage Power Factor of Motors

 Power in reference to motors is in watts  There are two type of motors that we usually use.
– determined by multiplying the volts and ampere spec for the They are:
particular motor used – Single-Phase Motors
– Three-Phase Motors (usually any motor over 2 hp)
 For example, a 220 volt motor which pulls 100 amps
would have a power wattage of 22,000 watts. What
would be the horsepower of this motor?  kW, Single Phase = (volts)(amps)(power factor)
1,000 Watts/kilowatt

 HP = (volts)(amps) = (220)(100) = 29hp

 kW, Three Phase = (volts)(amps)(power factor)(1.732)
746 watts/horsepower 746 1,000 Watts/kilowatt

23 24 Remember, if you are asked to find watts, don’t divide by 1,000

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POWER FACTOR OF MOTORS Amperes Single and Three Phase

 The power factor of a motor is computed by dividing  amps, Single Phase = (746)(horsepower)
the watts by the volt and amp rating of the motor (volts)(%eff.)(power factor)

 Power Factor = watts

 amps, Three Phase = (746)(horsepower)
(volts)(amps)
(1.732)(volts)(%eff.)(power factor)
 The power factor might be on the data plate, but will
always be in the manual

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Horsepower and Efficiency

1. A pump must pump 4,500 gpm against a total head of 75 feet. What
horsepower will be required to do the work?

2. If a pump is to deliver 325 gpm of water against a total head of 75 feet, and the
pump has an efficiency of 87%, what horsepower must be supplied to the pump?

3. The manual indicates that the output of a certain motor is 40 hp. How much
horsepower must be supplied to the motor if the motor is 95% efficient?

4. The water horsepower was calculated to be 20 hp. If the motor supplies the
pump with 23 hp, what must be the efficiency of the pump?

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5. What is the overall efficiency if 40 hp is supplied to the motor and 26 hp of

work is accomplished?

6. Given that 54 kilowatts (kW) power is supplied to a motor and the brake
horsepower is 31 hp, what is the efficiency of the motor?

7. A pump is discharging 1200 gpm against a head of 55 feet. The wire‐water‐

efficiency is 75 percent. If the cost of power is %0.038/kW hr, what is the cost of
the power consumed during a run of 105 hours?

8. What is the horsepower for a motor that is rated at 55 amps and 440 volts?

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9. Determine the power factor for a system that uses 4971 watts and pulls 12
amps at 440 volts.

10. If a single‐phase motor pulls 15 amps at 220 volts and has a power factor of
1.2, how many kilowatts of power does it use?

11. How many watts of power does a three‐phase motor use if it pulls 30 amps at
440 volts and has a power factor of 0.93?

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APPLIED MATH FOR DISTRIBUTION

PUMP HORSEPOWER/EFFICIENCY/COST/MOTORS
HORSEPOWER

1. A pump must pump 3,000 gpm against a total head of 25 feet. What
horsepower (water horsepower) will be required to do the work?

2. A flow of 555 gpm must be pumped against a head of 40 feet. What is the
horsepower required?

3. Suppose a pump is pumping a total head of 76.2 feet. If 900 gpm is to be

pumped, what is the water horsepower requirement?

4. Suppose a pump is pumping against a total head of 46 feet. If 850 gpm is

to be pumped, what is the horsepower requirement?

5. A pump is delivering a flow of 835 gpm against a total head of 35.6 feet.
What is the water horsepower?

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6. What is the water horsepower of a pump that is producing 1,523 gpm

against a head of 65 feet?

EFFICIENCY

7. If a pump is to deliver 360 gpm of water against a total head of 95 feet, and
the pump has an efficiency of 85 percent, what horsepower must be
supplied to the pump?

8. If a pump is to deliver 450 gpm of water against a total head of 90 feet, and
the pump has an efficiency of 70 percent, what horsepower must be
supplied to the pump?

9. The motor nameplate indicated that the output of a certain motor is 35 hp.
How much horsepower must be supplied to the motor, if the motor is 90%
efficient?

10. The motor nameplate indicated that the output of a certain motor is 20 hp.
How much horsepower must be supplied to the motor if the motor is 90
percent efficient?

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11. You have calculated that a certain pumping job will require 9 whp. If the
pump is 80 percent efficient and the motor is 72 percent efficient, what
motor horsepower will be required?

12. You have calculated that a certain pumping job will require 6 whp. If the
pump is 80 percent efficient and the motor is 90 percent efficient, what
motor horsepower will be required?

13. Based on the gallons per minute to be pumped and the total head the pump
must pump against, the water horsepower requirement was calculated to be
18.5 whp. If the motor supplies the pump with 21 hp, what must be the
efficiency of the pump?

14. What is the overall efficiency if an electric power equivalent to 35 hp is

supplied to the motor and 18.5 hp of work is accomplished?

15. Suppose that 31 kilowatts (kW) power is supplied to a motor. If the brake
horsepower is 19 bhp, what is the efficiency of the motor?

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16. Suppose that 10 kilowatts (kW) power is supplied to a motor. If the brake
horsepower is 12 bhp, what is the efficiency of the motor?

PUMPING COST

17. The motor horsepower required for a particular pumping job is 39 hp. If
your power cost is $0.08/kW hr, what is the cost of operating the motor for
one hour?

18. The motor horsepower required for a particular pumping job is 30 hp. If
your power cost is $0.05/kW hr, what is the cost of operating the motor for
one hour?

19. You have calculated that the minimum motor horsepower requirement for a
particular pumping problem is 25 mhp. If the cost of power is $0.025/kW
hr, what is the power cost in operating the pump for 14 hours?

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Section 8 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

20. A pump is discharging 1100 gpm against a head of 65 feet. The wire-to-
water efficiency is 70 percent. If the cost of power is $0.025/kW hr, what is
the cost of the power consumed during a week in which the pump runs 80
hours?

21. Given a brake horsepower of 18.5, a motor efficiency of 88 percent and a

cost of $0.015/kW hr, determine the daily power cost for operating a pump.

22. A pump is discharging 1500 gpm against a head of 80 feet. The wire-to-
water efficiency is 68 percent. If the cost of power is $0.035/kW hr, what is
the cost of the power consumed during a week in which the pump runs 90
hours?

MOTORS

23. What would be the horsepower on a motor that is rated at 36 amps and 440
volts?

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24. What would be the horsepower on a motor that is rated at 12 amps and 440
volts?

25. What would be the horsepower on a motor that is rated at 16 amps and 440
volts?

26. How many watts of power does a single-phase motor use if it pulls 12 amps
at 110 volts and has a power factor of 1?

27. How many watts of power does a single-phase motor use if it pulls 12 amps
at 220 volts and has a power factor of 0.8?

28. How many watts of power does a single-phase motor use if it pulls 12 amps
at 110 volts and has a power factor of 0.3?

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29. How many watts of power does a three-phase motor use if it pulls 20 amps
at 440 volts and has a power factor of 0.85?

30. How many watts of power does a three-phase motor use if it pulls 40 amps
at 440 volts and has a power factor of 0.9?

31. How many kilowatts of power does a three-phase motor use if it pulls 20
amps at 440 volts and has a power factor of 0.85?

32. What is the power factor on a system that uses 3872 watts and pulls 11
amps at 440 volts?

33. What is the power factor on a system that uses 3960 watts and pulls 10
amps at 440 volts?

118 Horsepower and Efficiency

TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 8

ANSWERS

HORSEPOWER PUMPING COST

1. 18.9 hp 17. $2.33/hr
2. 5.6 hp 18. $1.12/hr
3. 17.3 hp 19. $6.53
4. 9.9 hp 20. $38.48
5. 7.5 hp 21. $5.65
6. 25 hp 22. $104.72

EFFICIENCY MOTORS
7. 10.2 hp 23. 21.2 hp
8. 14.6 hp 24. 7.1 hp
9. 38.9 hp 25. 9.4 hp
10. 22.2 hp 26. 1,320 watts
11. 15.6 hp 27. 2,112 watts
12. 8.3 hp 28. 396 watts
13. 88% 29. 12,955.4 watts
14. 53% 30. 27,434.9 watts
15. 45.7% 31. 13 kW
16. 89.5% 32. 0.8
33. 0.9

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APPLIED MATH FOR DISTRIBUTION

PUMP HORSEPOWER & EFFICIENCY
PRACTICE QUIZ
1. A pump must pump 2,500 gpm against a total head of 73 feet. What horsepower
(water horsepower) will be required to do the work?

2. A pump is delivering a flow of 1,035 gpm against 46.7 feet of head. What horsepower
will be required?

3. If a pump is to deliver 630 gpm of water against a total head of 102 feet, and the pump
has an efficiency of 78%, what power must be supplied to the pump?

4. You have calculated that a certain pumping job will require 10.1 whp. If the pump is
84% efficient and the motor is 73% efficient, what motor horsepower will be required?

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TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 8

5. What is the overall efficiency if an electric power equivalent to 36 hp is supplied to the

motor and 16.3 hp of work is accomplished?

6. A pump is discharging 1,250 gpm against a head of 71 feet. The wire-to-water

efficiency is 82%. If the cost fo power is $0.028/kW hr, what is the cost of the power
consumed during a week in which the pump runs 126 hours?

ANSWERS

1. 46 hp
2. 12.2 hp
3. 20.8 hp
4. 16.5 hp
5. 45.3%
6. $71.93

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Applied Math for Distribution

Pump Math
Extra Problems

1. The brake horsepower of a pump is 22 hp. If the water horsepower is

17 hp, what is the efficiency of the pump?

2. If the motor horsepower is 50 hp and the brake horsepower is 43 hp,

what is the percent efficiency of the motor?

3. The motor horsepower is 25 hp. If the motor is 89% efficient, what is

the brake horsepower?

4. A total of 50 hp is supplied to a motor. If the wire-to-water efficiency of

the pump and motor is 62%, what will the Whp be?

5. The brake horsepower is 34.4 hp. If the motor is 86% efficient, what is
the motor horsepower?

122 Horsepower and Efficiency

6. A pump must pump 1500 gpm against a total head of 40 ft. What
horsepower is required for this work?

7. If 20 hp is supplied to a motor (Mhp), what is the Bhp and Whp if the

motor is 85% efficient and the pump is 80% efficient?

8. A total of 35 hp is required for a particular pumping application. If the

pump efficiency is 85%, what is the brake horsepower required?

9. The motor horsepower requirement has been calculated to be 45 hp.

How many kilowatts electric power does this represent? (Remember, 1
hp = 746 watts)

10. The motor horsepower requirement has been calculated to be 75 hp.

During the week, the pump is in operation a total of 144 hours. If the
electricity cost is $0.06125 kW-hr, what would be the power cost that
week for the pumping?

123
Section 8 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Answers:
1. 77%
2. 86%
3. 22.25 hp
4. 31 hp
5. 40 hp
6. 15.15 hp
7. 17 Bhp, 13.6 Whp
8. 41.18 hp
9. 33.57 kW
10. $493.48

124 Horsepower and Efficiency

 Section 9

Trench Calculations

125
Section 9 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

TDEC - Fleming Training Center 1

TRENCHING
Applied Math for
Distribution Systems

Trench Safety
2

 Trenches more than 5 feet:

 Require shoring
 Or must have a stabilized slope

 In hazardous soil conditions:

 Trenches under 5 feet need protection
 Spoil piles must be located at least 2 feet
from edge of trench

TDEC - Fleming Training Center

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TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 9

Soil Classification System

3

 Type A Soils
 Clay
 Silty Clay
 Sandy Clay
 Clay Loam
 Type B Soils
 Granular Cohesionless Soils (Silt Loam)
 Type C Soils
 Gravel
 Sand
 Loamy Sand

TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Sloping and Benching Systems

4

90 Degrees 53 Degrees
Maximum

STABLE ROCK TYPE A

45 Degrees 34 Degrees
Maximum Maximum

TYPE B TYPE C
TDEC - Fleming Training Center

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Section 9 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Sloping Example Type A Soils

5

TYPE A SOILS

20
FEET
MAX
1

3/4
TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Sloping Example Type B Soils

6

TYPE B SOILS

20
FEET
MAX
1

1
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TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 9

Sloping Example Type C Soils

7

TYPE C SOILS

20
FEET
MAX
1

1 1/2
TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Example
8

 A trench 575 feet long, 6 feet wide and 4 feet

deep needs to be dug to install a new water main.
How many cubic yards of earth must be moved?
Vol, ft3= (L, ft)(W, ft)(D, ft)
= (575 ft)(6 ft)(4 ft)
= 13,800 ft3

Vol, yd3 = (13,800 ft3)

(27 yd3/ft3)
= 511.11 yd3
TDEC - Fleming Training Center

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Example - Type A Soil

9

 A water main trench is 3 feet wide at the bottom and 10 feet

deep. The soil has been determined to be Type A Soil, which
uses a slope of ¾ foot horizontal to every 1 foot vertical.
Based on this information, how many feet wide should the
trench need to be at the ground surface?
x y = 10 ft ( ¾ ft)
y y
y = 7.5 ft

x = y + 3 ft + y
x = 7.5 ft + 3 ft+ 7.5 ft
x = 18 ft

3 ft

TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Example - Type B Soil

10

 A water main trench is 3 feet wide at the bottom and 10 feet

deep. The soil has been determined to be Type B Soil, which
uses a slope of 1 foot horizontal to every 1 foot vertical.
Based on this information, how many feet wide should the
trench need to be at the ground surface?
x y = 10 ft (1 ft )
y y
y = 10 ft

x=y+3+y
x = 10 ft + 3 ft + 10 ft
x = 23 ft

3 ft

TDEC - Fleming Training Center

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TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 9

Example - Type C Soil

11

 A water main trench is 3 feet wide at the bottom and 10 feet

deep. The soil has been determined to be Type C Soil, which
uses a slope of 1 ½ foot horizontal to every 1 foot vertical.
Based on this information, how many feet wide should the
trench need to be at the ground surface?
x y = 10 ft ( 1 ½ ft )
y y y = 15 ft

x=y+3+y
x = 15 ft + 3 ft + 15 ft
x = 33 ft
3 ft

TDEC - Fleming Training Center

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132 Trench Calculations

TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 9

Trench Calculations
1. To lay a new water main a 700 foot long water main must be dug 5 feet wide
and 3 feet deep. How many cubic yards of earth must be moved?

2. A water main trench is 5 feet wide at the bottom and 10 feet deep. Based on
the information provided below, how many feet wide should the trench be at the
ground surface?

a. Type A soils

b. Type B soils

c. Type C soils

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Section 9 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

APPLIED MATH FOR DISTRIBUTION

TRENCH MATH
1. A trench 450 feet long, by 5 feet wide, by 3 feet deep is to be dug for a new main. How
many cubic yards of earth must be moved?

2. A trench 6 feet wide, by 10 feet deep, with a length of 1/4 mile is to be dug for a new
main. How many cubic yards of earth must be moved?

3. A trench 3 feet wide, 8 feet deep, and 70 feet long is to be excavated. If the dump truck
being used holds 5 yd3 of earth, how many dump truckloads will need to be moved?

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TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 9

4. A trench 4 feet wide, 10 feet deep, and 147 feet long is to be excavated. If the dump
truck being used holds 5 yd3 of earth, how many dump truckloads will need to be
moved?

5. A trench 3 feet wide, 8 feet deep, and 70 feet long has been excavated. How many
cubic yards of gravel will be required (neglecting volume displaced by the pipe) if the
trench is to have 6 inches of gravel bedding?

6. A trench 4 feet wide, 10 feet deep, and 147 feet long is to be excavated. How many
cubic yards of gravel will be required (neglecting volume displaced by the pipe) if the
trench is to have 8 inches of gravel bedding?

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Section 9 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

7. A water main trench is 3 feet wide at the bottom and 12 feet deep. The soil has been
determined to be Type A Soil, which uses a slope of 3/4 foot horizontal for every 1 foot
vertical. Based on this information, how many feet wide would the trench need to be at
the ground surface?

8. A water main trench is 3 feet wide at the bottom and 12 feet deep. The soil has been
determined to be Type B Soil, which uses a slope of 1 foot horizontal for every 1 foot
vertical. Based on this information, how many feet wide would the trench need to be at
the ground surface?

9. A water main trench is 3 feet wide at the bottom and 12 feet deep. The soil has been
determined to be Type C Soil, which uses a slope of 1 1/2 foot horizontal for every 1
foot vertical. Based on this information, how many feet wide would the trench need to
be at the ground surface?

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TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 9

10. A water main trench is 5 feet wide at the bottom, 15 feet deep, and 137 feet long. The
soil has been determined to be Type A Soil, which uses a slope of 3/4 foot horizontal for
every 1 foot vertical. Based on this information, how many feet wide would the trench
need to be at the ground surface?

11. A water main trench is 5 feet wide at the bottom, 15 feet deep, and 137 feet long. The
soil has been determined to be Type B Soil, which uses a slope of 1 foot horizontal for
every 1 foot vertical. Based on this information, how many feet wide would the trench
need to be at the ground surface?

12. A water main trench is 5 feet wide at the bottom, 15 feet deep, and 137 feet long. The
soil has been determined to be Type C Soil, which uses a slope of 1 1/2 foot horizontal
for every 1 foot vertical. Based on this information, how many feet wide would the
trench need to be at the ground surface?

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Section 9 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

13. A water main trench is 4 feet wide at the bottom, 6 feet deep, and 3/4 mile long. The
soil has been determined to be Type A Soil, which uses a slope of 3/4 foot horizontal for
every 1 foot vertical. Based on this information, how many feet wide would the trench
need to be at the ground surface?

14. A water main trench is 4 feet wide at the bottom, 6 feet deep, and 3/4 mile long. The
soil has been determined to be Type B Soil, which uses a slope of 1 foot horizontal for
every 1 foot vertical. Based on this information, how many feet wide would the trench
need to be at the ground surface?

15. A water main trench is 4 feet wide at the bottom, 6 feet deep, and 3/4 mile long. The
soil has been determined to be Type C Soil, which uses a slope of 1 1/2 foot horizontal
for every 1 foot vertical. Based on this information, how many feet wide would the
trench need to be at the ground surface?

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TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 9

16. A water main trench is 4 feet wide at the bottom, 6 feet deep, and 3/4 mile long. The
soil has been determined to be Type C Soil, which uses a slope of 1 1/2 foot horizontal
for every 1 foot vertical. Based on this information, what is the minimum distance from
the spoil pile on one side of the trench to the spoil pile on the other side of the trench?

ANSWERS:

1. 250 yd3 9. 39 feet

2. 2,933.33 yd3 10. 27.5 feet
3. 13 loads 11. 35 feet
4. 44 loads 12. 50 feet
5. 3.89 yd3 13. 13 feet
6. 14.52 yd3 14. 16 feet
7. 21 feet 15. 22 feet
8. 27 feet 16. 26 feet

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Section 9 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

APPLIED MATH FOR DISTRIBUTION

TRENCH MATH PRACTICE QUIZ
1. A trench 125 feet long, by 5 feet wide, by 4.5 feet deep is to be dug for a new main.
How many cubic yards of earth must be moved?

2. A trench 5 feet wide, 9 feet deep, and 60 feet long is to be excavated. If the dump truck
being used holds 5 yd3 of earth, how many dump truckloads will need to be moved?

3. A trench 6 feet wide, 11 feet deep, and 1,020 feet long has been excavated. How many
cubic yards of gravel will be required (neglecting volume displaced by the pipe) if the
trench is to have 10 inches of gravel bedding?

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TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 9

4. A water main trench is 3.5 feet wide at the bottom and 14 feet deep. The soil has been
determined to be Type A Soil, which uses a slope of 3/4 foot horizontal for every 1 foot
vertical. Based on this information, how many feet wide would the trench need to be at
the ground surface?

5. A water main trench is 3.5 feet wide at the bottom and 14 feet deep. The soil has been
determined to be Type B Soil, which uses a slope of 1 foot horizontal for every 1 foot
vertical. Based on this information, how many feet wide would the trench need to be at
the ground surface?

6. A water main trench is 3.5 feet wide at the bottom and 14 feet deep. The soil has been
determined to be Type C Soil, which uses a slope of 1 1/2 foot horizontal for every 1
foot vertical. Based on this information, how many feet wide would the trench need to
be at the ground surface?

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Section 9 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

7. A water main trench is 10 feet wide at the bottom, 7 feet deep, and 65 feet long. The
soil has been determined to be Type A Soil, which uses a slope of 3/4 foot horizontal for
every 1 foot vertical. Based on this information, how many feet wide would the trench
need to be at the ground surface?

8. A water main trench is 10 feet wide at the bottom, 7 feet deep, and 65 feet long. The
soil has been determined to be Type B Soil, which uses a slope of 1 foot horizontal for
every 1 foot vertical. Based on this information, how many feet wide would the trench
need to be at the ground surface?

9. A water main trench is 10 feet wide at the bottom, 7 feet deep, and 65 feet long. The
soil has been determined to be Type C Soil, which uses a slope of 1 1/2 foot horizontal
for every 1 foot vertical. Based on this information, how many feet wide would the
trench need to be at the ground surface?

ANSWERS:
1. 104.2 yd3 6. 45.5 feet
2. 20 loads 7. 20.5 feet
3. 188.9 yd3 8. 24 feet
4. 24.5 feet 9. 31 feet
5. 31.5 feet

142 Trench Calculations

Section 10

Leak Test

143
Section 10 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Leak Testing

TDEC ‐ Fleming Training Center 1

Allowable Leakage
• Testing allowance is defined as the quantity of
make‐up water that must be supplied into any
newly laid pipe to maintain pressure within 5
psi of the specified test pressure after the pipe
line has been filled with water and the air has
been expelled

TDEC ‐ Fleming Training Center 2

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TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 10

Ductile Iron Pipe

• No ductile iron pipe installation should be
accepted if the amount of make‐up water is
greater than that determined using the following
formula
SD P
L = 133,200
L = allowable leakage, gph
S = length of pipe tested, ft
D = diameter of pipe, in
P = average test pressure, psig

TDEC ‐ Fleming Training Center 3

PVC Pipe
ND P
L= 7,400
L = allowable leakage, gph
N = number of joints in length of pipeline
tested
D = diameter of pipe, in
P = average test pressure, psig

Where, pipeline length, ft

N = pipe section, ft/joint

TDEC ‐ Fleming Training Center 4

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Section 10 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Example
• A system has just laid 1500 feet of 12 inch PVC pipe.
Assuming that 20 foot sections of pipe were used
and that the average test pressure is 135 psi, what is
the allowable leakage rate in gallons per hour?
ND P
L = 7400 pipeline length
N = pipe section
(75)(12 in) 135 psi
L= 7400
1500 ft
N = 20 ft/joint = 75
10457.055
L= 7400
L = 1.41 gph
TDEC ‐ Fleming Training Center 5

Example
• A system just laid 3 miles of a 24 inch ductile iron
pipe and conducted a leak test. The average test
pressure was 200 psi. What is the allowable leakage
for this pipe in gallons per hour?
SD P
L = 133,200 Distance = (3 mi)(5280 ft/mi)
= 15840 ft

(15840 ft)(24 in) 200 psi

L= 133,200

L = 5,376,274 = 40.36 gph

133,200
TDEC ‐ Fleming Training Center 6

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TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 10

Leak Tests
1. Your system has just laid 3,500 feet of 10 inch PVC pipe. Assuming that 20 foot
sections of pipe were used and that the average test pressure is 145 psi, what is
the allowable leakage rate in gallons per hour?

2. A system has just laid 1.75 miles of 18 inch ductile iron pipe and conducted a
leak test. If the average test pressure was 215 psi, what is the allowable leakage
for this pipe in gallons per hour?

3. The average working pressure on a water main that has just been laid will be
115 psig. If the line needs to be tested at 150 psi or 1.5 times the working
pressure, whichever is greater, at what pressure should the city test its pipeline?

Leak Test 147

Section 10 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

APPLIED MATH FOR DISTRIBUTION

LEAK TEST CALCULATIONS
1. A system has just laid 2,500 feet of 6-inch PVC pipe. Assuming that 20 foot
sections of pipe were used and that the average test pressure is 135 psi, what is the
allowable leakage rate in gallons per hour?

2. A system has just laid 2.5 miles of 24-inch ductile iron pipe and conducted a leak
test. The average test pressure was 200 psi. What is the allowable leakage for this
pipe in gallons per hour?

3. A system has just laid 6,500 feet of 12-inch PVC pipe. Assuming that 20 foot
sections of pipe were used and that the average test pressure is 200 psi, what is the
allowable leakage rate in gallons per hour?

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TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 10

4. A system has just laid 3.5 miles of 36-inch ductile iron pipe and conducted a leak
test. The average test pressure was 250 psi. What is the allowable leakage for this
pipe in gallons per hour?

5. A system wants to pressure test a ductile iron main that has just been laid. The
average working pressure of the line will be 90 psig. If the line needs to be tested at
150 psi or 1.5 times the working pressure, whichever is greater, at what pressure
should the city test its pipeline?

6. A system wants to pressure test a ductile iron main that has just been laid. The
average working pressure of the line will be 110 psig. If the line needs to be tested
at 150 psi or 1.5 times the working pressure, whichever is greater, at what pressure
should the city test its pipeline?

ANSWERS
1. 1.2 gph 5. 150 psi
2. 33.6 gph 6. 165 psi
3. 7.5 gph
4. 79 gph

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Section 10 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

APPLIED MATH FOR DISTRIBUTION

LEAK TEST PRACTICE QUIZ

1. You have just installed 5 miles of 10 inch ductile iron main. You want to perform a leak
test on the line. The test pressure will be 200 psi. What is the allowable leakage in
gallons per hour?

2. You have just laid 2.5 miles of 6 inch PVC pipe. You want to perform a leak test on the
line. What is the allowable leakage in gallons per hour? Each section of pipe is 20 feet
long. The test pressure will be 200 psi.

ANSWERS
1. 28 gph
2. 7.6 gph

150 Leak Test

 Section 11

Hydrant Flow

151
Section 11 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Hydrant Flow

TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Hydrant Flow
Flow from a (2.83)(diameter, in)2(length, in)
hydrant, gpm = √height, in

Diameter, in = diameter of nozzle

Height, in = distance from ground to center of nozzle

Length, in = distance from end of nozzle to where water

hits the ground

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152 Hydrant Flow

 TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 11

Estimate the flow in gpm with water flowing from a 2.5-inch nozzle,
the center line of the nozzle is 18” above the point where the water
hits the ground, and 75” from where it leaves the nozzle.
Flow, gpm =

Flow, gpm =

= 312.7 gpm
L = 75’’
TDEC - Fleming Training Center

H = 18”

Hydrant Flow 153

 Hydrant Flow
1. A pitot gauge registered pressure only on a 2.5 inch fire hydrant nozzle. The
pressure registered is 20 psig. What is the flow rate in gallons per minute?

2. What is the flow from a pipe in gallons per minute through a fire hydrant based
on the following information? Water is flowing from a 2.5 inch nozzle; the center
line of the nozzle is 18 inches above the point where the water hits the ground
and 91 inches from where it leaves the nozzle.
TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 11

APPLIED MATH FOR DISTRIBUTION

HYDRANT FLOW
PITOT PRESSURE
1. An operator is using a Pitot gauge that registers pressure only on a 2.5-
inch fire hydrant nozzle. The pressure registered is 18 psi. What is the
flow rate in gallons per minute?

2. An operator is using a Pitot gauge that registers pressure only on a 2.5-

inch fire hydrant nozzle. The pressure registered is 6 psi. What is the
flow rate in gallons per minute?

3. An operator is using a Pitot gauge that registers pressure only on a 2.5-

inch fire hydrant nozzle. The pressure registered is 32 psi. What is the
flow rate in gallons per minute?

4. An operator is using a Pitot gauge that registers pressure only on a 2.5-

inch fire hydrant nozzle. The pressure registered is 56 psi. What is the
flow rate in gallons per minute?

Hydrant Flow 155

Section 11 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

DISTANCE & DROP MEASUREMENT

5. Estimate the flow from a pipe in gallons per minute through a fire
hydrant. Water is flowing from a 2.5-inch nozzle, the center line of the
nozzle is 18 inches above the point where the water hits the ground, and
78 inches from where it leaves the nozzle.

6. Estimate the flow from a pipe in gallons per minute through a fire
hydrant. Water is flowing from a 2.5-inch nozzle, the center line of the
nozzle is 20 inches above the point where the water hits the ground, and
83 inches from where it leaves the nozzle.

7. Estimate the flow from a pipe in gallons per minute through a fire
hydrant. Water is flowing from a 2.5-inch nozzle, the center line of the
nozzle is 21 inches above the point where the water hits the ground, and
213 inches from where it leaves the nozzle.

156 Hydrant Flow

TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 11

8. Estimate the flow from a pipe in gallons per minute through a fire
hydrant. Water is flowing from a 2.5-inch nozzle, the center line of the
nozzle is 18 inches above the point where the water hits the ground, and
14 feet from where it leaves the nozzle.

9. An operator is flushing a dead-end line through a 2 1/2-inch blow-off.

The water drops 2.5 feet to the ground. The water shoots 20 feet from
the hydrant, What is the flow in gallons per minute?

10. An operator is flushing a dead-end line through a 2 1/2-inch blow-off.

The water drops 1.25 feet to the ground. The water shoots 18 feet from
the hydrant. What is the flow in gallons per minute?

Hydrant Flow 157

Section 11 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

FLUSHING
11. A 10” water main has just been installed. If the main is flushed at 3
ft/second, how many gallons/minute of water should be flushed from the
hydrant?

12. A water crew is flushing hydrants on a 12-inch diameter main. The pitot
gage reads 710 gpm being flushed from the hydrant. What is the flushing
velocity (in feet/sec) through the pipe?

ANSWERS:

1. 716 gpm 7. 822 gpm

2. 413 gpm 8. 700 gpm
3. 955 gpm 9. 775 gpm
4. 1,263 gpm 10. 986 gpm
5. 325 gpm 11. 734 gpm
6. 328 gpm 12. 2.02 ft/sec

158 Hydrant Flow

Section 12

C - Factor

159
Section 12 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

TDEC - Fleming Training Center 1

C-Factor
 A value used to indicate the smoothness
of the interior of a pipe
 Also known as the Hazen-Williams
roughness coefficient
 The higher the C factor, the smoother the
pipe, the greater the carrying capacity,
and the smaller the friction or energy
losses from water flowing in the pipe

TDEC - Fleming Training Center 2

160 C - Factor
TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 12

C-Factor
flow, gpm
 C factor = (193.75)(diameter, ft)2.63(slope)0.54


 key or yx
This key will take a number to
another power.

93 = 9 x 9 x 9 = 729
Nine cubed or nine to the
third power is 729.

2 yx 5 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 32
Two to the fifth power is 32.

TDEC - Fleming Training Center 3

Slope (Elevation)
 Hydrant 1 is located at 547 ft. Hydrant 2
is located at 492 ft. The hydrants are 75 ft
away from each other. What is the slope?
height = 547 ft - 492 ft = 55 ft
** Height is equivalent to head loss
Slope = height
distance
Slope = 55 ft
1 75 ft
Slope = 0.73

55 ft
2
TDEC - Fleming Training Center 4

C - Factor 161
Section 12 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Slope (Pressure)
 The pressure readings at hydrant 1 is 40
psi and at hydrant 2 is 32 psi. The
hydrants are 60 ft apart. What is the
slope?
slope = (pressure drop, psi)(2.31 ft/psi)
distance, ft

slope = (40 psi - 32 psi)(2.31 ft/psi) = (8 psi)(2.31 ft/psi)

60 ft 60 ft

slope = 0.308
40 psi 32 psi

1 TDEC - Fleming Training Center 2 5

Slope
 A pressure gauge at elevation 84 ft at a
fire hydrant read 76 psi. Another pressure
gauge at elevation 103 ft read 53 psi. The
hydrants are 800 ft apart. What is the
slope?

TDEC - Fleming Training Center 6

162 C - Factor
TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 12

Slope
1. Find difference of pressure in feet.
(76 ft-53 ft)(2.31 ft/psi) = 53.13 ft
2. Find difference of elevation in feet.
103 ft - 84 ft = 19 ft
3. Energy loss = diff of pressure + diff of elevation
= 53.13 ft + 19 ft = 72.13 ft
4. Find slope.
slope = energy loss, ft
53 psi distance, ft
= 72.13 ft
1 800 ft
103 ft
= 0.09
76 psi
72.13 ft
2
84 ft
TDEC - Fleming Training Center 7

Determining C Factor
 A 24 inch diameter water main is carrying
a flow of 3,000 gpm. Pressure gauges
installed 1,000 ft apart on the main
indicate that the elevation of the pressure
head at the upstream pressure gauge is
101 feet and 100 feet that the
downstream gauge. Calculate the C factor
for this pipe.

TDEC - Fleming Training Center 8

C - Factor 163
Section 12 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Determining C Factor
 Known
 Flow, gpm = 3,000 gpm
 Diameter = 24 in = 2 ft
 Distance = 1,000 ft
 Head loss = 101 ft - 100 ft = 1 ft
flow, gpm
 C factor = (193.75)(diameter, ft)2.63(slope)0.54
head loss, ft 1 ft
 Slope = distance, ft = 1000 ft = 0.001

TDEC - Fleming Training Center 9

Determining C Factor
flow, gpm
 C factor = (193.75)(diameter, ft)2.63(slope)0.54

3000 gpm
= (193.75)(2 ft)2.63(0.001)0.54

3000
= (193.75)(6.19)(0.024)

= 104

TDEC - Fleming Training Center 10

164 C - Factor
TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 12

Values for Hazen-Williams Coefficient C-Factor

Pipe Material C-Factor
 Asbestos-Cement 140
 Brass 130
 Brick Sewers 100
 Cast Iron:
o New 130
o 5 years old 120
o 10 years old 100
 Concrete (regardless of age) 130
 Copper 130
 Galvanized Iron 120
 Polyethylene 140
 PVC 150
 Riveted Steel, new 110
 Vitrified Clay 110
 Welded Steel, new 120
 Wood Stave (regardless of age) 120

C - Factor 165
 Slope
1. Determine the slope of a water main if the elevation at point A is 50 ft and the
elevation at point B 113 ft. The points are 542 feet apart.

2. Pressure readings on a main are measured at 2 hydrants separated by 750 feet.

The pressure reading at hydrant #1 is 92 psi and the pressure reading at hydrant #
2 is 75 psi. What is the slope of the main?

3. The pressure reading of a pitot gauge at an elevation of 231 feet is 45 psi. The
pressure reading of another pitot gauge 2500 feet away is 69 psi at an elevation
of 200 ft. What is the slope?
 C ‐ Factor
1. Estimate the C factor for a 10‐inch water main when the flow is 1900 gpm, the
pressure head elevation between the two pressure gauges 400 feet apart is 12
feet.

2. Estimate the C factor for a 12 inch water main with a flow of 1750 gpm. A
pressure gauge located at a fire hydrant with an elevation 112 feet read 57 psi.
Another pressure gauge at a downstream fire hydrant with an elevation 105 feet
read 54 psi. The two fire hydrants are 1150 feet part.

3. The friction loss in a 14 inch pipe flow at 1200 gpm is 20 ft of head per 1000
feet. At the storage tank, the pressure is 75 psig with the water flowing at 1200
gpm. What will be the pressure 1/4 mile from the tank?
Section 12 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Applied Math for Distribution Systems

C Factor Calculations

Slope
1. Two hydrants are 750 ft apart. Hydrant 1 is located at an elevation of 129 feet. Hydrant 2 is
located at an elevation 257 feet. What is the slope?

2. Pressure readings on a water main are being taken 1000 feet apart. The pressure at sampling
port 1 is 93 psi and at sampling port 2 is 79 psi. What is the slope of this water main?

3. Determine the slope between 2 hydrants that are 500 feet apart given the following
information:

Hydrant 1 Hydrant 2
‐ elevation = 298 ft ‐ elevation = 317 ft
‐ pressure = 45 psi ‐ pressure = 42 psi

168 C - Factor
TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 12

4. Determine the approximate C factor for a water main based on the given information:

Diameter = 18 in
Flow = 2250 gpm
Upstream pressure gauge = 87 ft
Downstream pressure gauge = 84 ft
Distance between gauges = 1500 ft

5. Estimate the C factor for a 2 ft main if a field test was conducted using a flow of 7750 gpm.
One hydrant is located at an elevation of 50 ft and the other at 54 ft. The hydrants are 750 ft
apart.

C - Factor 169
Section 12 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

6. A pressure gauge at an elevation of 107 ft reads 65 psi. Another pressure gauge 1,300 ft away
reads 43 psi at an elevation of 159 ft. Estimate the C factor for an 8 inch water main if the flow
is 2,000 gpm.

7. Two hydrants are part of a field test being conducted to determine the C factor. Hydrant 1 is
located at 75 ft and has a pressure reading of 105 psi. Hydrant 2 is located at 61 ft and has a
pressure reading of 87 psi. The two hydrants are on a 10 inch main, located 650 feet apart, and
have a flow of 3,250 gpm. What is the approximate C factor?

170 C - Factor
TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 12

8. Estimate the C factor for an 8‐inch water main. When the flow is 800 gpm, the pressure head
elevation between the two pressure gauges 500 feet apart is 10 feet.

9. Estimate the C factor for a 15-inch water main if a field test was conducted using a flow of
1,500 gpm. A pressure gauge at elevation 51 feet at a fire hydrant read 40 psi. Another
pressure gauge at elevation 50 feet read 39.8 psi. The fire hydrants are 800 feet apart.

C - Factor 171
Section 12 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

10. The friction loss in a 10-inch pipe flowing at 1,400 gpm is 18.7 feet of head per 1,000 feet.
At the storage tank, the pressure is 85 psi with the water flowing at 1,400 gpm. What will the
pressure be 1/2 mile from the tank?

11. The friction loss in a 16-inch pipe flowing at 850 gpm is 0.08 feet of head per 100 feet. At
the storage tank, the pressure is 91 psi with the water flowing at 850 gpm. What will the
pressure be two miles from the tank?

172 C - Factor
TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 12

APPLIED MATH FOR DISTRIBUTION

C FACTOR PRACTICE QUIZ
1. Estimate the C factor for an 18 inch water main. When the flow is 900 gpm, the
pressure head elevation between the two pressure gauges 2,500 feet apart is 3 feet.

2. Estimate the C factor for a 6 inch water main if a field test was conducted using a flow
of 450 gpm. A pressure gauge at elevation 51 feet at a fire hydrant read 86 psi.
Another pressure gauge at elevation 43 feet read 71 psi. The fire hydrants are 1,500
feet apart.

3. The friction loss in a 12 inch pipe flowing at 1,400 gpm is 0.78 feet per 100-foot
length of pipe. At the storage tank, the pressure is 105 psi. With the water flowing at
1,400 gpm, what will be the pressure two miles from the tank?

ANSWERS:
1. 60.4 2. 98.3 3. 69.3 psi

C - Factor 173
174
 Section 13

Temperature Conversions

175
Section 13 TDEC - Fleming Training Center

Temperature Conversions

1. 215oF to oC

2. 34oC to oF

176 Temperature Conversions

TDEC - Fleming Training Center Section 13

Temperature Conversions

Convert these temperatures:

Remember formulas on page 2 in your formula book

C = 0.556(F – 32)
F = 1.8(C) + 32

1. 160F to C

2. 70F to C

3. 35C to F

4. 45.5C to F

Answers:
1. 71.1C 2. 21.1C 3. 95F 4. 113.9F

Temperature Conversions 177

178
Section 14

Answers

179