Ch-10

Wave optics
Practice -Worksheet (MCQ,2M,3M,5M,and case based questions)
MCQ
Q.1. The locusof all particles in a medium, vibrating in the same phase is called
(a) wavelet (b) fringe
(c) wave front (d) None of these
Q.2. Which of the following is correct for light diverging from a point source?
(a) The intensity decreases in proportion for the distance squared.
(b) The wavefront is parabolic.
(c) The intensity at the wavelingth does depend of the distance.
(d) None of these.
Q.3.Wavefront is the locus of all points, where the particles of the medium vibrate
with the same
(a) phase (b) amplitude
(c) frequency (d) period
Q.4. The phenomena which is not explained by Huygen’s construction of wavefront
(a) reflection (b) diffraction
(c) refraction (d) origin of
Q.5.Huygen’s concept of secondary wave
(a) allows us to find the focal length of a thick lens
(b) is a geometrical method to find a wavefront
(c) is used to determine the velocity of light
(d) is used to explain polarisation
Q.6. A plane wave passes through a convex lens. The geometrical shape of the
wavefront that emerges is
(a) plane (b) diverging spherical
(c) converging spherical (d) None of these
Q.7. Spherical wavefronts, emanating from a point source, strike a plane reflecting
surface. What will happen to these wave fronts, immediately after reflection?
(a) They will remain spherical with the same curvature, both in magnitude and sign.
(b) They will become plane wave fronts.
(c) They will remain spherical, with the same curvature, but sign of curvature
reversed.
(d) They will remain spherical, but with different curvature, both in magnitude and
sign.
Q.8. When light suffers reflection at the interface between water and glass, the change
of phase in the reflected wave is
(a) zero (b) π
(c) π/2 (d) 2π
Q.9. Two plane wavefronts of light, one incident on a thin convex lens and another on
the refracting face of a thin prism. After refraction at them, the emerging wavefronts
respectively become
(a) plane wavefront and plane wavefront (b) plane wavefront and spherical
wavefront
(c) spherical wavefront and plane wavefront (d) spherical wavefront and spherical
wavefront
Q.10. When a film is illuminated by white light, its upper portion appears dark. Path
difference between two reflected beams at the spot must be
(a) zero (b) λ/2
(c) 2 λ/2 (d) π
Q.11. If two coherent sources are vibrating in phase then we have constructive
interference at any point P whenever the path difference is
(a) (n+1/2)λ (b) nλ/2
(c) (n-1/2)λ (d) nλ
Q.12. If two sources are coherent, then the phase difference (§) between the waves
produced by them at any point
(a) will change with time and we will have stable positions of maxima and minima.
(b) will not change with time and we have unstable positions of maxima and minima.
(c) Positions of will not change with time and we will have stable positions of
maxima and minima.
(d) will change with time and we will have unstable positions of maxima and minima.
Q.13. The device which produces highly coherent sources is
(a) Fresnel biprism (b) Young’s double slit
(c) Laser (d) Lloyd’s mirror
Q.14. Which of the following, cannot produce two coherent sources?
(a) Lloyd’s mirror (b) Fresnel biprism
(c) Young’s double slit (d) Prism
Q.15. Coherence is a measure of
(a) capability of producing interference by wave (b) waves being diffracted
(c) waves being reflected (d) waves being refracted
Q.16. Two sources of light are said to be coherent, when they give light waves of
same
(a) amplitude and phase (b) wavelength and constant phase
difference
(c) intensity and wavelength (d) phase and speed
Q.17. Intensity of light depends on
(a) amplitude (b) frequency
(c) wavelength (d) velocity
Q.18. The colour of bright fringe nearest to central achromatic
fringe in the interference pattern with white light will be
(a) violet (b) red
(c) green (d) yellow
Q.19. The correct formula for fringe visibility is
(a) V=(Imax-Imin)/(Imax+Imin) (b) V=(Imax+Imin)/(Imax-Imin)
(c) V=Imax/Imin (d) V=Imin/Imax
Q.20. Laser light is considered to be coherent because it consists of
(a) many wavelengths (b) uncoordinated wavelengths
(c) coordinated waves of exactly the same wavelength(d) divergent beam
Q.21. The interfering fringes formed by a thin oil film on water are seen in yellow
light of sodium lamp. We find the fringes
(a) coloured (b) black and white
(c) yellow and black (d) coloured without yellow
Q.22. In Young’s Double slit experiment, if the distance between the slit and screen
(D) is comparable with fringe width (B), the fringe pattern on screen will
(a) strictly be a parabola (b) strictly be a hyperbola
(c) be a elliptical (d) be a straight line
Q.23. If Young’s double slit experiment is performed in water keeping the rest of the
set-up same, the fringes will
(a) increase in width (b) decrease in width
(c) remain unchanged (d) not be formed
Q.24. In the Young’s Double slit experiment, when we place a converging lens after
the slits and place the screen at the focus of the lens, it
(a) introduces an extra path difference in the parallel beam.
(b) introduces no path difference in the parallel beam.
(c) introduces an extra phase difference in the parallel beam.
(d) introduces an extra fringe in the diffraction pattern.
Q.25. The fringe width for red colours as compared to that for violet colour is
approximately
(a) 3 times (b) 2 times
(c) 4 times (d) 8 times
Q.26. In Young’s double slit experiment, the minimum amplitude is obtained when
the phase difference of super-imposing waves is (where n = 1, 2, 3, …)
(a) zero (b) (2 n – 1) π
(c) n π (d) (n + 1) π
Q.27. The fringe width in a Young’s double slit experiment can
be increased if we decrease
(a) width of slits (b) separation of slits
(c) wavelength of light used (d) distance between slits and
screen
Q.28. In Young’s double slit experiment, one slit is covered with
red filter and another slit is covered by green filter, then
interference pattern will be
(a) red (b) green
(c) yellow (d) invisible
Q.29. Instead of using two slits, if we use two separate identical sodium lamps in
Young’s experiment, which of the following will occur?
(a) General illumination (b) Widely separate
interference
(c) Very bright maxima (d) Very dark minima
Q.30. Which of the following is not essential for two sources of light in Young’s
double slit experiment to produce a sustained interference?
(a) Equal wavelength (b) Equal intensity
(c) Constant phase relationship (d) Equal frequency
Q.31. In Young’s double slit experiment, the locus of the point P lying in a plane with
a constant path difference between the two interfering waves is
(a) a hyperbola (b) a straight line
(c) an ellipse (d) a parabola
Q.32. If the width of the slit in single slit diffraction experiment is doubled, then the
central maximum of diffraction pattern becomes
(a) broader and brighter (b) sharper and brighter
(c) sharper and fainter (d) broader and fainter.
Q.33. A diffraction pattern is obtained by using beam of red. light what will happen,
if red light is replaced by the blue light?
(a) Bands disappear. (b) Bands become broader and farther
apart.
(c) No change will take place.(d) Diffraction bands become narrow and crowded
together.
Q.34. When monochromatic light is replaced by white light in Fresnel’s biprism
arrangement, the central fringe is
(a) coloured (b) white
(c) dark (d) None of these
Q.35. The condition for observing Fraunhoffer diffraction from a single slit is that the
light wavefront incident on the slit should be
(a) spherical (b) cylindrical
(c) plane (d) elliptical
Q.36. The phenomenon of diffraction can be treated as interference phenomenon if
the number of coherent sources is
(a) one (b) two
(c) zero (d) infinity
Q.37. The diffraction effects in a microscopic specimen become important when the
separation between two points is
(a) much greater than the wavelength of light used.
(b) much less than the wavelength of light used.
(c) comparable to the wavelength of light used.
(d) independent of the wavelength of light used.
ANSWER KEY-
Q.1. (c) wave front
Q.2. (a) The intensity decreases in proportion to the distance squared.
Q.3. (a) phase
Q.4. (d) origin of
Q.5. (b) is a geometrical method to find a wavefront
Q.6. (c) converging spherical
Q.7. (c) They will remain spherical, with the same curvature, but sign of curvature
reversed.
Q.8. (a) zero
Q.9. (c) spherical wavefront and plane wavefront
Q.10. (b) λ/2
Q.11. (d) nλ
Q.12. (c) Positions will not change with time and we will have stable positions of maxima
and minima.
Q.13. (c) Laser
Q.14. (d) Prism
Q.15. (a) capability of producing interference by wave
Q.16. (b) wavelength and constant phase difference
Q.17. (a) amplitude
Q.18. (a) violet
Q.19. (a) V=(Imax-Imin)/(Imax+Imin)
Q.20. (c) coordinated waves of exactly the same wavelength
Q.21. (d) coloured without yellow
Q.22. (c) be elliptical
Q.23. (a) increase in width
Q.24. (b) introduces no path difference in the parallel beam
Q.25. (b) 2 times
Q.26. (b) (2n – 1)π
Q.27. (b) separation of slits
Q.28. (d) invisible
Q.29. (a) General illumination
Q.30. (b) Equal intensity
Q.31. (b) a straight line
Q.32. (a) broader and brighter
Q.33. (d) Diffraction bands become narrow and crowded together.
Q.34. (b) white
Q.35. (c) plane
Q.36. (d) infinity
Q.37. (b) much less than the wavelength of light used.
2 Mark Questions
1.Sketch the variation of intensity of interference pattern in Young’s double slit
experiment.
3. What is the ratio of fringe width of bright and dark fringes in Young’s double
slit experiment?
4. What is the effect on interference fringes in Young’s double slit experiment if
one slit is covered?
5. Bubbles of a colourless soap solution appear colored in sun light. Why?
6. What happens to the energy at destructive interference in interference pattern?
7. What will be the effect on interference fringes in Young’s double slit
experiment if (i) Monochromatic source is replaced by white light; (ii) Screen
is moved away from the slit. Justify your answer.
8. In Young’s experiment the width of the fringes obtained with light of
wavelength 6000 A⁰
is 2mm. What will be the fringe width if the apparatus is
immersed in a liquid of refractive index 4/3?
9. Show that the maximum intensity in interference pattern is four times the
intensity due to each slit.
10. In a single slit diffraction experiment, the width of the slit is made double the
original width. How does this affect the size and intensity of central diffraction
band?
11. Draw the wavefront for a beam of light (i) coming from a convex lens when a
point source is placed at its focus (ii) divergent radially from a point source. .
12. Determine the angular separation between the central maximum, and first
order maximum of diffraction pattern due to a single slit of width 0.25mm.
13. State two conditions for sustained interference of light. Draw the variation of
intensity with position in Young’s double slit experiment.
3 Marks Questions
14.State Huygens principle. For reflection of plane wavefront at a plane reflecting
surface, construct the corresponding reflected wavefront. Using this diagram
prove that angle of incidence is equal to angle of reflection.
15.Two independent sources of light cannot be coherent. Why? Two coherent
sources have intensities in the ratio 25:16. Find the ratios of the intensities of
maxima to minima after interference.
16.In a single slit diffraction experiment width of the slit is made double the original
width. How does it affect the size and intensity of central diffraction band.
Explain. Draw a graph showing variation of intensity with angle in single slit
diffraction.
17.State Huygens’s principle. Deduce the laws of refraction on the basis of
Huygens’s principle.
18.When two narrow slits 2mm apart are illuminated by a light of wavelength 5000
A⁰
the third minima is measured to be 0.5mm from the central maxima on a
screen. What is the distance of the screen from the slit?
19.In Young’s double slit experiment when a source of light of wavelength 5000 A0
is used the fringe width obtained is 0.6cm. If the distance between slit and screen
is reduced to half what would be the wavelength of source to get a 0.003 m wide
fringes.
20.State the essential condition for diffraction of light to occur. The light of
wavelength 600nm is incident normally on a slit if width 3mm. calculate the linear
width of central maximum when the screen is 3m away from the slit.
5 Marks Questions
21.Explain the phenomenon of diffraction of light at a single slit. Show graphically
the variation of intensity with angle in the diffraction pattern.
22.Explain Young’s double slit experiment of interference of light waves. Calculate
the path difference between interfering waves and give conditions for maxima and
minima. . Get the expression for dark and bright fringes
23. How is a wave front different from a ray? Draw the geometrical, shape of the
wave fronts when (i) light diverges from a point source, and (ii) light emerges out
of a convex lens when a point source is placed as its focus.
24.(a) In Young's double slit experiment, deduce the conditions for (i) constructive
and (ii) destructive interference at a point on the screen. Draw a graph showing
variation of the resultant intensity in the interference pattern against position
'x' on the screen.
(b) Compare and contrast the pattern which is seen with two coherently
illuminated narrow slits in Young's experiment with that seen for a coherently
illuminated single slit producing diffraction.
25. A figure divided into squares, each of size 1 mm2
is being viewed at a distance of
9cm through a magnifying lens of local length 10cm, held close to the eye.
(i) Draw a ray diagram showing the formation of the image.
(ii) What is the magnification produced by the lens? How much is the area of each
square in the virtual image?
(iii) What is the angular magnification of the lens?
26. The image of a candle is formed by a convex lens on a screen. The lower half of
the lens is painted black to make it completely opaque. Draw the ray diagram to
show the image formation. How will this image be different from the one
obtained when the lens is not painted black?
27. A right-angled crown glass prism with critical angle 41⁰ is placed before an

object PQ, in two positions as shown in the figures

(i) and (ii). Trace the paths of

the rays from P and Q the prisms in the two cases.
28. Using Huygen's principle, draw a diagram to show propagation of a wave-front
originating from a monochromatic point source.
Describe diffraction of light due to a single slit. Explain formation of a pattern of
fringes obtained on the screen and plot showing variation of intensity with angle
in single slit diffraction.
29. What are coherent sources? How does the width of interference fringes in
Young's double slit experiment change when The distance between the slits at
screen is decreased?
30. State Huygens’s principle. Use Huygens’s construction to explain refraction of
a plane wave front at a plane surface. Draw diagrams to show the behavior of
a (i) convex lens, (ii) concave mirror when a plane wave front falls on it.
31. Write two conditions necessary for total internal reflection to take place.
32. Using Huygen's principle, explain the refraction of a plane wave front at a plane
surface.
(a) Hence prove Snell's law.
33.The figure given below shows an experimental set up for Young's double slit
experiment to observe interference of light on the screen OP.

Here path difference SS 2 - SS 1 = λ/4. Obtain the condition for (i) constructive,
and (ii) destructive interference at any point P in terms of path difference = s2p-s1p
34. Explain, using Huygen’ principle, how diffraction is produced by a narrow slit
which is illuminated by a monochromatic light. Show that central maximum is
twice as wide as the other maxima and the pattern becomes narrower as the
width of the slit is increased.
35. What are coherent sources ? Why are coherent sources required to produce
interference of light ? Give an example of interference of light in everyday life.
In Young's double slit experiment, the two slits are 0.03 cm apart and the screen
is placed at a distance of 1.5 m away from the slits. The distance between the
central bright fringe and fourth bright fringe is 1 cm. Calculate the wavelength of
light used.
36.State the condition under which the phenomenon of diffraction of light takes
place. Derive an expression for the width of the central maximum due to
diffraction of light at a single slit.
A slit of width 'a' is illuminated by a monochromatic light of wavelength 700 nm
at normal incidence. Calculate the value of 'a' for position of
(i) first minimum at an angle of diffraction of 30°.
(ii) first maximum at an angle of diffraction of 30°.
37. State the essential condition for diffraction of light to take place.
Use Huygen's principle to explain diffraction of light due to a narrow single slit
and the formation of a pattern of fringes obtained on the screen. Sketch the
pattern of fringes formed due to diffraction at a single slit showing variation of
intensity with angle .
38.What are coherent sources of light ? Why are coherent sources required to obtain
sustained interference pattern ?
State three characteristic features which distinguish the interference pattern due to
two coherently illuminated sources as compared to that observed in a diffraction
pattern due to a single slit.
39. Define the term ‘wavefront’. Draw the wavefront and corresponding rays in the case
of a
(i) diverging spherical wave, (ii) plane wave. Using Huygen’s construction of a
wavefront, explain the refraction of a plane wavefront at a plane surface and hence
verify Snell’s law.
40. In Young’s double slit experiment, the two slits 0.15 mm apart are illuminated by
monochromatic light of wavelength 450 nm. The screen is 1.0 m away from the slits.
(a) Find the distance of the second (i) bright fringe, (ii) dark fringe from the central
maximum.
(b) How will the fringe pattern change if the screen is moved away from the slits ?
41. When monochromatic light travels from one medium to another its wavelength changes
but frequency remains the same, Explain.
42. Describe Young's double slit experiment to produce interference pattern due to a
monochromatic source of light. Deduce the expression for the fringe width.
43. Use Huygen's principle to verify the laws of refraction.
44. State the importance of coherent sources in the phenomenon of interference. In
Young's double slit experiment to produce interference pattern, obtain the conditions
for constructive and destructive interference. Hence deduce the expression for the
fringe width. How does the fringe width get affected, if the entire experimental
apparatus of Young is immersed in water ?
45.(a) State Huygens' principle. Using this principle explain how a diffraction pattern is
obtained on a screen due to a narrow slit on which a narrow beam coming from a
monochromatic source of light is incident normally.
(b) Show that the angular width of the first diffraction fringe is half of that of the
central fringe.
(c) If a monochromatic source of light is replaced by white light, what change would
you observe in the diffraction pattern ?
46. Two slits in Young’s experiment are illuminated by a monochromatic lamp. With a
neat sketch, get an expression for fringe width of the interference pattern so obtained.
How will the fringe width change when the region between coherent sources and the
screen is filled with another medium of refractive index ’μ’.
47. Draw a graph to show the angle of deviation with the angle of incidence i for a
monochromatic ray of light passing through a prism of refracting angle A.
Deduce the relation

Define diffraction. Deduce an expression for fringe width of the central maxima of the
diffraction pattern, produced by single slit illuminated with monochromatic light
source.
Chapter :10 Wave Optics
Question 1:Diffraction of Light:
A and B went to purchase a ticket of a music program. But unfortunately only one
ticket was left. They purchased the single ticket and decided that A would be in the
hall during the 1st half and B during the 2nd half.
Both of them reached the hall together. A entered the hall and found that the seat was
behind a pillar which creates an obstacle. He was disappointed. He thought that he
would not be able to hear the program properly.
B was waiting outside the closed door. The door was not fully closed. There was a
little opening. But surprisingly, A could hear the music program.
This happened due to diffraction of sound.
The fact we hear sounds around corners and around barriers involves both diffraction
and reflection of sound.
Diffraction in such cases helps the sound to “bend around” the obstacles.
In fact, diffraction is more pronounced with longer wavelengths implies that we can
hear low frequencies around obstacles better than high frequencies.
B was outside the door. He could also hear the programme. But he noticed that when
the door opening is comparatively less he could hear the programme even being little
away from the door. This is because when the width of the opening is larger than the
wavelength of the wave passing through the gap then it does not spread out much on
the other side. But when the opening is smaller than the wavelength more diffraction
occurs and the waves spread out greatly – with semicircular wavefront. The opening
in this case functions as a localized source of sound.

Read the above case/passage and answer the following questions:

(i) A and B could hear the music programme due to phenomenon named
(a) interference.
(b) scattering
(c) diffraction.
(d) dispersion
(ii) Diffraction is more pronounced with ______ wavelengths.
(a) Longer
(b) Shorter
(c) fluctuating
(d) all
(iii) The minimum and maximum frequencies in the musical programme were
550 Hz and 10 kHz. Which frequency was better audible around the pillar
obstacle?
(a) 10 kHz
(b) 550 kHz
(c) Mid frequency
(d) The complete frequency range
(iv) Diffraction of sound takes place more when :
(a) sound is diffracted through an opening having width equal to the wavelength of
the sound.(b) sound is diffracted through an opening having width more than the
wavelength of the sound.
(c) sound is diffracted through an opening having width less than the wavelength of
the sound.
(d) diffraction of sound does not depend on the width of the opening.
(v) How the waveform will look like outside the door of the hall?
(a) Sound repeater
(b) Sound reflector
(c) Localized sound source
(d) None of the above
Interference of light case study
Q2. Young’s double slit experiments
Holograms also depend upon interference to produce their three-dimensional-like
images. In reflection holograms, both a reference and object-illuminating beam are
reflected onto a thick film from opposite sides. These beams interfere to produce light
and dark areas that correspond to an image that appears three-dimensional.
Transmission holograms use both the reference and object-illuminating beams on the
same side of the film to produce a similar type of effect.
Interference also occurs with sound waves and waves induced in a standing pool of
water. A very concise and easy interference experiment can be performed at home
using a sink full of water and two marbles. First, let the water become very still, then
simultaneously drop the marbles into the water (about 10-14 inches apart) from a
height of about a foot. Just as with light waves, the two marbles will induce a series of
waves in the water emanating in all directions. Waves formed in the area between
where the marbles entered the water will eventually collide.

Q1. In Young’s Double Slit Experiment, if instead of monochromatic light white

light is used, what would be the observation?
a) The pattern will not be visible
b) The shape of the pattern will change from hyperbolic to circular
c) Colored fringes will be observed with a white bright fringe at the center
d) The bright and dark fringes will change position
Q2. What kind of sources are required for Young’s Double Slit experiment?
a) Coherent
b) Incoherent
c) Intense
d) Bright
Q3. In YDS, the width of the fringes obtained from a light of wavelength 500 nm
is 3.6 mm. What is the fringe width id the apparatus is immersed in a liquid of
refractive index 1.2?
a) 2 mm
b) 2.6 mm
c) 3 mm
d) 3.2 mm
Q4. In a Young’s double slit experiment, the distance between the two slits is 0.5
mm and the distance between the screen and the slits is 1 m. When a light of
wavelength 500 nm is incident on the slits, what would be distance between the
two second bright fringes?
a) 1 mm
b) 2 mm
c) 3 mm
d) 4 mm
Q5. A Young’s double slit apparatus is immersed in a liquid of refractive index
1.25. What is the ratio of the fringe width in air and liquid?
a) 1: 2
b) 4: 5
c) 5: 4
d) 2: 1
Q3. Diffraction Of Light:Case Study
The diffraction of light has been cleverly taken advantage of to produce one of
science's most important tools—the diffraction grating. Instead of just one aperture, a
large number of thin slits or grooves—as many as 25,000 per inch—are etched into a
material. In making these sensitive devices it is important that the grooves
are parallel, equally spaced, and have equal widths.
The diffraction grating transforms an incident beam of light into a spectrum. This
happens because each groove of the grating diffracts the beam, but because all the
grooves are parallel, equally spaced and have the same width, the diffracted waves
mix or interfere constructively so that the different components can be viewed
separately. Spectra produced by diffraction gratings are extremely useful in
applications from studying the structure of atoms and molecules to investigating the
composition of stars.

Q1. What changes are observed in a diffraction pattern if the whole apparatus is
immersed in water?
a) The Wavelength of light increases
b) Width of central maximum increases
c) Width of central maximum decreases
d) Frequency of light decreases
Q2. How shall a diffraction pattern change when white light is used instead of a
monochromatic light?
a) The pattern will no longer be visible
b) The shape of the pattern will change from hyperbolic to circular
c) The colored pattern will be observed with a white bright fringe at the center
d) The bright and dark fringes will change position
Q3. If the Fresnel’s distance is a, then what should be the distance of the screen
from the slit, d, such that ray optics is no longer valid?
a) d > a
b) d < a
c) d = a
d) No relation between d and a
Q4. X-ray crystallography uses which characteristic of light?
a) Polarization
b) Interference
c) Diffraction
d) Coherency
Q5. By observing the diffraction patter, the two images are said to be just
resolved when ________
a) The central maxima of one image coincide with central maxima of the other
b) The central maxima of one do not coincide with central maxima of the other
c) The central maxima of one image coincides with the first minimum of the other
d) The central maxima of one image do not coincide with the first minimum of other