INTERNATIONAL INDIAN

PUBLIC SCHOOL

PHYSICS PROJECT
Session: 2023 – 2024

“Transformer”

Submitted by: “Nikhil Samson”

Class – XII
Section -B
Under the guidance of
Mrs. Hanoona Ma’am
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that “Nikhil Samson” A

student of class XII – B INTERNATIONAL
INDIAN PUBLIC SCHOOL has
successfully completed the project titled
“Transformer” during the academic year
2023 – 24 towards partial fulfillment of
physics practical examination conducted by
CBSE.

External examiner Teacher in charge

________________________
_____________________
 ACKNOWLEGEME
NT:
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to my teacher Mrs. Hanoona
Jamsheed who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on
the topic transformer which also helps me in
doing a lot of research and I came to know
about so many new things.
I’m really thankful to them,

Secondly, I would also like to thank my

parents and friends who helped me a lot in
finishing this project within the limited time.

I am making this project not only for marks

but to also increase knowledge.
THANKS AGAIN TO ALL WHO
HELPED ME.

INDEX:
1. CERTIFICATE OF
EXCELLENCE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. AIM OF PROJECT
4. INTRODUCTION
5. THEORY
6. STEP UP TRANSFORMER
7. STEP DOWN
TRANSFORMER
8. WORKING
9. TRANSFORMER ON DC
SUPPLY
10. EFFICIENCY
11. ENERGY LOSES
 12. USES OF TRANSFORMER
13. BIBLIOGRAPHY
AIM:
To investigate the relation between the ratio of –
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and
primary coil of a self made transformer.

INTRODUCTION:
The transformer is a device used for converting
a low alternating voltage to a high alternating
voltage or vice-versa.
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual
induction according to this principle, the amount
of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an
e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is
used for changing the A.C. voltages. A
transformer is most widely used device in both
low and high current circuit.
As such transformers are built in an amazing
strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement
and control circuits, transformer size may be so
small that it weight only a few tens of grams
where as in high voltage power circuits, it may
weight hundreds of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer
from one circuit to another circuit takes place
without the use of moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages is
called a step- up transformer. A transformer
which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a
step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of
apparatus both for high and low current circuits.
 Theory:
When an alternating voltage is supplied to the
primary coil, it results in a changing magnetic
flux, which induces A.C.
Voltage in the secondary coil. In an ideal
transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked
with primary is also linked with the secondary
coil, and then the induced e.m.f. in each turn of
the secondary coil is equal to that induced in
each turn of the primary coil.
Thus if Ep and Es are the instantaneous values
of the e.m.f. induced in the primary and the
secondary coils, Np and Ns are the no. of turns
of the primary and secondary coils of the
transformer respectively, and d / dt = rate of
change of flux in each turn of the coil, then we
have
The above relations are true at every instant, so
by dividing (2) by (1), we get

If the transformer is assumed to be 100%

efficient (no energy losses), the input power is
equal to the output power, and since P = IE,

Therefore, from (3) and (4)

Where, N is called Turn Ratio or

Transformation Ratio
 Step Up Transformer
In a Step up transformer, low A.C. Voltage is
converted to high A.C. Voltage. Here, the
secondary coil has greater no. of turns (N, >
Np), but carries less current compared to
primary (Is < Ip) Ns/ Np > 1, i.e.
Turn Ratio (K) is greater than 1 In order to
transmit the voltage from the Power Plant or
Generation Station over long distances, it is
stepped up using a Step up Transformer.
This voltage with increased levels is then
transmitted to a distribution station.
Step Down Transformer
In a Step down transformer, high A.C. Voltage
is converted to low A.C. Voltage. Here, the
secondary coil has lesser no. of turns (N, < Np),
but carries more current compared to primary
(Is > Ip) Ns/ Np < 1, i.e.
Turn Ratio (K) is less than 1 At the distribution
station, the high voltage from power station is
reduced using a Step down Transformer.
The voltage with decreased level is then made
ready for consumer use.
 WORKING
The working of the transformer is explained
below. The transformer consists of two separate
windings placed over the laminated silicon steel
core.

The winding to which AC supply is connected is

called primary winding and to which load is
connected is called secondary winding as shown
in the fig. below. It works on the alternating
current only because an alternating flux is
required for mutual induction between the two
windings.
When the AC supply is given to the primary
winding with a voltage of v1, an alternating flux
sets up in the core of the transformer, which
links with the secondary winding and as a result
of it, an emf is induced in it called Mutually
induced emf. The direction of this induced emf
is opposite to the applied voltage v1, this is
because of Lenz’s law.

Physically, there is no electrical connection

between the two windings, but they are
magnetically connected. Therefore, the
electrical power is transferred from the primary
circuit to the secondary circuit through mutual
inductance. The induced emf in the primary and
secondary coil depends upon the rate of change
of flux linkage i.e.,
is the change of flux and is same for
both the primary and secondary coils. The
induced emf in the primary winding is directly
proportional to the number of turns of primary
coil. Similarly, induced emf in the secondary
coil directly proportional to the number of turns
in the secondary coil.
TRANSFORMER ON DC
SUPPLY:
As discussed above, the transformer works on
AC supply, and it cannot work on DC supply. If
the rated dc voltage is applied across the
primary coil, a constant magnitude flux will set
up in the core of the transformer and hence there
will be no self-induced emf generation, and for
the linkage of flux with the secondary coil there
must be alternating flux not a constant flux.
According to OHM’s Law:
PRIMARY CURRENT = DC APPLIED
VOLTAGE/ RESISTANCE OF PRIMARY COIL
The resistance of the primary coil is very low,
and the primary current is high. So, this current
is much higher than the rated full loaded
primary coil current. Hence, as a result, the
amount of heat produced will be greater and
therefore eddy current loss will be more.
Because of this, the insulations of the primary
coil will get burnt, and the transformer will be
damaged.
Turn ratio: -
It is defined as the ratio of no of turns in the
primary coil to that of the secondary coil.
Turn ratio = N1/N2
If N2>N1 the transformer is called step up
transformer.
If N2<N1 the transformer is called step down
Transformer.

Transformer Efficiency;
The Efficiency of the transformer is defined as
the ratio of useful output power to the input
power. The input and output power are
measured in the same unit. Its unit is either in
Watts (W) or KW. Transformer efficiency is
denoted by Ƞ.
 Energy losses in a
transformer
Even though transformers are very efficient
machines, they do result in small energy losses
due to four main causes:
The resistance of windings – The low
resistance copper cable used for the windings
remains resistant and thus leads to heat loss. In
order to minimize this loss thick wires with
considerably low resistance are used.
Leakage of flux – If the core design is not good
then the flux produced by the primary coil may
not all be connected to the secondary coil. This
can be reduced by considering the core of shell
type.
Eddy currents loss – The varying magnetic
field not only induces secondary coil currents
but also iron core currents themselves. In the
iron core, these currents flow in small circles
and are termed as eddy currents. The eddy
current loss can be minimized by considering
the laminated core.
Hysteresis – This is because of the repeated
iron core magnetization and demagnetization
induced by the alternating input current. By
using alloys such as silicon steel, this can be
reduced.

USES OF TRANSFORMER;
Power Transformers: These kinds of
transformers are used for high voltage power
transfer applications (more than 33 KV). They
are usually bigger in size and can occupy larger
space.
Distribution Transformers: These types of
transformers are used to distribute the generated
power to distant locations. It is used for
distributing electricity at low voltage that is less
than 33 KV in
industry or 220-440 V for household purposes.
Measurement Transformers: This kind of
uses of transformer helps in measuring voltage,
current, and power, etc.
According to the place of use, transformers are
classified into:
Indoor Transformers: These are covered with
roofs and shelters just like the industry types.
Outdoor Transformers: These are mainly kept
outside and are used as distribution type
transformers.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://www.google.com
https://www.wikipedia.org
www.vedantu.com
www.byjus.com
www.brainly.com
www.jagaranjosh.com
www.sciencehub.com