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04 - Power Calculation

The document discusses power calculation in electrical circuits, focusing on instantaneous power, real power, reactive power, and apparent power. It explains the relationships between these types of power, their formulas, and their physical significance, including the concept of power factor. Additionally, it highlights the importance of understanding how much of the supplied power is utilized and how reactive components affect power delivery.

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dipayonbiswas790
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9 views12 pages

04 - Power Calculation

The document discusses power calculation in electrical circuits, focusing on instantaneous power, real power, reactive power, and apparent power. It explains the relationships between these types of power, their formulas, and their physical significance, including the concept of power factor. Additionally, it highlights the importance of understanding how much of the supplied power is utilized and how reactive components affect power delivery.

Uploaded by

dipayonbiswas790
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS-2 (AC)

Lecture 4: Power Calculation


Slide Acknowledgement: Prof. Dr. Abdul Mannan & Ms. Sadia Yasmin

1 02-Oct-22
Instantaneous Power
Let, the equation for instantaneous voltage: 𝒗 𝒕 = 𝑽𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽𝒗
The equation for instantaneous current: 𝒊 𝒕 = 𝑰𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽𝒊 Assume, 𝜽 = 𝜽𝒗 − 𝜽𝒊

By shifting the angle 𝜃𝑖 , the instantaneous equations become: 𝒗 𝒕 = 𝑽𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽𝒗 − 𝜽𝒊 = 𝑽𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽


𝒊 𝒕 = 𝑰𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽𝒊 − 𝜽𝒊 = 𝑰𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕
The instantaneous power can be written as follows: 𝒑 𝒕 = 𝒗 𝒕 𝒊 𝒕 = 𝑽𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧ሺ𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽) × 𝑰𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕
From Trigonometry: 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 − 𝑩 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 + 𝑩
𝟏 𝑽𝒎 𝑰𝒎 𝑽𝒎 𝑰𝒎
So, 𝒑 𝒕 = 𝑽𝒎 𝑰𝒎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 =
𝟐
𝑽𝒎 𝑰𝒎 [𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽 ] =
𝟐
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 −
𝟐
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽
The first term of the equation has a constant
magnitude (DC value) and therefore provides some net
transfer of energy.
The second term in the preceding equation is a cosine
wave with a frequency twice (2𝝎) that of the voltage
or current. The average value of this term is zero over
one cycle, producing no net transfer of energy in any
one direction. [The calculation of this is included at
the end of the slide].
2
02-Oct-22
Instantaneous Power
𝑽𝒎 𝑰𝒎 𝑽𝒎 𝑰𝒎 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑨 + 𝑩 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩
= × = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕𝑽𝒎 × 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕𝑰𝒎 = 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 × 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒑 𝒕 = 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 − 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝝎𝒕 + 𝜽 = 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 − 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 [𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝝎𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝝎𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 ]

= 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 − 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝝎𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝝎𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝒑 𝒕 = 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝝎𝒕 + 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝝎𝒕

The first term of the equation is called instantaneous real power or instantaneous true power or
instantaneous active power or instantaneous wattfull power. The unit of instantaneous real power
is Watt [W].
The second term of the equation is called instantaneous reactive volt-ampere or instantaneous
reactive power or instantaneous imaginary power or instantaneous wattless power. The unit of
instantaneous reactive power is Volt-Ampere Reactive [VAR].
Real Power, P The average power is also called real or active or true or wattfull power or simply Power.
The real power is measured by wattmeter.

𝒑 𝒕 = 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝝎𝒕 = 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 − 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝝎𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
The average value of the second term is zero over one cycle.

3
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑹, 𝜽 = 𝟎°
02-Oct-22
Reactive Power, Q The peak or maximum value of instantaneous reactive power (or instantaneous
Reactive Volt Ampere) is called the reactive or imaginary or quadrature or
𝐐 = 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝝎𝒕 wattless power (or Reactive Volt Ampere). The reactive power is
measured by varmeter.
For XL,
𝜽 = +𝟗𝟎°
QR QL QC
Zero Greater than Zero Less than Zero For XC,
𝜽 = −𝟗𝟎°
Apparent Power, S The apparent power can be obtained by combining the real and reactive power
as follows:
Apparent power is the product of the
rms value of voltage and the rms
value of current.
The unit of apparent power is called VA (Volt-Ampere).

Power Factor (pf), 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

Power Factor A𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞, 𝜽


Reactive Factor (rf), 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
4
02-Oct-22
Power Factor (pf), 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
Load Resistive Load Inductive Load Capacitive Load
Power Factor, 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 Unity (=1) lagging leading
Phase Relation Voltage and Current Current lags Current leads
is in phase voltage by 𝜽 voltage by 𝜽

Reactive Factor (rf), 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽


Load Resistive Inductive Capacitive
Reactive Factor, 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 Zero Positive Negative

Power Triangle Graphical representation of active power, reactive power, and apparent
power is called Power Triangle.
For Positive Q:
For Negative Q:

5
Physical Significance
• Apparent Power: The volt-ampere or apparent power
represents the maximum possible supplied or delivered
power by a source.
• Real Power or Average Power: The real power [which is
consumed by load (resistor)] is the power which converts from
electrical energy to other form of energy.

• Reactive Power: Reactive power represents the power which is


stored and released by the reactive components (inductor or
capacitor).

• Power Factor: Power factor represents how much of maximum possible supply power is utilized
(or consumed by resistor). Suppose 0.5 power factor (i.e. 50% pf) of a circuit means that it will
utilize only 50% of the apparent power whereas 0.8 power factor means 80% utilization of
apparent power.

• Reactive Factor: Reactive factor represents how much of maximum possible supply power is
stored and released by reactive components (inductor or capacitor).
6
02-Oct-22
𝒑 𝒕 = 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝝎𝒕 + 𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝑰𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝝎𝒕

(iii)

7
02-Oct-22
8 02-Oct-22
9 02-Oct-22
10 02-Oct-22
The average value of a sine/cosine wave with a frequency
twice (2𝝎) is zero over one cycle.

11 02-Oct-22
REFERENCES

[1] INTRODUCTORY CIRCUIT ANALYSIS’ BY ROBERT. L. BOYLESTAD


13TH EDITION

12 02-Oct-22

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