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Topology - Tut7 - Revised2 (Agus)

The document discusses properties of regular and normal spaces in topology, providing proofs and lemmas related to subspaces and product spaces. It establishes conditions under which a space is regular and normal, and explores the implications of these properties through various theorems. Additionally, it addresses the uniqueness of continuous extensions of functions defined on dense subsets in Hausdorff spaces.

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Agus Leonardi
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29 views5 pages

Topology - Tut7 - Revised2 (Agus)

The document discusses properties of regular and normal spaces in topology, providing proofs and lemmas related to subspaces and product spaces. It establishes conditions under which a space is regular and normal, and explores the implications of these properties through various theorems. Additionally, it addresses the uniqueness of continuous extensions of functions defined on dense subsets in Hausdorff spaces.

Uploaded by

Agus Leonardi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MA4266 Topology Tutorial 7

Team 1B
Agus Leonardi Soenjaya
Ho Kah Yong Joel
Koh Wee Loong
Lee Su Yin Caroline
Simon Schoelly
Yang Sichen

March 17, 2012

1
Question 2

Subspace:
Let (X, T ) be a regular space and (A, TA ) a subspace of X. Given any closed set E ⊆ A,
E = A ∩ G where X − G ∈ T . Therefore, for any x ∈ A such that x 6∈ E, x 6∈ G. Since X is
regular, there exists open sets V, W ∈ T such that

G ⊆ V, x ∈ W, and V ∩ W = ∅.

Therefore, we have A ∩ G ⊆ A ∩ V and x ∈ A ∩ W.


Let VA = A ∩ V and WA = A ∩ W . Then VA , WA ∈ TA , E ⊆ VA , x ∈ WA , and

VA ∩ WA = (A ∩ V ) ∩ (A ∩ W )
= A ∩ (V ∩ W ) = ∅

Hence, A is also regular.

Product Space:
Lemma: A T1 -space X is regular if and only if for each point a ∈ X and each open set U
containing a, there is an open set V containing a, such that Cl(V ) ⊆ U .

Proof of Lemma:
(if) Let a ∈ X and C be a closed set not containing a. Then X − C is an open set containing
a, so there exists an open set V such that a ∈ V and Cl(V ) ⊆ X − C by assumption. This
implies a ∈ V and C ⊆ X − Cl(V ), where V ∩ X − Cl(V ) = ∅. Hence X is regular.

(only if) Suppose X is regular and let a ∈ X and U be an open set containing a. Then X − U
is a closed set and a 6∈ X − U , so there are disjoint open sets W and Z such that a ∈ W and
X − U ⊆ Z. Since W ⊆ X − Z and X − Z is closed, we have Cl(W ) ⊆ X − Z.
Hence, Cl(W ) ⊆ X − Z ⊆ U , so that W is the required open set, proving the lemma.

Now suppose X1 and X2 are regular. We will show the product X = X1 × X2 is regular using
the above lemma. Let a := (a1 , a2 ) ∈ X and U be an open set in X containing a. Then
U = U1 × U2 , where Ui is open in Xi , and ai ∈ Ui respectively for i = 1, 2.
For each i = 1, 2, since Xi is regular, there exists an open set Vi ⊆ Xi such that ai ∈ Vi and
Cl(Vi ) ⊆ Ui by the above lemma.
Let V = V1 × V2 . Then V is an open set in X, V which contains a, and
Cl(V ) = Cl(V1 ) × Cl(V2 ) ⊆ U .
Therefore by the lemma, X is regular.

2
Question 5
(i)⇒(ii):
Given a closed set C ⊆ X and an open set W ⊆ X such that C ⊆ W . Then X − W is closed
and C ∩ (X − W ) = ∅. Therefore, since X is normal, there exists disjoint open sets V, U ⊆ X
such that C ⊆ V and (X − W ) ⊆ U . Since V ∩ U = ∅, we have

C ⊆ V ⊆ (X − U ) ⊆ W.

Since X − U is closed, and since Cl(V ) is the smallest closed set containing V , we have

C ⊆ V ⊆ Cl(V ) ⊆ (X − U ) ⊆ W.

That is, C ⊆ V ⊆ Cl(V ) ⊆ W .

(ii)⇒(iii):
Let Pn denote the statement that “Any finite open cover Wn = {Wj }nj=1 of a closed set C has
a finite open refinement {Vi } such that {Cl(Vi )} is also a refinement of Wn ”. We will prove
this by induction.
P1 is clear from (ii).
Suppose Pk is true for some k ∈ N.
Pk+1 : Since Wk+1 is an open cover of C, we have

C ⊆ W ∪ Wk+1 where W = W1 ∪ · · · ∪ Wk .

Therefore, C − W ⊆ Wk+1 with C − W closed and Wk+1 open. Therefore, by (ii), there exists
an open set Vk+1 ⊆ X such that

C − W ⊆ Vk+1 ⊆ Cl(Vk+1 ) ⊆ Wk+1 .

Therefore, C ⊆ W ∪ Vk+1 , which gives us C − Vk+1 ⊆ W . Since C − Vk+1 is closed and


W 0 = {Wi }ki=1 is a finite open cover of C − Vk+1 , by Pk , there exists a finite open refinement
{Vi }ki=1 of W 0 such that {Cl(Vi )}ki=1 is also a refinement of W 0 . Therefore,

C − Vk+1 ⊆ V1 ∪ · · · ∪ Vk ⇒ C ⊆ V1 ∪ · · · ∪ Vk ∪ Vk+1 .

Hence, since {Vi }ki=1 and {Cl(Vi )}ki=1 are refinements of Wk+1 , Pk+1 is also true.
Thus, (iii) is true by induction.

(iii)⇒(iv):
Since X is a closed subset of X, the result follows directly from (iii).

3
(iv)⇒(i):
Given any two disjoint closed subsets C1 and C2 of X, {X − C1 , X − C2 } is a finite open cover
of X.
Then by (iv), there exist open sets V1 , V2 such that V1 ⊆ Cl(V1 ) ⊆ X − C1 and
V2 ⊆ Cl(V2 ) ⊆ X − C2 , where {V1 , V2 } and {Cl(V1 ), Cl(V2 )} are both covers of X.
Then we have C1 ⊆ X − Cl(V1 ) and C2 ⊆ X − Cl(V2 ).
Also, X − Cl(V1 ), X − Cl(V2 ) are both open in X.
Moreover, (X − Cl(V1 )) ∩ (X − Cl(V2 )) = X − (Cl(V1 ) ∪ Cl(V2 )) = ∅.
Hence, X is normal.

4
Question 8

(a) Let A be a dense subset of X, f : A → Y continuous, and Y Hausdorff. Suppose there


exist two continuous extensions g1 : X → Y and g2 : X → Y such that g1 6= g2 , that is
g1 (x0 ) 6= g2 (x0 ) for some x0 ∈ X − A.
Since Y is Hausdorff, there exist neighbourhood U and V of g1 (x0 ) and g2 (x0 )
respectively, such that U ∩ V = ∅. This implies g1−1 (U ) and g2−1 (V ) are both
neighbourhoods of x0 by the continuity of g1 and g2 .
Then, g1−1 (U ) ∩ g2−1 (V ) is a neighbourhood of x0 .
Now since A is dense in X, ∃a ∈ A such that a ∈ g1−1 (U ) ∩ g2−1 (V ) by definition.
This implies g1 (a) ∈ U and g2 (a) ∈ V . However, since a ∈ A, g1 (a) = g2 (a) by
assumption, which implies U ∩ V 6= ∅, a contradiction!
∴ g1 = g2 , i.e. it has at most one extension to the whole domain.

(b) Let f : R − {0} −→ R such that


1
f (x) = .
x
(c) Let g : (0, 1] −→ [0, 1] such that  
1
g(x) = sin .
x

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