ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES 20EC COL BLE (ECE) III Semester ~ Wave equation in lossy Media ~ Solution of Wave equation “Skin Depth ~Poyating Theorem “Probes Solutions Dr. N. V. Koteswara Rao Department of ECE CBIT(A) Wave propagation through a conducting unbounded Medium (or) unbounded lossy charge free medium Linear, Homogenous, isotropic is assumed. Writing Maxwell's equation for above assumed medium: wok soc 2. VxH=o8 +e ob +e VD =0 [Inside the conductorcharge is Wave propagation through a conducting unbounded Medium (or) unbounded lossy charge free medium [Take cul on 1) on both sides | Takeout on 2) on bot sides VaVxE =n a [From equation 3) and @2), we get QAR) ee resis eit ‘Waiting above in pase fora ie ao VE, ~jonoF, Gon jonlo +0) | y-cHe Wave propagation through a conducting unbounded Medium (or) unbounded lossy charge free medium 1 Propagation constant {Aeration content (Sp) 5: Phase sit ean (adm) Compas inaaiany rea pat ep =-oue—~ 2a oH Now (a! +p" =(a* 6° +a) (02 +9)= Yori ConoF ang (A) 8B) Procedre (esi)+ And ao trom Maxwels equation we an ato show tat Wave propagation through a conducting unbounded Medium (or) unbounded lossy charge free medium Solving the problem o Cartesian coordinates tnd expanding wave equation 2, OE, Sialy + For silty let us assume thatthe wave s propagsting along rection, we can ial variations of any eld component with respect to x and y 2H, =0 (tha wave s ‘ald te wanserse elecromegnetic wave]. Wave equation reduces to Wave propagation through a conducting unbounded Medium (or) unbounded lossy charge free medium ‘The above represents wave equation in phasor form and these are 2” order simple differential equations. Wave propagation through a conducting unbounded Medium (or) unbounded lossy charge free medium Cee) = Term 1 B,C" +08" Cyto") = Term 2 rap F(a. =RelC,o70 +.) E, (2,1) = Rofo + C,0°PoM"] E, (2,1) = Rofo") Cy xg) Wave propagation through a conducting unbounded Medium (or) unbounded lossy charge free me Term + Gyest:Amplitude + t= fr: Phase + As ‘increases, ‘7’ increases, ‘wave amplitude decreases Jo (99 ition + The first term in its mathematical form indicates ae that wave is propagating along, postive z-direction : + While itis propagating_its amplitude "Is decreasing ‘exponentially. + This term is valid for the waves which are propagating along rection only.Term 2: + Gett:Amplitude + ots paiPhase + AST Increases, "Increases, Wave propagation through a conducting unbounded Medium (or) unbounded lossy charge free medium Amplitude wave amplitude decreases ‘The 2° term in its mathematical form indiates that the wave rperating slong neste. = While it is propagating its amplitude ig Gecreasing ‘exponential Skin Depth (Depth of Penetration) + ies that depth where. signal Ampltude becomes. times Tor 36% of ts orignal value. oe + isindicated by + Let us assume that wave is progressing slong postive > 7 Shection, + Further we assume that medium ‘ars from 2-0 + The amplitude variations are gven bye + Skin depth is eeiprocal of Sttenuation constant cee cees- le, Ce = Cet ‘+ This term is valid for waves which * Fora perfect conductor ad = Tiveclonenng ne "INS * + The waye positon ours a " esmseomupso ew 5 1m) impossible Conductor (vs) Dielectric Impedance of a Medium ‘1’ Jeg = OE, Tyg = ioe, = * Itis ratio of Eto H + It will depend upon medium properties 6 {jou It ig is 41> good conductor pe 7a Perfect conductor + ine good concucor the numerical value of cand mamaria valet Bares © =0-sparictdststic % 8 1 = good distctrc oe Loss tangent, tap = © Ves jos MI4%Examples + In a good conducting medium the attenuation constant is given by 0.2 Np/m. Find phase shift constant and skin depth. + Show that in a good conductor, electric field leads magnetic field by 45e. + Ina lossy medium the impedance of medium is 200/30°2. Find direction of propagation, expression for , a, Bi and 6. Given that, H=10e* vo ot Alm + In 2 good conductor what is expression for 8. Tn a good conducting medium the attenuation constant given by 0.2 Np/m. Find phase shift constant and skin depth. Sol: For good conductor = B B=0.2 rad/m d= 1a=5m —> Note: Ifo: is given in dB/m then convert it to Neper /m Show that in a good conductor, electric field leads magnetic field by 45°. Sol: Good conductor > >1 oe Ina lossy medium the impedance of medium is 20030°0. And given that a 06 co ot-3}, Aim Find direction of propagation, expression for Eo, and 6 We oxx(or-¥ 5, Alm = ....Ot-Bx). Indicates that the wave propagating along +X direction+ (+x) mp «B= 2000230%* oxo 3h, > ot-+=ot-Bx 2 Bo y= 200230" [n]=200..0n= 302, § = 204 tang= 2 05 tan 60° = In order to find the power flow associated with an electromagnetic ‘wave, it is necessary to develop a power theorem for the electromagnetic field known as the Poynting theorem, Ik was originally postulated in 1884 by an English physicist, John H. Poynting, The development begins with one of Maxwell’s curl equations, in which we assume that the medium may be conductive: vena? Hay 2 Pre multiplication with E on both sides We then introduce the following vector identity, V(Ex H) =-E-V XH} HV XEwhere the curl of the electric field is given by the other Maxwell curl equation: vxE=— Therefore ‘The two time derivatives can be rearranged as ‘The divergence theorem is then applied to the left-hand side, thus converting the volume integral there into an integral over the surface that encloses the volume, On the right-hand side, the ‘operations of spatial integration and time differentiation are interchanged. The final result is f exw The above Equation is known as Poynting’s theorem, On the right-hand side, the first integral is the total (but instantancous) ohmie power dissipated within the volume. The second integral is the total energy stored in the electric field, and the third integral is, the stored energy in the magnetic field Since time derivatives are taken of the second and third integrals, those results give the time rates of increase of energy stored within the volume, or the instantaneous power going to increase the stored energy. ‘The sum of the expressions on the right must therefore be the total power flowing into shis volume, and so the total power flowing out of the volume is f exteas w where the integral is over the closed surface surrounding the volume¢ If E & H are fields of an EM wave then instantaneous poynting vector & average poynting vectors are given by astantaneous= E x HL Ht W/m? © The unit vector corresponds to this indicates the direction of instantaneous energy flow or simply direction of propagation of energy H® : Complex conjugate of H, E, and H, are phasor forms of E & H Average power crossing a particular surface “Sis given by Woz = JPog dS Watts dS: Vector differential surface element Poynting vector gives in calculation of average power densities and average power crossing particular surfaces. Ina non-magnetic medium, et E=8cos(2nx10"t-0.8x}i, Vm. Find relative! permittivity of medium direction of propagation. H and also calculate average power crossing a| 100 cm? area, defined on plane x = 3m. Sok: E=8cos(2xx10"t-0.8x}i, x) — In non-magnetic medium t= jlo, © “£0 fe o> 2mxl07 B= 08 rad’ Bo ofniee, —B_ 98 308 oye, | 22x10" 38 46 120 _ 51 58.002 38‘Text Books: 1. Matthew NO. _ Sadiku, "Elements of Electromagnetics", 7 edition, Newyork Oxford University Press, 2018. 2. William H. Hayt Jr, and John A. Buck, "Engineering Electromagnetics", 8" edition, TMH, 2016, 3. E.C. Jordan and K.G. Balmain, "Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems", 2 edition, PHI,2000, Suggested Readings: 1, John D. Ryder, "Networks Lines and Fields", 2™edition, PHI, 2015. 2. RK. Shevgaonkar, “Electromagnetics Waves McGraw Hill India, 2005. Tata