NARAYANA E- TECHNO SCHOOL,

WHITEFIELD.
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that SHREYAA SIDDARTH, a student of
class 12 has successfully completed the research on
the below mentioned project under the guidance of Mr.
YASH KAICKER during the year 2024 – 2025 in
fulfilment of Physics practical examination conducted
by CBSE – Central Board of Secondary Education, New
Delhi.
Signature of Examiner Signature of Physics Teacher
External

________________ ____________________ _________

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the accomplishment of this project successfully,

many people have supported me and encouraged
me. this time I am utilizing to thank all the people
who have been concerned with project.
Primarily I would thank God for empowering me to
complete this project with success. Then I would
like to thank my principal and physics teacher Mr.
YASH KAICKER, whose valuable guidance has been
the ones that helped me patch this project and
make it full proof success. His suggestions and his
instructions have served as the major contributor
towards the completion of the project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and friends
who have helped me with their valuable
suggestions and guidance has been helpful in
various phases of the completion of the project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank my
classmates who have helped me a lot.
 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that project work titled “STUDY
OF TRANSFORMERS AND ITS APPLICATION”,
submitted to the department of Physics,
NARAYANA E- TECHNO SCHOOL, WHITEFIELD
for the subject Physics under the guidance of Mr.
YASH KAICKER is a record of original work done by
me. I further declare that this project or any part of
it has not been submitted elsewhere for any other
class.
CLASS – XII

PLACE – WHITEFIELD, BENGALURU

SCHOOL - NARAYANA E- TECHNO SCHOOL, WHITEFIELD

INDEX
1. CERTIFICATE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. DECLARATION
4. AIM OF THE PROJECT
5. INTRODUCTION
6. WORKING AND SCIENTIFIC MECHANISM
7. MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE OF STEP UP
TRANSFORMERS
8. MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE OF STEP DOWN
9. APPARATUS
10. DETAILED PROCEDURE
11. EFFICIENCY
12. PRECAUSIONS
13. SOURCES OF ERROR
14. COMMON USES OF TRANSFORMERS
15. CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION TO
TRANSFORMERS
Transformers are electrical devices used to transfer electrical
energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic
induction. They are essential components in power distribution
systems and are used to increase or decrease voltage levels
efficiently.
A transformer
consists of two main
coils: the primary coil
and the secondary
coil. These coils are
wrapped around a
magnetic core,
usually made of
laminated iron. When
alternating current
(AC) flows through the primary coil, it creates a changing
magnetic field, also known as magnetic flux. This magnetic flux
links with the secondary coil and induces a voltage in it.
Depending on the number of turns in each coil, transformers
can either step up (increase) or step down (decrease) voltage
levels.

Magnetic flux plays a crucial role in the working of a

transformer. It is the measure of the total magnetic field
passing through a given area. The efficiency of a transformer
depends on how effectively the magnetic flux is transferred
between the primary and secondary coils. To reduce energy
losses due to eddy currents and hysteresis, transformers use
laminated iron cores, which help in maintaining a strong and
consistent magnetic flux.
Transformers are classified into different types based on their
applications. Power transformers are used in substations for
high-voltage transmission, while distribution transformers
supply power to homes and businesses. Other types include
isolation transformers, which provide electrical isolation, and
autotransformers, which have a single winding with variable
taps.
Transformers are crucial for efficient power transmission,
reducing energy losses, and ensuring stable voltage supply.
Without transformers, long-distance power transmission would
be inefficient, as high voltages are needed to minimize energy
loss over large distances.
Overall, transformers play a vital role in modern electrical
systems, making electricity transmission and distribution more
efficient and reliable.
WORKING & SCIENTIFIC
MECHANISM
An electrical transformer is a device that transfers electrical
energy from one circuit to another using the principle of
electromagnetic induction. It works on alternating current (AC)
and is used to step up (increase) or step down (decrease)
voltage levels in electrical circuits. The working of a transformer
is based on Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, which
states that a changing magnetic field induces an electromotive
force (EMF) in a conductor.

A transformer consists of three main parts: the primary coil, the

secondary coil, and a magnetic core. The primary coil is
connected to an AC power source, which generates a time-
varying current. This current creates a changing magnetic field
around the coil, producing magnetic flux. The laminated iron
core helps in efficiently transferring this magnetic flux to the
secondary coil, minimizing energy losses due to eddy currents
and hysteresis.
When the magnetic flux links with the secondary coil, it induces
a voltage according to the number of turns in the winding. If the
secondary coil has more turns than the primary coil, it acts as a
step-up transformer, increasing the voltage. Conversely, if the
secondary coil has fewer turns, it functions as a step-down
transformer, reducing the voltage. The efficiency of a
transformer is high due to minimal moving parts, and it
primarily depends on the quality of the core and winding
materials.

Transformers play a crucial role in electrical power distribution,

allowing electricity to be transmitted over long distances with
minimal energy loss. By stepping up the voltage for
transmission and stepping it down for safe domestic and
industrial use, transformers ensure efficient and reliable
electrical supply. Their working principle is fundamental in
electrical engineering and contributes to modern power
systems worldwide.
Let Φ be the flux in each turn in the core at time t due to
current in the primary when a voltage Vp is applied to it. Then
the induced emf or voltage ε.s , in the secondary with Ns turns
is

The alternating flux Φ also induces an emf - back emf in the

primary

But ε p = ε p . If this were not so, the primary current would be

infinite since the primary has zero resistance (as assumed). If
the secondary is an open circuit or the current taken from it is
small, then to a good approximation ε s = Vs

From above equations, we can get -

Assumptions made in formatting the above –

(i) the primary resistance and current are small
(ii) the same flux links both the primary and the
secondary as very little flux escapes from the core
 (iii) the secondary current is small. If the transformer is
assumed to be 100% efficient (no energy losses), the
power input is equal to the power output, and since p
=iv

While some energy is inevitably lost, a well-designed

transformer can achieve an efficiency exceeding 95%.

RELATION WITH VOLTAGE -

If the secondary coil has more turns than the primary coil (Ns >
Np), the voltage increases (Vs > Vp), creating a step-up
transformer. However, in this setup, the current in the
secondary coil is lower than in the primary (Np/Ns < 1 and Is <
Ip).
For example, if a transformer’s primary coil has 100 turns and
the secondary coil has 200 turns, the ratio Ns/Np = 2 and Np/Ns
= 1/2.

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
For an ideal transformer, the voltage and current are related to
the turns ratio as follows:

 Voltage Relationship: In a step-up transformer, the number

of turns in the secondary coil (Ns) is greater than in the
 primary coil (Np), so the secondary voltage (Vs) is greater
than the primary voltage (Vp).
 Current Relationship: Since energy is conserved
(neglecting losses), if the voltage increases, the current
decreases. The secondary current (Is) is smaller than the
primary current (Ip), inversely proportional to the turns
ratio.
Mechanical Advantage (Voltage and Current):
In a step-up transformer, the voltage is stepped up, but the
current is stepped down. This relationship ensures that the
transformer can transfer energy efficiently from one circuit to
another

In a step-down transformer, Ns<Np, meaning the secondary

voltage Vs is less than the primary voltage Vp. This is the "step-
down" aspect, where the transformer reduces the voltage from
the primary side to the secondary side.

This means that an input of 220V at 10A will be stepped up to

440V at 5A.
On the other hand, if the secondary coil has fewer turns than
the primary coil (Ns < Np), it forms a step-down transformer. In
this case, the voltage decreases (Vs < Vp), and the current
increases (Is > Ip). This means the voltage is reduced while the
current becomes higher.

In a step-down transformer, since the voltage decreases, the

current increases. The secondary current Is > Ip, inversely
proportional to the turns ratio.

Mechanical Advantage (Voltage and Current):

In a step-down transformer:
  The voltage decreases (step-down effect), but the
current increases.
 Energy is conserved (ignoring losses), so the increase in
current on the secondary side compensates for the
decrease in voltage.
Thus, the power on both sides remains roughly the same
(neglecting losses)

EFFICIENCY
PROCEDURE
1. Prepare the Primary Coil:
o Take a thick iron rod (core material) and cover it with
a thick paper layer to provide insulation.
o Wind a large number of turns of thin copper wire
(e.g., 60 turns) around the paper to form the
primary coil of the transformer. Make sure the turns
are evenly spaced to ensure uniform winding.
o

2. Prepare the Secondary Coil:

o After completing the primary coil, cover it with
another sheet of paper to provide insulation between
the coils.
o Wind a relatively smaller number of turns (e.g., 20
turns) of thicker copper wire around the secondary
coil insulation. This coil forms the secondary coil,
which will create the output voltage. For this setup,
this will be a step-down transformer, as the
secondary coil has fewer turns than the primary coil.
o

3. Connect the Primary Coil to the AC Mains:

o Connect the terminals of the primary coil (P1 and P2)
to the AC mains supply. Ensure that the connections
are secure and insulated to avoid any electrical
hazards.
o Use an AC voltmeter and an ammeter to measure
the input voltage and current flowing through the
primary coil. Record these values as they will be
important for calculating the transformer’s efficiency
and performance.

4. Measure Output from the Secondary Coil:

 o After measuring the input voltage and current,
connect a load (like a resistor) to the secondary coil
by connecting the secondary terminals (S1 and S2).
o Measure the output voltage and output current
using the appropriate measuring instruments. Ensure
that the connections are stable and there is no short
circuit.

5. Switch Setup for Step-Up Transformer:

o Now, switch the connections so that the secondary
coil (S1 and S2) is connected to the AC mains
instead of the primary coil. This is now a step-up
transformer because the primary coil will have
fewer turns compared to the secondary coil.
o Measure the voltage and current through both the
primary and secondary coils using the voltmeter
and ammeter. This will show the voltage increase
from the primary to the secondary coil.

6. Repeat for Different Transformer Configurations:

o To compare the performance of transformers with
varying turns ratios, repeat the procedure using
different self-made transformers.
o In each case, change the number of turns in both the
primary and secondary coils. For example, use 100
turns for the primary and 40 turns for the secondary
in one trial, or 80 turns for the primary and 60 turns
for the secondary in another trial.
o For each transformer, repeat the steps of measuring
the input and output voltages and currents, noting
how the transformer behaviour changes with the
turns ratio.
This detailed procedure will allow you to observe how varying
the number of turns in the coils impacts the voltage and current
in both step-up and step-down transformers.
In practical transformers, energy losses arise due to various
factors, and these can be described with certain formulas:
1. Flux Leakage: Not all of the magnetic flux produced by
the primary coil links with the secondary coil due to flux
leakage. This is often caused by imperfections in the core,
such as air gaps or poor alignment. The leakage flux
reduces the transformer's efficiency by preventing some
of the magnetic energy from transferring to the secondary
coil. The efficiency is reduced by the amount of energy
lost due to flux leakage.
While flux leakage doesn't have a specific formula for
calculating losses, the transformer’s efficiency (η) can be
expressed as:

2. Resistance of Windings: The resistance in the windings

causes energy to be lost in the form of heat due to the
current passing through the wires. This loss is known as
I²R loss, where III is the current and RRR is the resistance
of the winding. The power loss due to resistance in the
winding is given by:

In transformers with high current (low voltage) windings,

the resistance is minimized by using thicker wires,
reducing the overall heat loss. The loss is also directly
proportional to the square of the current, so reducing
current (e.g., by using thicker wires or lower resistance
materials) helps to decrease the losses.
3. Eddy Currents: Eddy currents are induced in the iron
core due to the alternating magnetic field, and they cause
heat, which leads to energy loss.  To reduce eddy
current losses, the transformer core is usually laminated,
which limits the path for the circulating currents, reducing
heat generation.
4. Hysteresis Losses: The core material undergoes
magnetization and demagnetization with each reversal of
the magnetic field, causing energy to be lost as heat. The
energy loss due to hysteresis To minimize hysteresis
losses, magnetic materials with low hysteresis coefficients,
like silicon steel, are used in transformer cores
5. Magneto striation i,e, humming noise of a transformer
 PRECAUSIONS
1. Protect yourself from high voltage: Always ensure
proper insulation and safety measures when working with
high voltage to avoid electrical shocks.
2. Maintain constant AC conditions: While measuring
current and voltage, ensure the AC supply remains steady
to get accurate readings.
3. Use appropriate protective gear: Wear rubber gloves,
insulated footwear, and safety goggles when working with
electrical equipment to minimize the risk of injury.
4. Check equipment grounding: Ensure all electrical
equipment is properly grounded to prevent accidental
electrocution or equipment damage.
 SORCES OF ERROR
1. Heating Effect: The current values can vary due to the
heating effect in the wires, which may alter the resistance
and, in turn, the measurements.
2. Eddy Currents: Eddy currents in the core material can
interfere with measurements, affecting accuracy by
inducing additional losses or distortions in the magnetic
field.
3. Voltage Fluctuations: Variations in voltage from the
power source can lead to unstable readings, affecting the
accuracy of the measurements.
4. Instrument Calibration: If the measuring instruments
are not calibrated correctly, they can provide inaccurate
readings, leading to errors in current and voltage
measurement.
 COMMON USES
Power Transmission: Transformers are used to step up or
step down the voltage for efficient power transmission over
long distances. High voltage is used for transmission to
reduce energy loss, and it is stepped down for safe
distribution to homes and industries.

Voltage Regulation: Transformers help regulate voltage

levels in electrical systems to ensure that devices receive a
stable and appropriate voltage for proper functioning.

Electronics: In devices like televisions, radios, and

chargers, transformers are used to convert the AC voltage
from the power supply to lower or different voltage levels
needed by electronic circuits.

Isolation: Isolation transformers are used to isolate

electrical equipment from the power source for safety,
protecting against electric shocks and preventing ground
loops.

Electric Motors: Transformers are used in electric motors to

provide the correct voltage for the operation of motor
windings in industrial applications.

Audio Equipment: In audio amplifiers and other audio

equipment, transformers are used to match impedances
between different components (e.g., between speakers and
amplifiers) and reduce distortion.

Medical Equipment: Transformers are used in medical

devices like X-ray machines, MRI machines, and other
diagnostic equipment to provide the correct operating
voltage and isolation for safe and precise functionality.

CONCLUSION
The output voltage across the secondary coil of a
transformer is directly influenced by the turns ratio (Ns/Np)
in relation to the input voltage. This means that the voltage
in the secondary coil will be higher or lower than the input
voltage, depending on whether the transformer is designed
as a step-up or step-down transformer. In step-up
transformers, the secondary voltage is greater than the
primary voltage, while in step-down transformers, the
secondary voltage is lower.

However, it is important to note that power is not perfectly

transferred from the primary to the secondary coil. Some
energy is lost due to various factors such as resistance in the
windings, eddy currents, and core losses. These losses
reduce the overall efficiency of the transformer. Despite
these losses, transformers are highly efficient electrical
devices used in power distribution, signal transmission, and
many other applications, making them indispensable in
modern electrical systems. Their ability to efficiently step up
or step down voltages allows for the safe and effective
transmission of electrical power over long distances.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. NCERT textbook
2. www.google.com
3. www.wikipedia.com
4. www.brittanica.com
5. www.modernsciences.com
6. www.schlarly.com
7. www.scribed.com
8. www.indiansciencesforstudents.com