BATCH CODE : 12-AJ301EA 2024

Subject Name – Physics

Chapter Name – Waves

Lecture No.- 05 By- Saket Agrawal

 Today's Goal

Subtopic Sound

Subtopic
 Sound Wave : Introduction

Sound is a mechanical three dimensional and longitudinal wave that is created by a

vibrating source such as a guitar string, the human vocal cords, the prongs of a tuning
fork or the diaphragm of a loudspeaker.
 Topic : Sound Wave

➢ Being a mechanical wave, sound needs a medium having properties of inertia and
elasticity for its propagation.

➢ Sound waves propagate in any medium through a series of periodic compressions

and rarefactions of pressure, which is produced by the vibrating source
Topic : Sound Wave : Introduction
Topic : How Sound wave is being produced
Topic : Sound Waves
 Topic : Mechanical Wave

➢ A mechanical wave is a wave that is not

capable of transmitting its energy through a
vacuum. Mechanical waves require a medium
in order to transport their energy from one
location to another. Sound is a mechanical
wave.
 Topic : How Sound wave is being produced

➢ When Prong B moves outward towards right it compresses the air in front of it,
causing the pressure to rise slightly. The region of increased pressure is called a
compression pulse and it travels away from the prong with the speed of sound.
 Topic : How Sound wave is being produced

➢ After producing the compression pulse, the prong B reverses its motion and moves
inward. This drags away some air from the region in front of it, causing the pressure
to dip slightly below the normal pressure. This region of decreased pressure is
called a rarefaction pulse. Following immediately behind the compression pulse,
the rarefaction pulse also travels away from the prong with the speed of sound.
Topic : How Sound wave is being produced
Topic : Sound Wave : Introduction
 Topic : Longitudinal Wave

➢ If the motion of the particles were parallel to the x axis then it is called a
longitudinal wave. A wave pulse in a plucked guitar string is a transverse wave. A
sound wave is a longitudinal wave.
 Topic : Wavelength

➢ It is equal to the distance travelled by the wave during the time in which any one
particle of the medium completes one vibration about its mean position.
Or
➢ Distance travelled by the wave in one time period is known as wavelength.
 Topic : Longitudinal Wave : Characteristics

➢ In this type of waves, oscillatory motion of the medium particles produces regions
of compression (high pressure) and rarefaction (low pressure) which propagated in
space with time.
Topic : Longitudinal Wave : Characteristics
Topic : Longitudinal Wave : Characteristics
 Topic : Frequency

➢ Frequency of sound depends on source hence it will not change due to change in
medium.
➢ SI Unit of frequency is hertz (Hz) or per second.
 Topic : Speed of Sound Wave

Velocity of sound waves in a linear solid medium is given by

𝑌 stras 𝑇𝐿 𝑇 𝐿
𝑣= = = =
𝜌 𝜌 stain 𝑃𝐴Δ𝐿 𝜇 Δ𝐿
where 𝑌 = young's modulus of elasticity and 𝜌 = density
Velocity of sound waves in a fluid medium (liquid or gas) is given by
𝐵
𝑣=
𝜌
where, 𝜌 = density of the medium and 𝐵 = Bulk modulus of the medium given by,
𝑑𝑃
𝐵 = −𝑉
𝑑𝑉
 Topic : Speed of Sound Wave

Net force on the element:

𝐹 = 𝑝1 − 𝑝2 𝐴
Acceleration of the element
𝜕2𝑠
𝑎= 2
𝜕𝑡
Mass of the element: Δ𝑚 = 𝜌𝐴Δ𝑋
𝜕2𝑠
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 𝐴 = 𝜌𝐴Δ𝑥 2
𝜕𝑡
𝑝1 − 𝑝2 𝜕 2 𝑠 Δ𝑥→0 𝜕𝑝 𝜕2𝑠
=𝜌 2 ⟶ − =𝜌 2
Δ𝑥 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
Topic : Speed of Sound Wave
 Topic : Newton’s Formula

Newton assumed propagation of sound through a gaseous medium to be an isothermal

process
𝑃𝑉 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑃 𝑃
⇒ =−
𝑑𝑉 𝑉
And Hence 𝐵 = 𝑃
Therefore
𝑃 𝑅𝑇
𝑣= =
𝜌 𝑀
Where M is molar mass of gas
 Topic : Newton’s Formula

the density of air at 0o and pressure 76 cm of Hg

column is 𝜌 = 1.293 kg/m3 . This temperature and
pressure is called standard temperature and
pressure at STP. Speed of sound in air is 280 m/s.
This value is some what less than measured
speed of sound in air 332 m/s then Laplace
suggested the correction.
 Topic : Newton’s Formula

Laplace assumed that the propagation of sound in a gas takes

place under adiabatic conditions. Adiabatic Bulk modulus. 𝐵 =
𝛾𝑃
𝛾𝑃 𝛾𝑃𝑉 𝛾𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝛾𝑅𝑇
∴𝑣= = = =
𝜌 𝑚 𝑚 𝑀
Where V = volume, m is mass, M = molecular weight. T is
absolute temperature
For air 𝛾 = 1.4. Therefore,
At STP 𝑣0 = 280 1.4 ≈ 330𝑚𝑠 −1 , which agrees with the
experimentally calculated value.
 Topic : Effect of Temperature on speed of sound

For a gas 𝛾 and molecular weight (Mw) of gas is

constant
𝑣2 𝑇2 𝑣𝑡 𝑡 + 273
𝑣∝ 𝑇⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑣𝑡
𝑣1 𝑇1 𝑣0 273
1
𝑡 2
= 𝑣0 1+
273

By applying Binomial theorem.

𝑡
For any gas medium 𝑣𝑡 = 𝑣0 1 +
546
For air: 𝑣𝑡 = 𝑣0 + 0.61𝑡𝑚/ 𝑠𝑒𝑐.( 𝑣0 𝑘 = 332𝑚/ 𝑠𝑒𝑐.)
 Topic : Effect of Humidity on speed of sound

𝑃
With increase in humidity, density decreases so from 𝑣 = 𝛾 we conclude that
𝜌
with rise in humidity velocity of sound increases. This is why sound travels faster in
humid air (rainy season) than in dry air (summer) at same temperature. Due to this in
rainy season the sound of factories siren and whistle of train can be heard more than
summer.
Note: 𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑦 = 1.3 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 𝑃𝐻𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 0.89 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
 Topic : Effect of Pressure on speed of sound

𝐸 𝛾𝑃 𝛾𝑅𝑇
As velocity of sound 𝑣 = = =
𝜌 𝜌 𝑀
So, pressure has no effect on the velocity of sound in a gas as long as temperature
remain constant. This is why while going up in the atmosphere, though both pressure
and density decrease, velocity of sound remains constant as long as temperature
remains constant.
Velocity of Sound Wave, Energy and Intensity
Topic : How sound wave is being produced
 Topic : Types of Sound Wave: Based on Frequency

Audible Frequency Range For Human : A Normal Person Hears All Frequencies Between
20 & 20 Khz

➢ Infrasonic Sound: Sound Can Be Generated With Frequency Below 20 Hz Called

Infrasonic Sound.

➢ Ultrasonic Sound : Sound Can Be Generated With Frequency Above 20 Khz Called
Ultrasonic Sound.
Topic : Types of Sound Wave: Based on Frequency
Topic : Displacement wave equation of sound wave
 Topic : Displacement wave equation of sound wave

#Q. The equation of a travelling sound wave is y = 6.0 sin (600 t – 1.8
x) where y is measured in 10–6 m, t in second and x in metre.
(a) Find the ratio of the displacement amplitude of the particles
to the wavelength of the wave,
(b) Find the ratio of the velocity amplitude of the particles to
the wave speed.
[H C VERMA]
Topic : Relation between velocity, Frequency and wavelength
 Topic : Time Period

➢ Time period of vibration of a particle is defined as the time taken by the particle to
complete one vibration about its mean position

➢ Or it is the time taken by the wave to travel a distance equal to one wavelength.

1 1
Time period = ⇒𝑇=
Frequency 𝑛
 Topic : Relation between Pressure
Wave and displacement Wave
Δ𝑉 Δ𝑠𝐴 Δ𝑠
= =
𝑉 Δ𝑥𝐴 Δ𝑥
𝐵Δ𝑉
Δ𝑃 = −
𝑉
𝐵Δ𝑠
Δ𝑃 = −
Δ𝑥
𝐵𝑑𝑠
𝑑P = −
𝑑𝑥
𝑑P = −𝐵 −𝑘𝑠0 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥 + 𝜙)
𝑑P = 𝐵𝑘𝑠0 cos 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥 + 𝜙 = (𝑑𝑃)max cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥 + 𝜙)
𝜋
P = 𝑃0 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥 + 𝜙 +
2
 Topic : Relation between Pressure
Wave and displacement Wave
➢ A longitudinal sound wave can be expressed either in terms of the longitudinal
displacement of the particles of the medium or in terms of excess pressure
produced due to compression or rarefaction. (At compression, the pressure is more
than the normal pressure of the medium and at rarefaction the pressure is lesser
than the normal).
Topic : Relation between Pressure
Wave and displacement Wave
 Topic : Relation between Pressure
Wave and displacement Wave

If displacement wave is given as

𝑆 = 𝑆0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥 + 𝜙
Then Pressure wave is given as
𝜋
∆𝑃 = 𝑃0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥 + 𝜙 +
2
Where 𝑃0 = 𝐵𝑘𝑆0 is called Pressure Amplitude, here B is bulk modulus.
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝑃0 and 𝑃𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑃0
 Topic : Pressure wave equation of sound wave
𝑁
A sound wave of wavelength 𝜋 m is travelling in medium of bulk modulus 105 and it creates pressure
𝑚2
𝑁
variation of 0.08 . Calculate pressure amplitude and displacement amplitude of the wave.
𝑚2
 Topic : Effect of Pressure on speed of sound

#Q. Calculate the bulk modulus of air from the following data about
a sound wave of wavelength 35 cm travelling in air. The pressure
at a point varies between (1.0 × 105 ± 14) Pa and the particles of
the air vibrate in simple harmonic motion of amplitude 5.5 x 10–6
m.
[H C VERMA]
 Topic : Relation between Pressure
Wave and displacement Wave
#Q. A tube of air 2 feet in length has a pressure versus distance
graph as shown at t = 0. It is vibrating in one of its allowed
standing wave modes.

Which of the following graphs of molecular displacement vs.

horizontal distance corresponds to the above pressure graph?
 Topic : Relation between Pressure
Wave and displacement Wave

A B

C D
 Topic : Pitch

Frequency as we have discussed till now is

an objective property measured its units is
Hz and which can be assigned a unique
value. However a person’s perception of
frequency is subjective. The brain interprets
frequency primarily in terms of a subjective
quality called Pitch. A pure note of high
frequency is interpreted as high-pitched
sound and a pure note of low frequency as
low-pitched
 Topic : Formulas of Average and Maximum Power

𝑃0 𝐴𝜔𝑆0
➢ 𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑃0 𝐴𝜔𝑆0 cos2 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥 + 𝜙 =
2

𝐵
➢ Using 𝑣 = ⇒ 𝐵 = 𝜌𝑣 2 and 𝑃0 = 𝐵𝐾𝑆0 = 𝜌𝑣 2 𝐾𝑆0
𝜌

1 𝑃0 𝑃02 𝐴 𝜌𝐴𝑣𝜔2 𝑆02

➢ 𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑃0 𝐴𝜔 = =
2 𝜌𝑣 2 𝑘 2𝜌𝑣 2

𝑃02 𝐴
➢ 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 𝜌𝐴𝑣𝜔2 𝑆02
𝜌𝑣
 Topic : Calculation of Average Power of Sound Wave

Given
𝑆 = 𝑆0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥 + 𝜙 and P = 𝑃0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥 + 𝜙
𝛿𝑠
= 𝜔𝑆0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥 + 𝜙
𝛿𝑡
𝛿𝑠
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 = 𝐹. 𝑣 = 𝑃𝐴
𝛿𝑡
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 = 𝑃0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥 + 𝜙 𝐴𝜔𝑆0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥 + 𝜙
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 = 𝑃0 𝐴𝜔𝑆0 cos 2 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥 + 𝜙
𝑃0 𝐴𝜔𝑆0
𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝑃0 𝐴𝜔𝑆0 cos2 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥 + 𝜙 =
2
 Topic : Intensity of sound

1
I= 𝜌𝜔2 𝐴2 𝑣
2

Where A is displacement amplitude

v is velocity of sound
𝜌 is density of medium
𝜔 is angular frequency of sound wave
 Topic : Intensity of Sound Wave

𝑃𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝑃02 𝜌𝑣𝜔2 𝑆02

𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑔 = = =
𝐴 2𝜌𝑣 2
 Topic : Intensity of Sound Wave

➢ It is the sensation received by ear due to intensity of sound

➢ Greater the amplitude of vibration, greater will be intensity (𝐼𝛼𝐴2 ) and so louder
will be sound. The loudness being the sensation, depends on the sensitivity of
listener’s ear. Loudness of a sound of a given intensity may be different for different
listeners.
➢ The average energy transmitted by a wave per unit normal area per second is called
𝐸 𝑊
intensity of a wave. 𝐼 = . It’s SI Unit 2
𝐴𝑡 𝑚
 Topic : Intensity of Sound Wave

#Q. The equations of two displacement sound waves propagating in

a medium are given by S1 = 2 sin (150t) and s2=5 sin (150 t).
The ratio of intensities of sound produced is .

A 4 : 25

B 9 : 100

C 8 : 15

D
64 : 225
 Topic : Wave Front

➢ Wave front are imaginary surface representing corresponding points of a wave that
vibrate in same phase
Original
wavefront
A1
Secondary
A
wavefront
A2 1 Secondary
wavelets
2

S
Propagation
3 of light-wave
B2
4
B
B1
 Topic : Type of Wave Front

1. Spherical Wave front

2. Cylindrical wave front
3. Plane Wave front
 Topic : Intensity variation of sound wave with distance

FOR POINT SOURCE

 Topic : Intensity variation of sound wave with distance

#Q. A wave travels uniformly in all directions from a point source in

an isotropic medium. The displacement of the medium at any
point at a distance r from the source may be represented by (A
is a constant representing strength of source)

A [A/ 𝑟] sin (kr - t)

B [A/𝑟] sin (kr - t)

C [Ar] sin (kr - t)

D
[A/r2] sin (kr - t)
 Topic : Intensity variation of sound wave with distance

FOR LINE SOURCE

 Topic : Intensity variation of sound wave with distance

FOR THE SOURCE AT INFINITE

 Topic : Loudness

#Q. A circular plate of area 0.4 cm2 is kept at distance of 2m from

source of power 𝜋 W. Find the amount of energy received by
plate in 5 secs.
 Topic : Loudness

➢ Audible intensity range for humans : The ability of human to perceive intensity at
different frequency is different. The perception of intensity is maximum at 1000 Hz
and perception of intensity decreases as the frequency decreases or increases from
1000 Hz.
➢ For a 1000 Hz tone, the smallest sound intensity that a human ear can detect is 10–
12 watt./m2 . On the other hand, continuous exposure to intensities above 1W/m2
can result in permanent hearing loss. .
➢ The overall perception of intensity of sound to human ear is called loudness.
➢ Human ear do not perceives loudness on a linear intensity scale rather it perceives
loudness on logarithmic
 Topic : Loudness

➢ If intensity is increased 10 times human ear does not perceive 10 times increase in
loudness. It roughly perceived that loudness is doubled where intensity increased
by 10 times. Hence it is prudent to define a logarithmic scale for intensity.
➢ DECIBEL SCALE: The logarithmic scale which is used for comparing two sound
intensity is called decibel scale.
➢ The intensity level described in terms of decibels is defined as 𝛽=10𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝐼/I0 )
➢ Here 𝐼0 is the threshold intensity of hearing for human ear i.e. = 10–12 W/m2.
➢ In terms of decibel threshold of human hearing is 1 dB
➢ intensity level 𝛽 is a dimensionless quantity and is not same as intensity expressed
in W/m2
Topic : Loudness
 Topic : Loudness

#Q. If the intensity is increased by a factor of 20, by how many

decibels is the intensity level increased
 Topic : Loudness

#Q. How many times the pressure amplitude is increased if sound

level is increased by 40 dB ?
Topic : The principle of superposition
 Topic : The principle of superposition

When two or more waves simultaneously pass through a

point, the disturbance at the point is given by the sum of
the disturbances each wave would produce in absence
of the other wave(s).
Topic : Interference
 Topic : Interference

#Q. The resultant amplitude due to superposition of two waves y1 =

5sin(wt − kx ) and y2 = −5cos wt − kx − 150∘

A 5

B 5 3

C 5 2− 3

D 5 2+ 3
Interference of Wave
Interference of Wave
Interference of Wave
Important applications of superposition principle.
➢ Interference of waves: Adding coherent waves that differ in phase.
➢ Formation of stationary waves: Adding coherent waves that differ in direction.
➢ Formation of beats: Adding coherent waves that differ in frequency.
 Topic : Reflection of Wave
➢ At rigid end
 Topic : Boundary Conditions (Rigid End)

When the incident wave reaches a fixed end, it exerts an upward pull on the end,
according to Newton’s third law the fixed end exerts an equal and opposite downward
force on the string. It results as inverted pulse or phase change of π
There is no transmission.
 Topic : Boundary Conditions (Rigid End)

➢ Crest (C) reflects as trough (T) and vice-versa.

➢ Time changes by T/2 and Path changes by λ/2

C C

T
➢ 𝑣2 = 0

➢ 𝐴𝑡 = 0 and 𝐴𝑟 = −𝐴 (Phase difference of )

➢ 100% Energy is reflecting back

 Topic : Reflection of Wave

➢ At free end
 Topic : Boundary Conditions (Free End)

➢ When a wave or pulse is reflected from

a free end, then there is no change of
phase (as there is no reaction force.)
 Topic : Boundary Conditions (Free End)

➢ Crest (C) reflects as crest (C) and trough (T) reflects as trough (T)

➢ Time changes by zero and Path changes by zero.

C C C

➢ 𝑣2 = ∞ 𝜇 2 = 0

➢ 𝐴𝑡 = 2A and 𝐴𝑟 = 𝐴 (No Phase difference)

➢ 100% Energy is reflecting back

 Topic : Boundary Conditions (Free End)

#Q. A wave pulse on a string has the dimension shown in figure. The
waves speed is v=1 cm/s. If point O is a free end. The shape of
wave at time t = 3 s is:

A B

C D
 Reflection and Transmission in Transverse Waves

When waves are incident on a boundary between two media, a part of incident wave
returns back into the initial medium (reflection) while the remaining is partly
transmitted into the second medium (refraction)
 Topic : Wave in a combination of string

Wave goes from thin to thick string

Some part of the wave is reflected back with inverted phase while some part is
transmitted.
 Topic : Wave in a combination of string

➢ If incident wave equation is given as 𝑦𝑖 = 𝐴𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘1 𝑥) then

➢ Reflected Wave : 𝑦𝑟 = 𝐴𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘1 (−𝑥) + 𝜋

➢ Transmitted Wave : 𝑦𝑡 = 𝐴𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘2 𝑥

 Topic : Wave in a combination of string

➢ Wave goes from thick to thin string

➢ Some part of the wave is reflected back with No phase change while some part is
transmitted.
 Topic : Wave in a combination of string

➢ If incident wave equation is given as 𝑦𝑖 = 𝐴𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘1 𝑥) then

➢ Reflected Wave : 𝑦𝑟 = 𝐴𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘1 (−𝑥)

➢ Transmitted Wave : 𝑦𝑡 = 𝐴𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘2 𝑥

 Topic : Relation between Amplitude

➢ 𝑦𝑖 = 𝐴𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘1 𝑥)

➢ 𝑦𝑟 = 𝐴𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 𝑘1 𝑥)

➢ 𝑦𝑡 = 𝐴𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘2𝑥)

We now study for x = 0

➢ 𝑦𝑖 = 𝐴𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝜔𝑡)

➢ 𝑦𝑟 = 𝐴𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡)

➢ 𝑦𝑡 = 𝐴𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡)
 Topic : Relation between Amplitude

At x=0 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑦𝑟 = 𝑦𝑡
𝐴𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝜔𝑡) + 𝐴𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝜔𝑡) = 𝐴𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝜔𝑡)
𝐴𝑡 − 𝐴𝑟 = 𝐴𝑖 = 𝐴 … … (𝑖)
Since Energy(Power/Intensity is conserved)
1 2 1 1
𝜇1 𝜔 𝐴𝑖 𝑣1 = 𝜇1 𝜔 𝐴𝑟 𝑣1 + 𝜇2 𝜔2 𝐴2𝑡 𝑣2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
⇒ 𝜇1 𝐴𝑖 𝑣1 = 𝜇1 𝐴𝑟 𝑣1 + 𝜇2 𝐴2𝑡 𝑣2
2
𝑇
By putting 𝜇 = 2
𝑣
𝑇 2 𝑇 2 𝑇 2 𝐴2𝑖 𝐴2𝑟 𝐴2𝑡
2 𝐴𝑖 𝑣1 = 2 𝐴𝑟 𝑣1 + 2 𝐴𝑡 𝑣2 ⇒ 𝑣 = 𝑣 + 𝑣 … . . (𝑖𝑖)
𝑣1 𝑣1 𝑣2 1 1 2
 Topic : Relation between Amplitude

Now two equations are

➢ 𝐴𝑡 − 𝐴𝑟 = 𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 + 𝐴𝑟 = 𝐴𝑡

𝐴2 −𝐴2𝑟 𝐴2𝑡
➢ =
𝑣1 𝑣2

Solving above equations

𝑣2
𝐴𝑡 = 2𝐴
𝑣1 + 𝑣2
𝑣2 − 𝑣1
𝐴𝑟 = 𝐴
𝑣1 + 𝑣2
 Topic : Relation between Amplitude

#Q. A composition string is made up by joining two strings of

different masses per unit length → 𝜇 and 4𝜇. The composite
string is under the same tension. A transverse wave pulse : 𝑌 =
(6 mm)sin(5𝑡 + 40𝑥), where '𝑡' is in seconds and ' 𝑥 ' in meters, is
sent along the lighter string towards the joint The joint is at 𝑥 = 0.
The equation of the wave pulse reflected from the joint is

A (2 mm) sin (5t – 40x) B (4 mm) sin (40x – 5t)

C – (2 mm) sin (5t – 40x) D (2 mm) sin (5t – 10 x)

 Topic : Relation between Amplitude

#Q. A composition string is made up by joining two strings of

different masses per unit length → 𝜇 and 4𝜇. The composite
string is under the same tension. A transverse wave pulse : 𝑌 =
(6 mm)sin(5𝑡 + 40𝑥), where ' 𝑡 ' is in seconds and ' 𝑥 ' in meters, is
sent along the lighter string towards the joint The joint is at 𝑥 = 0.
The equation of the wave pulse reflected from the joint is

A 33% B 89%

C 67% D 75%
Topic : The principle of superposition
Topic : Constructive and destructive interference
 Topic : Constructive and destructive interference

#Q. A source of sound S and a detector D are placed at some

distance from one another. A big cardboard is placed near the
detector and perpendicular to the line SD at shown in figure (16-
E1). It is gradually moved away an< it is found that the intensity
changes from a maximum to a minimum as the board is moved
through a distance of 20 cm. Find the frequency of the sound
emitted Velocity of sound in air is 336 m/s.
[H C VERMA]
 Topic : Constructive and destructive interference

#Q. A source S and a detector D are placed at a

distance d. apart. A big cardboard is placed
at a distance 2 d from the source and the
detector as shown in figure (16-E2). The
source emits a wave of wavelength=d/2
which is received by the detector after
reflection from the cardboard. It is found to
be in phase with the direct wave received
from the source. By what minimum distance
should the cardboard be shifted away so
that the reflected wave becomes out of
phase with the direct wave ?
[H C VERMA]
 Topic : Constructive and destructive interference

#Q. Two stereo speakers are separated by a distance of 2.40 m. A

person stands at a distance of 3.20 m directly in front of one of
the speakers as shown in figure (16-E3). Find the frequencies in
the audible range (20-2000 Hz) for which the listener will hear a
minimum sound intensity. Speed of sound in air = 320 m/s.
[H C VERMA]
 Topic : Constructive and destructive interference

#Q. Three sources of sound S1, S2 and S3 of equal intensity are placed
in a straight line with S1S2 = S2S3 (figure 16-E5). At a point P, far
away from the sources, the wave coming from S2 is 120° ahead in
phase of that from S1. Also, the wave coming from S3 is 120°
ahead of that from S2. What would be the resultant intensity of
sound at P?
[H C VERMA]

S1 S2 S3 S4
Figure 16-E5
 Topic : Constructive and destructive interference

#Q. Two waves of sound having intensities I and 4I interfere to

produce interference pattern. The phase difference between the
waxes is /2 at point A and  at point B. Then the difference
between the resultant intensities at A and B is
[H C VERMA]
A 2I

B 4I

C 5I

D
7I
 Topic : Constructive and destructive interference

#Q. The ratio of maximum to minimum intensity due to

49
superposition of two waves is . Then the ratio of the intensity of
9
component waves is
[H C VERMA]
25 16
A B
4 25

4 9
C D
49 49
Topic : Quincke's Tube experiments
 Topic : Quincke's Tube experiments

#Q. In a Quincke’s experiment the sound detected is changed from a

maximum to a minimum when the sliding tube is moved
through a distance of 2.50 cm. Find the frequency of sound if the
speed of sound in air is 340 m/s.
[H C VERMA]
 Topic : Quincke's Tube experiments

#Q In a Quincke's experiment, the sound intensity has a minimum

value I at a particular position. As the sliding tube is pulled out
by a distance of 16.5 mm, the intensity increases to a maximum
of 91. Take the speed of sound in air to be 330 m/s.
(a) Find the frequency of the sound source,
(b) Find the ratio of the amplitudes of the. two waves arriving at
the detector assuming that it does not change much
between the positions of minimum intensity and maximum
intensity.
[H C VERMA]
Topic : Standing wave
 Topic : Standing wave

#Q. A wave is represented by the equation y= 10 sin 2 (100t – 0.02x)

+ 10 sin 2 (100t+0.02x). The maximum amplitude and loop
length are respectively

A 20 units and 30 units

B 20 units and 25 units

C 30 units and 20 units

D
25 units and 20 units
 Topic : Standing wave

#Q. A wave represented by the equation y = A cos(kx – t) is

superimposed with another wave to form a stationary wave
such that the point x = 0 is a node. The equation of the other
wave is :

A –A sin (kx + t)

B –A cos (kx + t)

C A sin (kx + t)

D
A cos (kx + t)
 Topic : Standing wave

#Q. Figure, shows a stationary wave between two fixed points P and
Q. Which point(s) of 1, 2 and are in phase with the point X?

A 1, 2 and 3

B 1 and 2 only

C 2 and 3 only

D
3 only
Interference of Wave
Reflection of Waves and Standing Waves
Topic : Standing wave on stretched string fixed at both ends
Reflection of Waves and Standing Waves
Reflection of Waves and Standing Waves
Reflection of Waves and Standing Waves
Reflection of Waves and Standing Waves
 Topic : Standing wave on stretched string fixed at both ends

#Q. The equation for the vibration of a string, fixed at both ends
vibrating in its third harmonic, is given by y=(0.4cm)sin[(0.314
cm–1)x]cos [(600 s–1)t].
(a) What is the frequency of vibration?
(b) What are the positions of the nodes?
(c) What is the length of the string?
(d) What is the wavelength and the speed of two travelling
waves that can interfere to give this vibration?
[H C VERMA]
 Topic : Standing wave on stretched string fixed at both ends

#Q. Figure (15-E10) shows an aluminium wire of length 60 cm joined

to a steel wire of length 80 cm and stretched between two fixed
supports. The tension produced is 40 N. The cross-sectional
area of the steel wire is 1.0 mm2 and that of the aluminium wire
is 3.0 mm2. What could be the minimum frequency of a tuning
fork which can produce standing waves in the system with the
joint as a node? The density of aluminium is 2.6 g/cm3 and that
of steel is 7.8 g/cm3.

80cm 60cm [H C VERMA]

Steel Aluminium
Topic : Standing wave on stretched string
fixed at one end and free at other
 Topic : Standing wave on stretched string
fixed at one end and free at other
#Q. String of length L whose one end is x=0 vibrates according to the
relations given in column-I. Select matching entries from column-II
including nodes or antinodes at the end points of string.
Column-I Column-II
𝜋𝑥
(a) y= A sin sin t (P) 1 antinode, 2 nodes
𝐿
𝜋𝑥
(b) y= A cos sin t (q) 3 nodes, 2 antinodes
𝐿
2𝜋𝑥
(c) y= A sin sin t (r) 2 antinode, 1 nodes
𝐿
2𝜋𝑥
(d) y= A cos sin t (s) 3 antinode, 2 nodes
𝐿

[H C VERMA]
Topic : Sonometer wire experiment
 Topic : Sonometer wire experiment

#Q. A sonometer wire supports a 4 kg load and vibrates in

fundamental mode with a tuning fork of frequency 416 Hz. The
length of the wire between the bridges is now doubled. In order
to maintain fundamental mode, the load should be changed to
[H C VERMA]
A 1 kg

B 2 kg

C 8 kg

D 16 kg
 Topic : Sonometer wire experiment

#Q. A sonometer wire of length l vibrates in fundamental mode

when excited by a tuning fork of frequency 416 Hz. If the length is
doubled keeping other things same, the string will
[H C VERMA]

A vibrate with a frequency of 416 Hz

B vibrate with a frequency of 208 Hz

C vibrate with a frequency of 832 Hz

D Stop vibrating
 Topic : Sonometer wire experiment

#Q. A sonometer wire having a length of 1.50 m between the bridges

vibrates in its second harmonic in resonance with a tuning fork
of frequency 256 Hz. What is the speed of the transverse wave
on the wire ?
[H C VERMA]
 Topic : Sonometer wire experiment

#Q. Two wires of same material having radii r and 2r and welded
together end to end. The combination is used as a sonometer
wire and is kept under a tension T. The welded point lies midway
between the bridges. The ratio of the number of loops formed in
the wires, such that the joint is a node when the stationary
waves are set up in the wire is

A 2 1
B
3 3
1 1
C D
4 2
 Topic : Reflection, Transmission and Refraction
in Longitudinal Waves
Reflection of sound waves for displacement from a rigid boundary (e.g. closed end of
an organ pipe) is analogous to reflection of a string wave from rigid boundary;
reflection accompanied by an inversion i.e. phase change of 
 Topic : Reflection, Transmission and Refraction
in Longitudinal Waves
Reflection of sound wave for displacement from a
low pressure region (like open end of an organ pipe)
is analogous to reflection of string wave from a free
end.
 Topic : Reflection, Transmission and Refraction
in Longitudinal Waves
➢ As the excess pressure and displacement corresponding to the same sound wave
vary by /2 in term of phase, a displacement minima at the rigid end will be a point
of pressure maxima. This implies that the reflected pressure wave from the rigid
boundary will have same phase as the incident wave, i.e., a compression pulse is
reflected as a compression pulse and a rarefaction pulse is reflected as a rarefaction
pulse.
➢ By the same logic reflected pressure wave would be out of phase by  with respect
to the incident wave. i.e. a compression pulse is reflected as a rarefaction pulse and
vice-versa for open end.
Topic : Open Organ Pipe
 Topic : Open Organ Pipe

#Q. Find the fundamental, first overtone and second overtone

frequencies of an open organ pipe of length 20 cm. Speed of
sound in air is 340 m/s.
[H C VERMA]
Vibration in Air Column and Beats
Vibration in Air Column and Beats
 Topic : Open Organ Pipe

#Q. The first overtone frequency of a closed organ pipe P1 is equal to

the fundamental frequency of an open organ pipe P2. If the
length of the pipe P1 is 30 cm, what will be the length of P2?
[H C VERMA]
Topic : Closed Organ Pipe
 Topic : Closed Organ Pipe

#Q. A closed organ pipe can vibrate at a minimum frequency of 500

Hz. Find the length of the tube. Speed of sound in air = 340 m/s.
[H C VERMA]
 Topic : Closed Organ Pipe

#Q. The separation between a node and the next antinode in a

vibrating air column is 25 cm. If the speed of sound in air is 340
m/s, find the frequency of vibration of the air column.
[H C VERMA]
Vibration in Air Column and Beats
Vibration in Air Column and Beats
Vibration in Air Column and Beats
Vibration in Air Column and Beats
Vibration in Air Column and Beats
Topic : Resonance tube experiment
Vibration in Air Column and Beats
Vibration in Air Column and Beats
Vibration in Air Column and Beats
Vibration in Air Column and Beats
Vibration in Air Column and Beats
Topic : End Correction
 Topic : End Correction

#Q. In a resonance column experiment, a tuning fork of frequency

400 Hz is used. The first resonance is observed when the air
column has a length of 20.0 cm and the second resonance is
observed when the air column has a length of 62.0 cm.
(a) Find the speed of sound in air.
(b) How much distance above the open end does the pressure
node form?
[H C VERMA]
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