HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE INDIAN KNOWLEDGE

SYSTEM (IKS)
Indian Knowledge is deeply rooted in tradi- Knowledge Systems at AICTE (All India Council
tion, passed down through generations, forming for Technical Education) in New Delhi. This was
a continuous legacy. This continuity is a hall- followed by the creation of centers across various
mark of Indian civilization, making it the world’s institutes to further the study and application of
oldest surviving civilization. Over time, Indian IKS.
Knowledge has evolved, integrating reforms to IKS is unique in its continuous flow of
remain relevant while preserving its rich intel-
knowledge within the Indian subcontinent since
lectual heritage.
ancient times. While the modern world has
The revival and adaptation of the Indian
become interconnected, contributing to the
Knowledge System are vital for aligning its
exchange of ideas globally, Indian Knowledge
ancient wisdom with modern societal needs. It
remains distinctive. It focuses on the holistic
is crucial to integrate IKS into contemporary
development of individuals, preparing them
education to maintain this balance. The National
for material success as well as spiritual fulfill-
Education Policy (NEP) 2020 has taken a signi-
ficant step by providing a framework that ment.
encourages the inclusion of IKS in the curri- This integration of IKS into modern educa-
culum. This initiative underscores the impor- tional frameworks represents an important step
tance of a holistic and inclusive approach to toward preserving India's intellectual heritage
learning, aiming to foster not just intellectual while meeting the demands of a rapidly globa-
growth but also the spiritual and ethical deve- lizing world. It ensures that ancient traditions
lopment of individuals. are not only valued but also adapted for modern
In October 2020, the Ministry of Education applications, paving the way for a more infor-
established a dedicated division for Indian med and balanced future.

DECOLONISATION OF THE MIND THROUGH THE

INDIAN KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM
Decolonizing the mind, as conceptualized Contributions to fields like astronomy,
by Ng g wa Thiong’o, is the reclamation of medicine (Ayurveda), philosophy, mathe-
cultural and intellectual sovereignty from matics and literature reflect the depth of the
colonial legacies. In India, the revival of the IKS.
Indian Knowledge System (IKS) is integral to 2. Role of IKS in Self-Reliance
achieving this goal by fostering self-reliance and
Healthcare : Ayurveda and other indi-
reinforcing national identity.
genous systems offer sustainable healthcare
solutions.
Agriculture : Traditional practices empha-
size organic and ecological farming.
Science and Mathematics : Contributions
such as zero and calculus underpin modern
scientific advancements.
Aligns with the vision of Atmanirbhar
Bharat (self-reliant India).
3. Role of IKS in National Identity
Revives pride in India’s cultural heritage,
challenging Eurocentric narratives imposed
during colonial rule.
Promotes knowledge transfer through texts
like the Vedas, Upanishads, and Upvedas,
creating a structured intellectual tradition.
1. India as a Knowledge Hub 4. Contemporary Relevance of IKS
Historically known as Gyan-Bhoomi (land of Provides sustainable solutions to global
knowledge), India has a rich intellectual challenges, such as climate change and eco-
heritage. logical conservation.
 Enhances India’s soft power globally by and cultural empowerment. Its revival not
integrating IKS with modern education and only fosters self-reliance but also re-establishes
innovation. India’s unique identity in the global arena,
In Conclusion, The Indian Knowledge positioning it as a leader rooted in its civili-
System is a transformative force for intellectual zational ethos.

GURU-SHISHYA PARAMPARA : AN ETHICAL LEARNING

FRAMEWORK
The Guru-Shishya Parampara is a corner- Roots in Vedic Education
stone of Indian culture, rooted in the Vedic The origins of this tradition trace back to
period, where the Guru imparts knowledge to the Vedic period (1500–500 BCE), during which
the Shishya (disciple). This tradition is described education was primarily oral, conducted in
in the Rig Veda, which identifies the Guru as ashramas and gurukulas under the guidance of
the ‘source and inspirer of self-knowledge’ Gurus. Education included both Vedic texts and
and emphasizes the Guru’s role in dispelling essential life skills, ensuring a holistic develop-
ignorance. The term ‘Guru’ signifies ‘one who ment of the individual.
removes darkness’, while ‘Shishya’ means The process of learning, referred to as Shruti
student and ‘Parampara’ indicates tradition. (hearing), relied heavily on direct interaction
Together, the Guru-Shishya Parampara repre- between the Guru and Shishya, with disciples
sents the ethical and intellectual bond between learning through recitation and repetition.
teacher and disciple, often compared to the Connection to Yoga Vasistha
relationship between a mother and her unborn The Yoga Vasistha is a revered Indian scrip-
child. ture, often considered a guide to self-realization.
This system focuses on transmitting not Known as the Maharamayana, Arsha Ramayana
only theoretical knowledge but also practical life and Vasistharamayana. It conveys teachings
through poetic narrations, dialogues and reflec-
skills, such as humility, discipline and self-
tive writings. The text focuses on themes like
control. Ethical learning within this framework
the nature of reality, the mind and liberation,
aids individuals in differentiating between good emphasizing ethical learning.
and bad behaviour, fostering critical thinking In the Yoga Vasistha, Sage Vasistha imparts
and empathy while helping them address moral wisdom to Prince Rama, addressing philoso-
dilemmas. phical questions about life, suffering and the
Ethical Dimensions and Learning path to enlightenment. This scripture exempli-
Principles fies how the Guru-Shishya Parampara fosters
Ethical learning through the Guru-Shishya self-inquiry and spiritual growth alongside
practical learning.
Parampara involves understanding moral
In Conclusion, The Guru-Shishya Param-
principles and applying them in personal and
para is a timeless ethical learning framework
professional contexts. It emphasizes decision-
that integrates moral, intellectual and spiritual
making, reflective thinking and societal respon- dimensions, ensuring holistic development. Its
sibilities. This learning approach nurtures relevance persists in contemporary contexts,
character development, encouraging the disciple offering valuable lessons on ethics, self-disci-
to prioritize values and consider the broader pline, and societal responsibility while nurturing
consequences of their actions. individual potential.

SANSKRIT : THE CARRIER OF INDIAN KNOWLEDGE

A significant portion of Indian knowledge is To overcome the inherent limitations of
encoded in Sanskrit, which serves as a critical language in preserving such knowledge, ancient
medium for transmitting the teachings of the Vy kara as (grammarians) undertook the
Vedas. Language, or Bh , plays a crucial monumental task of analyzing and codifying
the structure and rules of Sanskrit. The Lak a a
role in carrying knowledge across generations.
(grammatical framework) they created is so
Compared to other mediums, Bh excels due
detailed and precise that it allows for the
to its vast vocabulary capable of expressing accurate recreation of texts over time, ensuring
subtle nuances of meaning, including thoughts, the transmission of knowledge without loss or
emotions and complex concepts. distortion.
 This continuum of commentary and lingui- ledge. This connection highlights the insepar-
stic preservation has played a pivotal role in ability of knowledge and language, as language
making the Vedic corpus and associated wisdom is the primary medium for encoding, retaining,
available to this day. and sharing abstract concepts.
The Role of Mnemonics in Preserving the The term Bh is viewed as :
Vedas 1. A means of communication encompassing
The Vedas form the core of Indian know- words.
ledge systems, reflecting ancient attempts to
2. A system with spatial and temporal dyna-
ensure their teachings remain intact for
mism, adapting to changes over time and
thousands of years. To achieve this, Vedic ance-
stors developed intricate mnemonic techniques space.
that ensured every word's exact pronunciation 3. A fluid entity accommodating numerous
and interpretability. These methods were critical variants, with Sanskrit standing out as the
in preserving the enormous Vedic texts without most refined and systematic form.
the risk of losing their meaning or structure. This adaptability underscores the timeless
relevance of Sanskrit as a tool for preserving and
disseminating knowledge. The affixes of Veda
found in texts like Ayurveda and Dhanurveda
further reflect its integration across diverse
domains of learning.
In Conclusion, The development of Sanskrit
and its grammatical framework stands as a
Sanskrit, as a highly evolved variant of testament to the intellectual rigor of ancient
Bh , was specifically developed to safeguard Indian scholars. By ensuring the accurate trans-
these teachings. Its rich grammatical precision mission of Vedic knowledge, it not only safe-
and expansive vocabulary were instrumental in guarded a treasure of wisdom but also paved
encoding and transmitting knowledge across the way for subsequent generations to access
generations. and build upon it. In essence, Sanskrit and
Knowledge and Language Bh underscore the enduring legacy of Indian
culture’s commitment to preserving and sharing
The word Veda, derived from the root ‘Vid’
(to know), encapsulates the essence of know- knowledge.

VEDIC MATHEMATICS AND METHODS OF MULTI-

PLICATION IN GA ITAS RASA GRAHA
Mathematics in ancient India developed as mathematics. His seminal work, Ga itas rasa-
part of S tra literature, closely associated with graha, explores various mathematical concepts
the Vedas and Ved gas. Among the six while distinctly separating astrology from
Ved gas—Shiksha, Vyakarana, Chhandas, mathematics. This differentiation underscores
Nirukta, Kalpa, and Jyotish—mathematics is the scientific approach of ancient Indian mathe-
part of Kalpa, which deals with rituals and maticians.
geometry. The Ga itas rasa graha includes methods
The ulbas tras, dating back to the Vedic for performing multiplications and calculations
period, represent some of the earliest mathe- that cater to individuals with varying intellec-
matical texts. These s tras are practical manuals tual capacities. It emphasizes flexibility, allow-
containing measurements, geometrical princi- ing learners to choose calculation methods
ples, and algorithms required for constructing suited to their understanding, a principle reflect-
Vedic altars (Yajnas). They highlight the mathe- ing inclusivity in mathematical education.
matical precision used to ensure the proper Diverse Approaches to Multiplication
design of altars, reflecting the integration of
Ancient Indian scholars developed multiple
mathematics into religious practices.
methods for multiplication, emphasizing con-
Contributions of Mah v r c rya and the ceptual clarity and adaptability. This variety
Ga itas rasa graha ensured that students of differing abilities and
Mah v r c rya, a 9th-century Jain mathe- preferences could grasp and apply mathematical
matician, significantly contributed to the field of concepts effectively.
Legacy of Vedic Mathematics used mathematics to solve practical problems
The roots of Vedic mathematics can be while contributing to the global understanding
of geometry and arithmetic.
traced back to texts like the Br hma as and
In Conclusion, The development of mathe-
ra yakas, which introduced early mathe-
matics in ancient India was deeply intertwined
matical ideas. Over time, scholars such as rya-
with spirituality, science and daily life. Texts
bha a, Bh skar c rya and r dhara expanded on like the Ga itas rasa graha demonstrate the
these foundations, integrating advanced con- ingenuity of ancient scholars in creating ver-
cepts into astronomy and other sciences. satile, inclusive methods for mathematical learn-
The ulbas tras continue to be recognized ing. These contributions have left an enduring
as one of the oldest mathematical works in legacy, establishing India as a cradle of mathe-
human history, illustrating how ancient Indians matical thought.

KONARK’S SUN TEMPLE : A GEO-HERITAGE MARVEL ON

THE MAHANADI DELTA
The Sun Temple at Konark, situated on the The unique geological data of the area has
eastern coast of India in Odisha, is a monu- revealed insights into the choice of materials
mental marvel showing Indian architecture, and their interaction with the environment over
engineering and artistic brilliance. Recognized centuries. The flora, fauna and climatic condi-
as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, this 13th- tions around the region have played a role in the
century marvel is dedicated to Lord Surya, the temple’s deterioration, making its preservation
sun god and symbolizes the grandeur of India’s a significant challenge for modern conservation
cultural heritage. efforts.
Historical and Architectural Significance Current Challenges and Preservation
Built during the reign of King Narasim- Efforts
hadeva I of the Eastern Ganga dynasty, the The Sun Temple has faced numerous chal-
Konark Sun Temple reflects the zenith of Kalinga lenges due to natural decay, salt-laden winds
architecture. The temple’s design embodies the from the Bay of Bengal and human intervention.
concept of Surya’s celestial chariot, pulled by Portions of the temple have been lost over time,
seven horses and adorned with twelve carved but significant efforts are being made to restore
wheels, each representing a month of the year. and preserve its remaining glory. Conservation-
This alignment with astronomical and calendar ists and archaeologists are employing advanced
systems showcases the advanced knowledge of techniques to stabilize the structure and safe-
Indian architects and artisans. guard the intricate carvings.
The temple’s intricate carvings and sculp- Documentation and mapping of the temple
tures narrate tales from Hindu mythology,
site have been critical in understanding its histo-
daily life, and celestial phenomena, with deep
rical and geological context. Tools and tech-
philosophical and cosmological meanings. The
niques used in modern conservation are aimed
massive stone structure is a blend of functional,
at mitigating the effects of erosion, climate
aesthetic and spiritual elements, making it a
change and other environmental factors.
masterpiece of ancient Indian artistry.
In Conclusion, The Sun Temple at Konark
Geological Aspects stands as a timeless symbol of India’s rich
The construction of the temple is also an cultural and spiritual legacy. Its architectural
engineering marvel, as it involved sourcing and and geological brilliance not only reflects the
transporting large quantities of chlorite, laterite, advanced knowledge of ancient Indian civiliza-
and other types of stone. These materials were tion but also serves as an inspiration for modern
meticulously selected for their durability and engineering and heritage conservation. As efforts
adaptability to the local climatic conditions. The to preserve this marvel continue, the Konark
Mahanadi Delta's proximity provided not only
Sun Temple remains a beacon of India’s artistic
fertile land but also access to waterways that
excellence and its commitment to safeguarding
facilitated the transportation of these heavy
its historical treasures for future generations.
materials.

ECO-CONSCIOUSNESS THROUGH INDIAN PHILOSOPHY

Indian philosophy conceptualizes the interconnected system where humans coexist
environment not as inert but as a dynamic, with other living beings. Rooted in ancient
scriptures, Indian traditions emphasize environ- Historical Insights
mental preservation through moral guidelines, India’s ancient practices reflected eco-con-
revering nature as sacred. This perspective sciousness, integrating biodiversity conservation
fosters sustainable practices and guides modern and sustainable resource management. Teach-
societies towards harmony. ings from seers emphasized the sanctity of air,
Philosophical Perspective water, land and forests. Even modern issues,
such as climate change, can draw solutions from
Indian philosophy stresses the interdepen- this wisdom.
dence of all life forms, promoting a holistic In Conclusion, As environmental crises
understanding of human and natural relation- intensify, Indian philosophical values remain
ships. By prioritizing ecological balance, it views relevant, offering a sustainable blueprint for
the environment as a benevolent habitat rather balancing human progress with ecological pre-
than an exploitable resource. servation.

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION :

A BUDDHIST APPROACH
Emotional Intelligence (EI) is a vital com- Abhidharma Samuccaya, emotions like igno-
ponent in public administration, where decisions rance, aversion and attachment are categorized
impact the lives of millions. EI enhances the as mental afflictions (klesha) that disrupt
ability to recognize, manage and respond to rational thinking. Buddhist principles advocate
emotions effectively, ensuring balanced and cultivating the following virtues to enhance
empathetic governance. When combined with emotional intelligence :
the principles of Buddhist philosophy, EI can 1. Mindfulness (Sati) : Being fully aware of
further foster ethical and wise decision-making. one’s emotions and their impact on decision-
The Role of Emotional Intelligence in making.
Public Administration 2. Non-attachment (Alobha) : Overcoming
biases and personal interests for the greater
Public administration is inherently people-
good.
oriented. Administrators are not just decision-
3. Compassion (Karuna) : Developing
makers but also leaders who influence diverse
empathy to address the needs of the populace
groups and represent broader societal values.
effectively.
Emotional intelligence equips public adminis-
trators with the ability to : 4. Patience (Kshanti) : Responding to
challenges with calmness and understanding.
Recognize and understand their emotions
and those of others. Buddhism emphasizes distinguishing bet-
ween virtuous (kusala) and non-virtuous
Cultivate self-awareness and empathy, (akusala) states of mind, urging leaders to base
essential for making balanced decisions. their actions on ethical principles rather than
Improve communication, ensuring that impulsive emotions.
decisions resonate with citizens’ emotions In Conclusion, Integrating emotional intel-
and perspectives. ligence with the Buddhist approach offers a
Effective emotional management is critical robust framework for public administration. It
to promote accountability, cooperation and promotes mindfulness, ethical decision-making,
inclusivity in public systems. and empathetic leadership, ensuring that gover-
Buddhist Philosophy and Emotional nance serves as a tool for societal harmony and
Intelligence progress. By addressing emotions constructi-
Buddhist teachings provide profound vely, public administrators can create systems
insights into understanding emotions and over- that resonate with the values of compassion and
coming mental afflictions. According to the wisdom.

THE COOPERATIVE APPROACH TO JAN AUSHADHI KENDRAS

The Jan Aushadhi Scheme ensures easy Pariyojana (PMBJP), the scheme offers generic
access to high-quality, affordable medicines drugs at prices 50-90% cheaper than branded
through Jan Aushadhi Kendras (JAKs). Under alternatives. Revamped in 2016, it aims to make
the Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi healthcare affordable for all.
Key Highlights entered MOUs with PMBJP, benefiting rural
1. Evolution of the Scheme : Launched in areas.
2008; renamed as PMBJP in 2016. Focuses 5. Technology Support : The Jan Aushadhi
on reducing healthcare expenses by promot- Sugam App allows users to find nearby
ing generic medicines. Kendras and check medicine availability.
6. Eligibility Criteria : Individuals with back-
2. Cost Efficiency : Generic drugs are cheaper
grounds in Pharma/D. Pharma/B. Pharma
due to reduced patent and marketing costs.
or NGOs/public trusts are eligible to open
Prices are regulated under PMBJP.
JAKs.
3. Integration with PACS : Primary Agri- Challenges
cultural Credit Societies (PACS) have been
Demand-Supply Gaps : Timely availability
strengthened under the Sahkar se Samriddhi
of medicines remains an issue.
paradigm. PACS diversify into 25 activities
Payment Delays : Hindrances in ensuring
like fertilizer distribution, dairy, seeds, LPG
smooth financial operations need to be
distribution, and more. Over 5200 PACS in
resolved.
Uttar Pradesh now operate as service
In Conclusion, The Jan Aushadhi Scheme,
centers. with cooperative integration, is a significant step
4. Expansion Efforts : PACS-enabled Jan toward affordable healthcare. However, add-
Aushadhi Kendras have grown signifi- ressing challenges like supply gaps and pay-
cantly. Over 2000 PACS in India have ment delays is crucial for the scheme’s success.

FROM OUTSOURCING TO OUTPACING : INDIA'S

LEADERSHIP IN GLOBAL CAPABILITY CENTRES (GCCs)
India has emerged as a global leader in 2. Advanced Infrastructure : Robust physical
Global Capability Centres (GCCs), hosting over and digital infrastructure supports high-
1,800 centers—more than half of the world’s quality service delivery. A booming real
GCCs. Employing over 19 lakh people, the estate sector accommodates the increasing
sector’s market size reached $ 60 billion in 2022– GCC footprint.
23, showcasing an 11·4% annual growth rate. 3. Abundant Skilled Workforce : India’s vast
GCCs are specialized entities that manage a pool of highly skilled professionals ensures
high productivity and innovation. Over 19
wide range of operations, including analytics,
lakh people are currently employed in
technology support, product development and
GCCs, enhancing India's reputation as a
innovation. These centers contribute signi-
global talent hub.
ficantly to India’s economy, yielding $ 3 in
4. Competitive Edge : India has outpaced
economic impact for every dollar invested and
competitors like Malaysia, Vietnam, and the
creating five times more jobs in local markets.
Philippines due to its unique blend of infra-
Factors Driving India's Leadership structure, talent and government support.
1. Business-Friendly Policies : Initiatives like In Conclusion, India’s dominance in the
Ease of Doing Business, Make in India, and GCC sector has transformed it into a global
Digital India have created a conducive innovation and service hub. By leveraging its
environment for GCC growth. SPICe+ and skilled workforce and pro-business policies,
the Jan Vishwas Act have further simplified India continues to set new benchmarks, cement-
business operations, attracting international ing its position as a leader in the global out-
firms. sourcing revolution.
 ISRO'S ROLE IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT
The use of satellite data and space applica- 4. Rural Connectivity, Employment and
tions has significantly contributed to sustain- Infrastructure
able development in rural areas. Below are the MGNREGA and Infrastructure Projects :
key areas where ISRO has made an impact : ISRO supports projects like road construc-
1. Agriculture and Food Security tion and rural connectivity through GIS-
Crop Monitoring : Satellite imagery helps based planning.
in monitoring crop health, estimating yields BharatNet :
and identifying pest infestations. Objective : To connect all Gram Pan-
Agri-Stack and Krishi Decision Support chayats with high-speed broadband.
System (KDSS) : These initiatives promote Implementation : Phase 1 connected
digital agriculture by integrating data for over 1 lakh villages; Phase 2 expands to
precision farming and better decision- more remote areas.
making.

Horticulture and Aquaculture : Remote

sensing aids in identifying suitable zones
for horticultural and aquacultural activities
to improve productivity.
2. Water Resource Management
Mapping and Monitoring Water Bodies :
ISRO’s satellites assist in tracking water
bodies and reservoirs for effective manage- 5. Healthcare and Education
ment.
Telemedicine and e-Sanjeevani : ISRO's
Irrigation Management : Space-based solu-
satellites enable remote consultations and
tions optimize water usage for agriculture
medical assistance in underserved areas.
through watershed mapping and irrigation
planning. Tele-Education : Enhances access to quality
3. Disaster Management and Preparedness education for rural students through virtual
classrooms.
Flood Monitoring and Management : ISRO
provides real-time data for flood forecasting
6. Land and Property Management
and damage mitigation. DILRMP (Digital India Land Records
Modernization Program) : Improves trans-
Damage Assessment : Satellite imagery
parency in land records.
aids in assessing crop losses and property
damage post-disasters.
NADAMS (National Agricultural Drought
Assessment and Monitoring System) :
Tracks drought conditions for timely inter-
ventions.
Early Warning Systems : Space technology
offers alerts for cyclones, tsunamis and
landslides, reducing risks in vulnerable
areas.
 SVAMITVA Scheme : Uses drone mapping fostering sustainable growth by addressing criti-
to provide property ownership records. cal challenges. From agriculture to healthcare
Bhuvan Panchayat : Enables better plan- and education, ISRO’s initiatives have laid the
ning and governance at the local level. foundation for an inclusive and self-reliant rural
In Conclusion, ISRO’s space technology has India under programs like Antariksh Mein
revolutionized rural development in India, Atmanirbhar Bharat.

SPACE TECHNOLOGIES : TRANSFORMING RURAL INDIA

The Indian Space Research Organisation 6. Transforming Rural Lives :
(ISRO) has been at the forefront of this mission, GeoMGNREGA is a software tool that uses
leveraging advanced space technologies to add- space technology to create a Geographical
ress critical challenges and promote sustainable Information System (GIS) for the Mahatma
development. Gandhi National Rural Employment
Key Contributions of ISRO in Rural Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). It helps to
Transformation monitor and report on the assets created
1. Agriculture and Food Security : under the program.
First Applications : The journey began with
the use of remote sensing to detect crop
diseases like the coconut wilt in Kerala
during the 1960s.
Crop Forecasting and Yield Estimation :
The Mahalanobis National Crop Fore-
cast Centre (MNCFC) collaborates with
ISRO to improve crop forecasting and
yield estimation.
Projects like FASAL (Forecasting Agri-
cultural output using Space, Agro-
meteorology, and Land-based Obser-
vations) enhance agricultural planning.
Geo-Advisories : Provides farmers with SVAMITVA stands for Survey of Villages
actionable data to improve productivity and and Mapping with Improvised Technology
reduce risks. in Village Areas. It's a scheme launched by
2. Disaster Management and Preparedness : the Ministry of Panchayati Raj (MoPR) to
ISRO's space-based tools help monitor provide legal ownership cards to property
natural resources and manage disasters owners in rural India. The scheme uses
effectively. drone technology to map land parcels and
National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) create accurate land records.
and Space Application Centres aid in track-
ing disasters, offering early warnings and
assisting in recovery efforts.
3. Water Resource Management :
Remote Sensing for Watershed Manage-
ment : Monitors water bodies and supports
irrigation planning, ensuring efficient use of
water resources.
4. Natural Resource Management Role of Government and Future Prospects
ISRO supports the National Natural The government actively collaborates with
Resources Management System for optimal ISRO to expand its reach and capacity. Programs
utilization of resources, ensuring sustain- like FASAL and initiatives through NRSC and
able growth in rural areas. Space Application Centres ensure the integra-
5. Rural Employment and Infrastructure : tion of advanced space technologies into various
Space technologies support the implemen- domains of national development.
tation of various government schemes, In Conclusion, The applications of space-
enhancing rural connectivity and infra- based technologies in rural India are shaping
structure planning. the country’s development trajectory. From
empowering farmers to mitigating natural dis- ment, making Indian villages economically
asters, ISRO has revolutionized rural develop- viable and sustainable units.

GEOSPATIAL DATA FOR RURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Through platforms like Bhuvan Panchayat, 3. National Agricultural Drought Assessment
the National Database for Emergency Manage- and Monitoring System (NADAMS)
ment (NDEM) and satellite technologies, ISRO Role :
aims to promote transparency, accountability, Utilizes satellite data to assess drought
and sustainable rural governance. conditions.
Key Geospatial Initiatives Guides agricultural planning and
1. Bhuvan Panchayat (Version 4·0) resource management in drought-
prone areas.
Objective :
To empower Gram Panchayats with 4. Digitization of Land Records
access to high-quality geospatial data. Achievements :
Facilitate better planning, resource Over 95% of rural land records in India
management and disaster response. have been digitized under the Digital
Features : India Land Records Modernization
Programme (DILRMP).
Provides satellite imagery and geo-
ISRO satellites like CartoSAT and
spatial analysis tools.
ResourceSAT play a key role in land
Enables integration of data for moni-
surveys and record digitization.
toring land use, water resources and
Significance :
urban development.
Enhances transparency in land owner-
Real-time data sharing with a scale
ship.
precision of 1:10,000, where one centi-
Facilitates better land management and
meter equals 100 meters on the map.
development planning.
Implementation : Developed by the
Reduces disputes related to land owner-
National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) as ship and boundaries.
a web-based platform under the Space-
based Information Support for Decentrali- Importance of Geospatial Data in Rural
zed Planning (SIS-DP) program. Development
1. Improved Governance : Geospatial plat-
forms like Bhuvan Panchayat empower
local bodies to implement science-based
solutions for planning and development.
Promotes participatory decision-making by
providing accurate, real-time data.
2. Disaster Management : Platforms like
NDEM ensure readiness and resilience in
dealing with natural disasters by offering
real-time, actionable insights.
3. Sustainable Development : Geospatial data
supports monitoring of natural resources,
land use planning and agricultural pro-
ductivity.
2. National Database for Emergency Mana- 4. Transparent Land Management : Digiti-
gement (NDEM) zation of land records reduces corruption,
Purpose : streamlines processes and ensures clarity in
Supports disaster management through property ownership.
robust geospatial data. ISRO Satellites Supporting Rural Resource
Facilitates decision-making during Management
emergencies by offering high-resolu- CartoSAT Series : Provides high-resolution
tion satellite imagery and real-time imagery for land surveys, urban planning
information. and rural development.
Applications : Disaster mitigation, resource ResourceSAT Series : Supports agricultural
allocation and emergency response plan- monitoring, natural resource assessment
ning. and disaster management.
 SPACE TECHNOLOGY: BRIDGING THE RURAL-URBAN GAP
Space technology, led by ISRO, serves as a 3. Disaster Management : Remote sensing
critical tool for enhancing rural development helps in early warning systems and efficient
and reducing the rural-urban divide. disaster response.
Role of Space Technology 4. Education and Literacy : Satellite-based
services facilitate digital education in rural
1. Communication Connectivity : Satellites areas, promoting societal progress.
like GSAT bridge the digital divide, enabl- 5. Environmental Monitoring : Space
ing e-learning, telemedicine and e-gover- technology assists in tracking deforestation,
nance in rural areas. water resources and climate change.
2. Agricultural Applications : Satellites such In Conclusion, Space technology acts as
as RISAT provide real-time data for crop a catalyst for rural development, ensuring
inclusive growth and societal well-being. Its
monitoring, soil analysis and weather
applications have transformed governance, agri-
prediction, aiding farmers in improving culture and education, bridging the rural-urban
productivity. divide effectively.

REIMAGINING THE FUTURE OF LEARNING : EDUCATING

ON SPACE TECHNOLOGY
Space technology has become a transfor- 3. Education as the Foundation :
mative tool in addressing global challenges and Integrating space technology into school
driving innovation across sectors. From improv- curricula can inspire students to pursue
ing disaster management and enhancing climate innovative solutions and make informed
resilience to revolutionizing agriculture and career choices.
communication systems, its applications are
Space-based tools like high-speed internet,
shaping a sustainable future. As the global space
electronic monitoring and remote learning
economy expands at an unprecedented pace,
systems can bridge educational gaps, espe-
there is a growing need to focus on education
cially in geographically diverse and under-
and capacity-building initiatives to prepare the
served regions.
workforce for the opportunities ahead.
4. Preparing the Workforce for the Future :
Key Highlights
Investments in education and research are
1. The Expanding Global Space Economy : essential to meet the global demand for
The global space economy is projected to space-based solutions.
reach $ 1·8 trillion by 2035, reflecting a The sector offers opportunities for inno-
significant increase from $ 630 billion in vation in areas like early warning systems,
2023. high-tech job creation and fostering a new
India’s space economy is expected to grow generation of leaders equipped to tackle
to $ 77 billion by 2030, with a CAGR of 26%, complex challenges.
surpassing global GDP growth rates. Call to Action
2. Space Technology and Sustainable Deve- To ensure leadership in the global space
lopment : economy, nations must prioritize investments in
Space technology contributes to critical education and research related to space tech-
areas such as disaster risk reduction, climate nology. By empowering young minds with the
monitoring, agriculture practices and service knowledge and skills to innovate, we can not
delivery improvements. only address societal challenges but also secure
It supports advancements in geospatial sustainable economic growth. Space technology,
data, enabling better resource management, when coupled with education, holds the poten-
infrastructure planning and efficient service tial to revolutionize industries and transform the
delivery. future.

MOBILE APPS FOR FISHERMEN

Fishermen in India often face challenges during their fishing routines. To address these
such as crossing international maritime boun- issues and ensure their safety, ISRO and other
daries or navigating adverse weather conditions organizations have developed innovative mobile
applications tailored to meet the needs of the Nabhmitra Network & App for Real-Time
fishing community. Tracking of Sub-20m Boats
The MapmyIndiaNavIC Message Receiver Purpose : Ensures real-time tracking of
App smaller fishing vessels, enhancing safety
and monitoring for sub-20-meter boats.
This app, developed using the Indian Initiative : Part of a national effort to
Regional Navigation Satellite System (NavIC), support small-scale fishermen with efficient
provides several features to enhance the safety safety measures and communication tools.
and efficiency of fishermen :
Sagarmitra SAR Emergency Messaging
Weather Alerts : Warns fishermen against App
venturing out during adverse weather con- This app is a vital tool for maritime safety,
ditions, such as cyclones, tidal waves and specifically designed for emergency situations :
high tides. Search and Rescue Assistance : Facilitates
International Maritime Boundary Warn- rapid communication during emergencies
ings : Provides audiovisual alerts when at sea, ensuring timely intervention.
fishermen approach or cross international Real-Time Alerts : Notifies authorities and
maritime boundaries. relevant stakeholders in case of distress,
Fishing Zone Navigation : Displays poten- improving search and rescue operations.
tial fishing zones for tuna and other species Impact on Fishermen
while offering waypoint navigation from These applications collectively empower
the current location to the desired area. fishermen by :
Offline Functionality : Operates completely Enhancing safety with reliable weather
offline, ensuring usability even in remote alerts and boundary warnings.
sea regions. Supporting efficient fishing operations
Emergency Messages : Delivers weather- through navigation tools and fishing zone
identification.
related emergency messages (e.g., cyclones,
Reducing risks associated with adverse
high waves) in collaboration with INCOIS
weather and unintentional maritime boun-
(Indian National Centre for Ocean Infor-
dary crossings.
mation Services).
By leveraging advanced satellite technology
Availability : The app can be downloaded and innovative apps, India is ensuring the
from the Google Play Store under the name safety, productivity and sustainability of its
MapmyIndiaNavIC. fishing community.

SATELLITE-BASED EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS FOR

DROUGHT AND FLOOD MANAGEMENT
Droughts and floods pose significant threats Higher Water Demand : Increased water
to agriculture, food security and rural liveli- usage exceeding availability.
hoods. Leveraging satellite technology for early Key Impacts of Droughts :
warning systems offers transformative solutions
to monitor, predict, and mitigate the impact of 1. Crop Yields : Droughts reduce soil mois-
these disasters. By integrating scientific insights ture, inhibiting crop growth and producti-
with community-based approaches, India can vity.
enhance resilience and promote sustainable 2. Livelihoods : Lower agricultural outputs
agricultural practices. lead to financial distress, forcing farmers
Understanding Droughts into debt or migration.
Drought is defined as a prolonged period of 3. Livestock : Scarcity of fodder and water
inadequate water or moisture availability below weakens livestock health, reducing their
normal levels. It is caused by factors such as : productivity.
Subnormal Rainfall : Uneven or insuffi- 4. Water Resources : Over-reliance on ground-
cient precipitation patterns. water for irrigation during droughts
Erratic Distribution : Unequal rainfall depletes resources, causing long-term sus-
spread across regions. tainability issues.
 Role of Satellite Technology in Mana-
gement
Satellite-based early warning systems offer
accurate and real-time data to monitor and pre-
dict droughts & floods. These systems support :
1. Monitoring : Continuous observation of
rainfall patterns, soil moisture levels, and
water availability.
2. Risk Mitigation : Timely alerts allow far-
mers to take preventive actions to minimize
damage.
3. Disaster Preparedness : Integration of
weather forecasts with agricultural advi-
sories ensures informed decision-making.
4. Sustainable Practices : Facilitates the adop-
tion of water-efficient and climate-resilient
Understanding Floods farming techniques.
Flooding results from excessive rainfall or Call to Action
overflowing rivers, leading to water stagnation To mitigate the adverse effects of droughts
in agricultural fields. and floods, it is essential to adopt a multi-
pronged strategy that includes :
Key Impacts of Floods : Expanding the reach of satellite-based early
1. Crops : Floods destroy standing crops, warning systems.
degrade soil quality and reduce fertility. Promoting collaborative efforts for disaster
2. Infrastructure : Damage to irrigation preparedness.
systems, roads and storage facilities dis- Supporting rural communities with sustain-
able agricultural practices.
rupts agricultural operations.
By aligning modern technology with tradi-
3. Food Security : Loss of crops threatens food tional wisdom, India can safeguard its agri-
availability, further impacting rural econo- cultural sector and rural livelihoods against
mies. climate-induced challenges.

KRISHI-DSS (DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM)

Krishi-DSS (Decision Support System) is an Unlocking the Power of Data for
indigenous geospatial platform developed to Sustainable Agricultural Development
empower stakeholders in the agricultural sector Comprehensive Data Integration :
by providing data-driven solutions for sustain- Combines satellite data, weather fore-
able agricultural development. It integrates casts, soil health data, crop patterns
multiple data sources and advanced techno- and market trends to offer actionable
logies to enable informed decision-making across insights.
various agricultural domains. Ensures precision farming by deliver-
ing location-specific recommendations.
Promotes Sustainability :
Aids in efficient resource utilization
like water, fertilizers and pesticides.
Helps mitigate climate change impacts
by offering early warnings and adapta-
tion strategies.
Boosts Agricultural Productivity :
Enhances crop yield and profitability
by suggesting best practices tailored to
specific regions.
Indigenous Geospatial Platform for Infor-
med Decision-Making in Agriculture
Self-Reliance in Agri-Tech : Krishi-DSS is a
product of Indian innovation, leveraging
 ISRO’s geospatial expertise and indigenous recommendations to farmers for timely
technologies. intervention.
Real-Time Monitoring : Offers real-time 2. Water Resource Management : Monitors
data on weather, crop health, soil moisture groundwater levels and helps optimize
and water availability. irrigation practices. Encourages the adop-
tion of water-saving techniques such as drip
Customizable and User-Friendly : Desig-
ned for farmers, policymakers and agri- irrigation.
cultural scientists to access easy-to-under- 3. Weather and Disaster Preparedness : Issues
stand geospatial data. early warnings for extreme weather events
like floods, droughts and cyclones. Reduces
Connecting Stakeholders with Data-Driven
crop losses and ensures resilience against
Solutions
climate risks.
Farmers : Provides recommendations on 4. Precision Agriculture : Offers region-
cropping patterns, irrigation schedules and specific advice on seed selection, nutrient
pest management to optimize yields. management and planting schedules. Mini-
Government and Policymakers : Enables mizes wastage and enhances productivity.
effective planning of agricultural schemes 5. Market Intelligence : Assists farmers in
and disaster management. Supports food accessing market trends, prices and demand
security policies through better crop fore- forecasts. Facilitates better decision-making
casting. for selling produce.
Research Institutions : Facilitates agri- In Conclusion, Krishi-DSS is a trans-
cultural innovation by providing extensive formative initiative that leverages the power of
geospatial data for R&D. geospatial data and indigenous technology to
Private Sector : Offers insights for agri- drive sustainable agricultural development in
businesses to enhance supply chain mana- India. By connecting stakeholders through a
gement and market access. data-driven ecosystem, it ensures informed
Applications of Krishi-DSS Towards decision-making, enhances productivity, and
Sustainable Agricultural Development promotes resource-efficient farming practices.
1. Crop Health Monitoring : Tracks crop This platform has the potential to revolutionize
conditions using satellite imagery to detect Indian agriculture, making it more resilient,
stress or disease at an early stage. Provides inclusive and sustainable.
 PRESERVING A VOICE : DOCUMENTING THE
KORKU LANGUAGE
The preservation of endangered tribal 3. Cultural Preservation through Elders :
languages is crucial for safeguarding cultural Elderly community members shared songs,
heritage. Seema Prakash, a social worker, began stories and discussions, which were recor-
her journey in Khalwa block, Madhya Pradesh, ded and documented. Local residents like
to address hunger and malnutrition as part of Sugandhi Vishwakarma contributed to the
the Right to Food campaign. In the process, she documentation efforts.
discovered the significance of the Korku langu-
Incorporating Korku in Education
age, spoken by the Korku tribal community, in
ensuring effective communication and pro- Educational materials such as posters and
moting social welfare. paintings in Korku were developed and
implemented across 100 anganwadis in
Efforts to Preserve and Promote the Korku
Khalwa block.
Language
Financial support from the National Geo-
Challenges in Communication : graphic Foundation facilitated this initia-
The Korku language, predominantly spoken tive.
in Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh, is This effort improved learning outcomes and
among the nearly extinct languages, as per made education engaging for children.
the People's Linguistic Survey of India.
Wider Recognition and Impact
It has no script and is written in Devanagari
or English, with distinct words that differ The District Institute of Education and
from Hindi. Training initiated a pilot project based on
this model.
Steps Taken by Seema Prakash and
Spandan Samaj Seva Samiti The Tribal Folk Art Academy at the state
level began efforts to promote the Korku
1. Initial Breakthrough : Prakash researched
language.
the Korku language to effectively communi-
cate with the community, starting with the In Conclusion, The documentation and
term for malnutrition, shiti. This effort promotion of the Korku language by Seema
highlighted the role of language in social Prakash and Spandan Samaj Seva Samiti serve
welfare initiatives. as a beacon for preserving endangered tribal
2. Documenting the Language : A dictionary languages. By integrating Korku into education,
of 500 Korku words was created, tracing the they not only safeguarded the community’s
origins of words deeply rooted in nature. cultural heritage but also empowered children
Names such as Devda (behind paddy) and through accessible learning. This initiative
Jabu (behind the jamun tree) reflect the underscores the transformative power of langu-
tribe’s connection to the soil. age in social and educational development.

COMMONS IN CRISIS
The 2011 Supreme Court ruling on the 2. Implementation of the 2011 Supreme Court
protection of commons was a landmark decision Judgement :
aimed at safeguarding shared natural resources The verdict mandated eviction from com-
in India. However, its implementation has mons, with exceptions for socially deprived
revealed systemic challenges, often exacerbating groups or public utilities.
struggles for marginalized communities. The case has been cited in over 460 high
Key Issues court rulings, prompting some states to
amend laws or establish mechanisms to
1. The Case of Rohar Jagir Village : protect commons (e.g., Public Land Pro-
The dispute began in 2003 over a 7·2 hectare tection Cells in Rajasthan, district-level cells
pond encroached upon by residents. in Madhya Pradesh and Assam).
The 2011 Supreme Court ruling ordered 3. Marginalized Communities and Systemic
eviction and restoration of commons Inequities :
nationwide but failed to bring significant An analysis of 1,630 cases citing the judge-
change in the village. ment revealed that :
Encroachers remain in limbo; the pond is Over 56% of encroachers identified
degraded and the fear of backlash prevents were from Scheduled Castes, Scheduled
decisive action. Tribes, or landless communities.
 Evictions disproportionately affected Recommendations for Way Forward
nomadic and tribal groups, disrupting Adopt Locally Relevant Solutions :
livelihoods. Consider social hierarchies and ecological
dependencies for sustainable outcomes.
Courts often overlooked encroachers’
Ensure Accountability and Participation :
rights, leading to high eviction rates Establish transparent grievance mechanisms
(58%). and participatory decision-making proces-
4. Challenges in Implementation : ses.
Strengthen Custodianship : Empower local
Governance lapses include :
bodies with adequate resources and autho-
Gram panchayats colluding with encro- rity to protect commons.
achers or exploiting commons for Focus on Restoration : Shift focus from
revenue generation (e.g., sand mining evictions to ecological restoration and
in Kerala). equitable resource access.
Stricter eviction policies post-verdict In Conclusion, The 2011 Supreme Court
without adequate rehabilitation judgement was a crucial step towards protecting
measures. India's commons. However, its implementation
has often failed to achieve its intent, dispro-
Lack of focus on ecological restoration
portionately affecting marginalized groups. A
or ensuring equitable community participatory and restorative approach is essen-
access. tial to address these challenges effectively.

SCOPE FOR REDEMPTION : A SUSTAINABLE PATH

FORWARD
Recent reports by the Intergovernmental Economic Implications :
Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Over 50% of global GDP depends on
Ecosystem Services (IPBES) emphasize the nature, yet short-term financial gains
urgent need for comprehensive strategies to often take precedence over long-term
address interconnected environmental challen- environmental sustainability.
ges. Despite global agreements to curb biodiver- Delayed climate action could incur an
additional $ 500 billion annually.
sity loss since the 1992 Earth Summit, the planet
Policy Recommendations :
continues to lose significant biodiversity. These
Develop cross-sectoral approaches to
reports—‘Nexus Assessment’ and ‘Transfor-
manage biodiversity, water and climate
mative Change Assessment’—provide scientific
holistically.
evidence and policy solutions to tackle this
Prioritize systemic changes in gover-
crisis. nance, consumption patterns and
Key Highlights incentives.
1. Nexus Assessment : This report identifies 2. Transformative Change Assessment :
interlinkages between biodiversity, water, food, This report delves into the root causes of
health and climate. It presents over 70 response biodiversity loss and outlines systemic changes
options to optimize synergies across environ- needed for sustainability.
mental crises. Root Causes Identified : Human discon-
Key Findings : nection from nature. Inequitable distribu-
Actions focusing on single issues often tion of power and wealth. Prioritization of
result in negative impacts on other short-term material gains.
nexus elements. Principles for Change :
Delayed action on biodiversity can Equity and Justice : Address inequali-
double the costs of intervention and ties and empower marginalized com-
lead to irreversible losses like species munities.
extinction. Pluralism and Inclusion : Integrate
Indirect Drivers : These include overcon- diverse perspectives, including Indi-
sumption, waste generation, and population genous knowledge.
growth, which amplify direct drivers of Adaptive Learning : Promote flexible
biodiversity loss. and responsive governance systems.
 Case Study : The Os Miñarzos Marine Recommendations : Secure land rights for
Reserve in Spain demonstrates how colla- IPLCs. Incorporate Indigenous knowledge
borative efforts among fishers, scientists, into national and global policy frameworks.
and governments can yield measurable Path Forward : The reports emphasize that
biodiversity and economic benefits. achieving biodiversity goals aligns with the
The Role of Indigenous Peoples and Local UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Communities (IPLCs) and the Paris Agreement. System-wide
changes in technology, governance, and
Indigenous territories cover 20% of Earth's
societal values are crucial for a sustainable
surface and house 80% of global biodiversity. future.
Their traditional practices, such as community
In Conclusion, The IPBES reports under-
forestry in Nepal and tenure rights enforcement score the urgency of integrated and inclusive
in Brazil, have proven effective in reducing strategies to combat biodiversity loss and
deforestation and conserving ecosystems. environmental crises. By addressing root causes,
Challenges : Land encroachment and pollu- promoting equity, and leveraging traditional
tion. Exclusion from decision-making pro- knowledge, the global community can work
cesses. towards a harmonious coexistence with nature.

A MAKE OR BREAK YEAR

2025 is positioned as a pivotal year for Biodiversity loss disrupts nature’s biological
addressing a global polycrisis encompassing rhythm and services essential for human
climate, ecology, economy and geopolitics. Key survival.
insights include : 3. Planetary Boundaries Breached
1. Climate and Environmental Crisis Six boundaries have been transgressed,
Critical Condition : Earth’s warming cros- including climate change, biosphere inte-
sed the 1·5°C threshold in 2024, marking the grity, and freshwater use.
10th consecutive warmest year (WMO). Only three—atmospheric aerosols, stratos-
Drying Lands : Over three-fourths of pheric ozone, and ocean acidification—
Earth’s land has permanently dried since remain within safe limits, but ocean acidi-
fication is nearing its threshold.
1990 (UNCCD).
Extreme Events : 12,000 disasters in 50 years
4. Call for Action
have claimed over 2 million lives (IPBES). Nature’s Revenge : Human activities are
pushing the planet to a tipping point,
2. Biodiversity Collapse :
threatening survival.
Species Extinction : Over 1 million species Urgent measures in governance, innovation,
face extinction, including one-third of tree and policies are required to navigate the
species (IUCN). crises and stabilize ecosystems.
Rainforest Degradation : Only 25% of This year will be a test of global commit-
tropical rainforests remain of high quality, ments, with nature's warning signals demanding
threatening ecosystems. radical shifts in behaviour and policy.

BURDEN OF POVERTY
1. Global Income Inequality 2. Slowed Poverty Reduction
The richest 10% capture 52% of global Economic stagnation (2020–30) driven by
income, while the poorest 50% get only low growth, COVID-19, inflation, conflicts
8·5% (IMF). and fragility.
In India, the top 1% earns 23 times the 133 million additional people fell into
national average, and the number of poverty ($ 3·65/day) in 2023 (UNDP), with
billionaires surged from 1 in 1991 to 162 in numbers likely rising further.
2022. Over 50% of low-income countries face debt
Wealth and income disparities are widen- distress, dedicating 7·5% of budgets to
ing, with little indication of narrowing external debt servicing, reducing welfare
gaps. spending.
3. Climate Change and Poverty 4. Future Strategies
Climate change exacerbates poverty, with 1 Increased social spending and progress on
in 5 people at risk of welfare losses from debt deals for poorer nations are essential.
Greater focus on climate loss and damage
extreme weather.
compensation will help mitigate climate-
By 2030, extreme poverty is expected to related economic challenges.
drop marginally to 7·3% of the population, The world must address growing inequ-
but absolute numbers may rise. ality, economic stagnation and climate impacts
to combat the deepening burden of poverty
effectively.

IMMIGRATION AND DEPOPULATION

1. Rising Immigration and Political Focus 3. Economic Implications of Migration
Immigration has become a key political Population dynamics are geographically
agenda, despite immigrants making up only skewed, necessitating a new wave of mig-
ration to sustain the global workforce.
3·6% of the global population (IOM).
Middle-income countries face an ageing
The number of international migrants has population without sufficient income levels,
surged to 281 million in 2020, three times while Africa’s growing population lacks the
the 1970 figure. skills to fill global workforce gaps.
Migrants, comprising 184 million globally,
Declining populations in 61 countries (2022– form a vital workforce for developed
2050) due to low fertility and high emigra- nations.
tion have triggered incentives to boost 4. Future of Immigration Policies
growth. Developed countries, facing ageing popula-
2. Fertility Rates and Population Trends tions, will increasingly rely on migration for
economic sustainability.
Two-thirds of the global population lives in
Border control and selective migration
areas with fertility below the replacement policies will shape immigration to distin-
level (2·1 births per woman). guish between eligible and ineligible
In high-income countries, migration offsets migrants and manage illegal influx.
population decline, becoming the key driver Countries sealing borders today may need
of growth in some regions. to reopen them out of economic necessity,
not altruism.
India and other low/middle-income coun- Immigration is emerging as a critical factor
tries will continue natural population in addressing workforce challenges, economic
growth due to excess births over deaths. sustainability and population dynamics globally.

PANDEMIC RISKS AND EMERGING PATHOGENS

1. Warning of a New Pandemic highest ever. Diseases like chikungunya,
The UN Environment Programme (2024) zika, and oropouche fever are expanding
warns of a pandemic by 2030, driven by into new regions due to climate-induced
zoonotic diseases linked to deforestation, habitat changes. Dengue is spreading to
urbanisation and unsustainable agriculture. Europe, with the invasive mosquito species
Climate change accelerates pathogen spill- Aedes albopictus now present in 13 EU
over, with fatalities projected to be 12 times countries.
higher by 2050 than in 2020.
H5N1 Influenza in North America : Spread
2. Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases
from poultry to dairy cows in 16 US states,
(2024)
infecting 65 people, raising concerns about
Mpox (Clade 1b) : Originating in the
Democratic Republic of Congo, it caused potential mutations for human-to-human
50,000 cases and 1,000 deaths, spreading transmission.
rapidly across Africa and globally. WHO 3. Global Health Threats
declared it a public health emergency of
international concern. Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) : Respon-
Vector-Borne Diseases in Latin America : sible for 4·95 million deaths annually. A UN
Brazil reported 6 million dengue cases, the political declaration in 2024 aims to reduce
 AMR-related deaths by 10% annually by 4. Key Takeaway
2030. The rising threat of zoonotic diseases,
Preparedness Gaps : Despite the ongoing vector-borne illnesses and antimicrobial resis-
negotiation of the WHO's International tance highlights the urgent need for global
Treaty on Pandemic Prevention, significant coordination, climate action and robust pande-
shortcomings in global collaboration mic preparedness to mitigate future health
remain. crises.

THE RISE OF THE SPACE ECONOMY

1. Growth and Projections pleted its first halo orbit around the Sun-
The space economy is projected to grow at Earth Lagrange 1.
an annual rate of 9%, outpacing global GDP, 3. Future Missions and Partnerships
and is expected to reach $ 1·8 trillion by Planned space missions for 2025 :
2035 (WEF and McKinsey). NASA : Galaxy studies, lunar explora-
Key drivers include Earth observation, tion, and a joint mission with ISRO to
navigation technologies and private sector measure Earth’s changing ecosystems.
innovation. ESA : Exploring the Earth-Sun connec-
2. Key Developments in 2024 tion.
China : Tianwen-2 to collect samples
Private Sector Leadership : SpaceX’s
from a near-Earth asteroid and study a
Starlink launched over 2,000 satellites in
comet.
2024, expanding its mega-constellation to
6,000 satellites in Low Earth Orbit (LEO). 4. Applications of Space Technology
Space tourism saw growth with Blue Enhanced satellite operations to provide
Origin’s New Shepard completing 28 critical inputs in agriculture, IT, insurance,
commercial suborbital flights. The market and construction sectors, increasing accessi-
could be worth $ 1·8-3·3 billion annually by bility and impact across diverse industries.
2035. 5. Key Takeaway
Scientific Advancements : NASA’s Juno The space sector's rapid technological and
captured the sharpest-ever images of Io, economic expansion, driven by private players,
Jupiter’s moon. China transported lunar international collaboration and scientific
samples from the moon’s far side, a global advancements, is transforming it into a pivotal
first. India’s Aditya L1 observatory com- domain for investment and innovation.

RISING GLOBAL TEMPERATURES AND THE URGENT NEED

FOR CLIMATE ACTION
1. Temperature Trends and Warning 3. Challenges and Gaps
November 2024 recorded 1·62°C above pre- Current NDCs are insufficient, projected to
industrial levels, marking the 16th month reduce emissions by only 2·6% from 2019
out of the last 17 to breach the 1·5°C thres- levels by 2030, resulting in greenhouse gas
hold temporarily. emissions of 51·5 gigatonnes CO equi-
valent.
Although this does not signify the long-
term crossing of the 1·5°C guardrail, it The required renewable energy capacity of
highlights the rapidly closing window for 11·2 TW by 2030 faces a 34% shortfall, with
limiting global warming to safer levels. national plans achieving only 7·4 TW.
4. Investment Needs
2. Call for Enhanced NDCs (Nationally
Determined Contributions) Achieving renewable energy targets
demands an annual addition of 1,044 GW
The NDCs 3·0, due by February 2025, are and a cumulative investment of $ 31·5
critical for aligning with the Paris Agree- trillion by 2030.
ment’s 1·5°C goal. Solar photovoltaic investments are on track,
UNFCCC stresses the need to triple global but other technologies and energy efficiency
renewable energy capacity and double improvements require a sevenfold increase
energy efficiency by 2030 to meet the target. in funding.
5. Future of Renewables and Risks 6. Trade Conflicts & Policy Contradictions
Renewables are expected to dominate global Measures like the EU’s carbon border tax
power generation by 2038, with China, could hinder green transitions in develop-
ing countries, increase trade conflicts and
Europe, and the US producing 57% of solar contradict developed nations’ commitments
and wind energy by 2050. to support global climate efforts.
The shift to renewables will depend heavily 7. Key Takeaway
on minerals like copper, lithium, nickel and The global response to climate change must
iron ore, with risks from resource nation- urgently scale up commitments and invest-
alism and geopolitical tensions disrupting ments in renewable energy and efficiency
while addressing geopolitical & trade chal-
supply chains and escalating costs. lenges to ensure a sustainable transition.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN 2024 AND FUTURE TRENDS

1. AI's Growing Pervasiveness 4. Policy Uncertainty in the US
AI is integrated into diverse technologies, With Donald Trump taking office, the
including ATMs, food delivery and stock future of Biden’s Executive Order on AI
trading. safety—focusing on privacy, equity, con-
sumer protection and innovation—remains
Nobel Prizes for Physics and Chemistry in
uncertain.
2024 recognized contributions to AI
Concerns exist about the removal of regula-
advancements.
tory guardrails under the new administra-
Global AI investment is projected to reach tion.
$ 200 billion by 2025, per Goldman Sachs.
5. AI Agents and Workforce Impact
2. Concerns and Challenges AI agents autonomously performing tasks
Risks include fraud, election tampering, and could potentially double the workforce,
loss of control over AI systems due to its according to PwC.
ability to ‘lie’ and ‘deceive’. Deloitte predicts that by 2025, 25% of enter-
Over 30 AI-related lawsuits were filed in prises may deploy Generative AI agents,
2024, with copyright infringement for AI increasing to 50% by 2027.
training being a major issue. 6. Energy Implications
The UN warned of AI-based weapons being Data centers, the backbone of AI, consumed
deployed in conflicts in Ukraine and West over 380 TWh of electricity in 2023, 1·4% of
Asia. global consumption.
This usage is projected to triple to 1,000
3. Global Governance and Regulation
TWh by 2030, or 3% of global power con-
The UN General Assembly adopted the first sumption, with AI markets expected to
global resolution on AI, highlighting its double electricity use by 2025.
potential for achieving Sustainable Deve- 7. Key Takeaway
lopment Goals (SDGs) while emphasizing AI continues to revolutionize industries but
the need to safeguard human rights. raises concerns about regulation, ethical
Discussions on a potential global AI treaty usage and sustainability. The coming years
are expected, but legal experts predict will require a balance between innovation
multiple failed attempts to create an inter- and addressing challenges related to gover-
national framework. nance, security and resource consumption.

KEY TREATIES AND GLOBAL EFFORTS IN 2025

1. Global Challenges and Opportunities forum, with the potential to reshape gover-
The world grapples with conflicts, climate nance and restore planetary balance.
change, and inequalities, but 2025 offers 2. Major Treaties and Agreements
hope through landmark treaties and agree- Global Pandemic Treaty (May 2025) : To be
ments on health, plastics, chemicals, bio- finalized during the 78th WHO Health
Assembly in Geneva. Focuses on preven-
diversity and marine conservation.
tion, equity, health systems, financing and
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) will governance to address weaknesses revealed
undergo review at a high-level political by COVID-19.
 Plastics Treaty : Expected finalization after UN Ocean Conference (June 2025) :
missing the 2024 deadline. Consensus exists Focuses on SDG 14 (Ocean Protection), one
on a framework, but disagreements persist of the least funded SDGs. Concludes with
over production limits vs. waste manage- the adoption of commitments under the
ment. Nice Ocean Action Plan.
UN Environment Assembly (UNEA-7) : CITES COP-20 (November-December
Scheduled for December 2025, under the 2025) : Celebrates 50 years of the Conven-
theme “Advancing sustainable solutions for tion on International Trade in Endangered
a resilient planet.” The Open-ended Work- Species in Uzbekistan.
ing Group will finalize proposals for mana- World Conservation Congress (October
ging chemicals and waste. 2025) : Hosted by Abu Dhabi and organized
3. Environmental and Conservation Mile- by the IUCN to discuss global conservation
stones priorities.
Minamata Convention Amendments (April 4. Key Takeaway
2025) : Ban on mercury in cosmetics exceed- 2025 is a pivotal year for addressing global
ing 1 ppm. Phase-out of mercury-added crises through collaborative governance,
batteries, switches and relays by 2025 with a focus on sustainable development,
(except for R&D). COP-6 (November 2025) : environmental protection, and equitable
Further discussions on mercury regulation. health and conservation strategies.

GLOBAL TARGETS AND FRAMEWORKS TO ACHIEVE BY 2030

1. Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity 4. Montreal Protocol (1987)
Framework (2022) 1 Target : Phase out hydrochlorofluoro-
23 Targets for 2030 : Reduce threats to carbons (HCFCs) by 2030 to protect the
biodiversity. Promote sustainable use and ozone layer.
benefit-sharing. Provide tools and solutions 5. Global Methane Pledge (2021)
for implementation and mainstreaming.
1 Target : Reduce global methane emissions
4 Goals for 2050 : A vision for a world
living in harmony with nature. by at least 30% below 2020 levels by 2030.
2. 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Deve- 6. UN Convention to Combat Desertifica-
lopment (2015) tion (UNCCD)
17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 1 Target : Restore 1·5 billion hectares of
with 169 Targets. degraded land to achieve land degradation
Focus on poverty eradication, health, educa- neutrality by 2030.
tion, inequality reduction, economic growth, 7. WHO Nutrition Targets (Extended to
climate action and ocean/forest preserva- 2030)
tion. 6 Targets : Eliminate all forms of mal-
3. Convention on International Trade in nutrition. Achieve universal coverage of
Endangered Species (CITES) Strategic essential nutrition services.
Vision (2021-2030) Key Takeaway : These global frameworks
1 Target : Ensure all international trade in and targets highlight collective efforts toward
wild fauna and flora is legal, sustainable, sustainability, biodiversity conservation, climate
and supports biodiversity conservation, action, and human well-being, aiming to build a
contributing to the SDGs. resilient and harmonious world by 2030.

INDIA’S GROUNDWATER RECOVERY : REALITY OR

MISLEADING NUMBERS ?
Current Groundwater Status Incorporates additional recharge sources
Safe Assessment Units : Increased from (e.g., mountain streams, canals, ponds)
63% (2017) to 73% (2023). despite unreliable data.
Concerns Over Methodology Changes Results in inflated estimates of groundwater
1. Introduction of the 2015 Methodology : availability, with recharge figures rising
Includes static in-storage resources (long-
from 431·89 bcm (2017) to 449·08 bcm
term, non-replenishable) along with dyna-
mic resources. (2023).
2. Verification Removed : Potential Over-Extraction : Groundwater
Discontinuation of on-ground validation extraction rates may have surpassed critical
(pre- and post-monsoon checks). thresholds. Lack of an effective mechanism
Reassessment no longer mandated for to monitor sector-wise withdrawal.
significant fluctuations, risking underesti- Expert Warnings
mation of extraction rates. The apparent recovery may mask hidden
Key Issues Identified damage to aquifers.
Without accurate, on-ground verification,
Inflated Recovery Figures : Fundamental
groundwater health cannot be reliably
methodological changes give the illusion of assessed.
improved groundwater health. Dependence India risks long-term harm to groundwater
on ‘reasonable assumptions’ rather than resources if current assessment practices
credible data. continue unaddressed.

CLIMATE SHAPES SPECIES

Impact of Climate on Evolution Modern Adaptations
Evolution driven by changes in water Populations evolve to survive extreme
availability, rainfall, temperature and climates :
humidity. Eskimos thrive in cold regions.
Tibetans retain oxygen efficiently at high
Hominins evolved 6 million years ago due
altitudes.
to climatic shifts.
Physical adaptations take approximately
Unicellular organisms adapted to varying 500,000 years to appear.
climates, while species in stable environ-
New Species and Isolation
ments (e.g., bacteria) remained unchanged.
Population isolation can lead to new human
Genetic and Physical Changes species over time.
Evolution involves genetic and physical Denisovans adapted to high-altitude, low-
(phenotypic) changes. oxygen environments, influencing Tibetan
genetics.
Physical adaptations, like jaw size, result
Historical Climate-Driven Adaptations
from diet or locomotion changes.
Climatic shifts in Europe led to ape extinc-
Gradual climatic changes over millennia tion and Neanderthal adaptation to cold.
influence species’ traits. Homo sapiens survived by migrating and
Human Brain Evolution adapting, while less adaptable species
perished.
Climate challenges 2 million years ago
Future Prospects
led to tool-making, communication and
Technology and medicine increase human
increased brain size in Homo species.
resilience to climate fluctuations.
Fossils reveal significant brain growth Humans are expected to adapt to future
compared to earlier ancestors. climate changes rather than face extinction.

SCARRED BY MINING - THE CRISIS OF NATURAL

SPRINGS IN KASHMIR
Issue : Illegal riverbed mining in Kashmir is A ` 30 crore water treatment plant in
causing a drastic depletion of natural springs Dawlatpora is almost defunct due to the
and rivers, threatening water availability, drying up of Arbal Nag.
ecosystems and local livelihoods. 2. Ecological Consequences :
Key Highlights Mining alters river morphology, increases
1. Impact on Water Availability : water turbidity and creates sinkholes.
The Sukh Nag stream and Arbal Nag spring Local streams such as Doodh Ganga,
in Budgam have nearly dried up due to Veshaw, and others, crucial for sustaining
illegal mining, disrupting water supplies for springs and the Jhelum river, face severe
villages. degradation.
 Loss of aquatic biodiversity and disrupted From 2021-22 to 2022-23, mineral extraction
natural water regulation lead to heightened increased from 0·47 million tonnes to 1·14
risks of floods, landslides and soil erosion. million tonnes.
3. Economic Toll : 6. Judicial Interventions :
The National Green Tribunal (NGT)
Agriculture relying on these water sources
imposed penalties and revoked licences for
is under threat, with irrigation channels cut
environmental violations, including altering
off. the flow of springs and using prohibited
Wells now require drilling up to 20 meters, machinery.
as opposed to 6 meters earlier. NGT investigations into the Sukh Nag
4. Illegal Mining Practices : mining revealed significant financial losses
and ecological damage worth over ` 800
Despite regulations like the 2016 Minor
crore.
Mineral Rules, heavy machinery is used to
7. Call for Action :
mine beyond permissible depths.
Experts and locals demand stricter enfor-
Organised mafias exploit weak enforce- cement, replenishment studies and sustain-
ment, often operating beyond legal hours able alternatives to construction material
without CCTV monitoring. extraction.
In Conclusion, Unregulated riverbed
5. Role of Infrastructure Projects :
mining is devastating Kashmir’s natural water
Mining has surged due to material demands resources, threatening ecosystems, public health
for projects like highway expansions, rail- and livelihoods. Urgent enforcement of environ-
way developments and urban infrastruc- mental laws, stricter monitoring, and sustainable
ture. practices are essential to mitigate this crisis.

RETURN OF RAMBHOG : REVIVING AN AROMATIC PADDY

VARIETY IN UTTAR PRADESH
Rambhog, a native paddy variety known for Resilient Crop : Rambhog’s tall stalks thrive
its sweet aroma and taste, is making a comeback without chemicals, unlike hybrid varieties
in Uttar Pradesh's Terai region. Once forgotten, that often collapse due to overgrowth from
this indigenous rice is now a symbol of sustain- fertilizers.
able agriculture and economic growth for small 3. Market Success :
and marginal farmers. The rice is sold at ` 150-180 per kg under
Key Highlights brands like Dhanika and Utsav Arth.
1. Revival Efforts (2016 Onwards) : Demand is high in urban areas like Delhi,
Farmers from 60 villages in Kanpur Dehat Punjab and Kanpur.
and Kanpur Nagar districts initiated Farmer-producer companies like Ekta
Rambhog cultivation in 2016. Nature Farming Producer Company have
Supported by the Shramik Bharti non-profit boosted marketing efforts.
and agricultural scientists, efforts included : 4. Cultural and Historical Significance :
Sourcing authentic seeds (2·5 kg from Rambhog was a staple crop in the Terai
Rasulabad in Kanpur Dehat). region until hybrid varieties replaced it in
Reviving degraded soils using organic the late 1990s.
farming practices. Hybrid crops were promoted by rice mills
2. Economic and Environmental Benefits : for higher yields, causing the near-extinc-
Higher Profits : Farmers earn around ` 1 tion of Rambhog.
lakh per acre by cultivating Rambhog, des- 5. Challenges During Revival
pite its lower yield compared to hybrids. Seed Shortage : Finding genuine seeds
Cost Savings : Rambhog requires no required extensive searches across villages.
chemical fertilizers, pesticides, or weedici- Degraded Soils : Land degradation due to
des. Instead, farmers use : chemical farming necessitated soil rehabili-
Homemade compost (e.g., Jeevamru- tation using natural methods.
tham, Daspatti Kadha, buttermilk). In Conclusion, The successful revival of
Groundwater irrigation (` 1,600 for Rambhog in Uttar Pradesh demonstrates the
eight hours of pumping). potential of indigenous crops to ensure eco-
nomic stability and ecological balance. It high- organic farming practices, offering a model for
lights the growing demand for sustainable and reviving other forgotten native crops.

BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY AND ITS LONG-TERM IMPACT

The Bhopal Gas Tragedy occurred on the Decline in male births due to vulnerability
night of December 2, 1984, when 40 tonnes of of male fetuses to external stress.
methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas leaked from Union Higher cancer and employment disability
Carbide India Limited’s (UCIL) pesticide plant. risks among men born in 1985 within 100
Over half a million people were exposed to the km of Bhopal.
gas, leading to up to 30,000 deaths and long- Environmental Impact
term health consequences for survivors and
Toxic waste from the plant and nearby solar
subsequent generations.
evaporation ponds has contaminated soil
Immediate Effects and groundwater.
Widespread chaos and severe health condi- Presence of ‘forever chemicals’ affecting 42
tions among residents, with symptoms like settlements around the factory.
breathlessness, coughing and burning eyes. Efforts for Management
Families were separated during the escape;
Supreme Court-appointed Oversight Com-
many suffered irreversible health damage
mittee monitors waste disposal.
or loss of loved ones.
Toxic remnants include contaminated soil,
The tragedy resulted in a new disease
mercury, and underground chemical waste.
classification termed ‘Bhopal Gas Disease’
with 40 symptoms, including respiratory Socio-Economic Implications
issues, headaches, diabetes & chronic pain. Survivors face reduced quality of life,
Long-Term Health Impact persistent health issues and inability to earn
livelihoods.
Survivors and their descendants continue to
suffer severe health issues. Study findings highlight a lack of mitigation
through adequate health, disability and
Chronic ailments like high blood pressure,
education services.
diabetes, and neurological issues.
In Conclusion, The Bhopal Gas Tragedy
Children born to affected families experi-
remains the world’s worst industrial disaster
ence delayed development and disabilities.
with enduring health, environmental and socio-
Studies Indicate economic impacts. It underscores the need for
Increased miscarriages, stillbirths and stronger industrial regulations and compre-
neonatal deaths. hensive disaster mitigation strategies.

ADDRESSING THE RISING THREAT OF CHEMICAL POLLUTION

The escalating environmental and public biphenyls (PCBs), banned decades ago but
health challenges posed by synthetic chemicals, still found at dangerous levels. Orcas
commonly referred to as ‘novel entities’, neces- accumulate these toxins due to their posi-
sitate urgent attention. While chemical innova- tion in the food chain, impacting immunity,
tion drives industrial growth, it has also reproduction and endocrine systems. These
breached Earth's planetary boundaries, pushing pollutants are passed from mothers to
the environment into uncharted territory. calves through milk.
1. Orcas Under Threat 2. Global Chemical Pollution
Evolution and Predation : Orcas, or killer Chemical Ubiquity : Persistent pollutants
whales, are apex predators with no natural (e.g., pesticides, industrial chemicals) travel
enemies, tracing their origins to 50 million through water, air, and food chains, persis-
years ago. ting for decades. Apex species, including
Current Status : These resilient predators humans, are severely affected.
are at risk due to human-released chemical Industrial Growth : The chemical industry
contaminants. has doubled production from 2000 to 2017
Research Findings : A 10 year study in the and is expected to double again by 2030.
North Atlantic revealed high levels of UNEP estimates 10 million tonnes of toxic
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in orca chemicals are released annually, with 2
blubber. POPs include polychlorinated million being carcinogenic.
 Misuse of such protections can have dire
consequences. For instance, during the
Bhopal gas tragedy, Union Carbide Cor-
3. Persistent Chemicals in Ecosystems
poration's (UCC) refusal to disclose the
‘Forever Chemicals’ : Compounds like chemical composition hindered effective
PFAS (Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances) medical treatment for victims.
are found in water, food, soil and animals. This issue is pertinent to India, the sixth-
PFAS are linked to severe health issues such largest chemical producer globally, produc-
as cancer, autoimmune diseases and kidney ing over 80,000 commercial products.
dysfunction. However, the nation lacks a robust National
Chemical Policy, pending since 2012, and
comprehensive regulations like chemical
inventories or mandatory registrations.
2. Breaching Planetary Boundaries :
A 2022 study revealed that Earth's capacity
to monitor and assess novel entities is
inadequate, making it impossible to manage
their environmental impact effectively.
Chemicals affect various planetary boun-
daries, such as climate change, through the
release of carbon dioxide during pro-
Global Presence : Pollutants like DDT and duction.
other pesticides banned decades ago still Challenges include bio-accumulation, bio-
contaminate remote ecosystems, including magnification, and the absence of toxicity
ocean trenches and Himalayan glaciers. thresholds for thousands of chemicals.
4. Indian Context 3. Complexities in Defining Boundaries :
Persistence, mobility, and impact on Earth
Heavy Metal Contamination in Rivers : A
systems complicate the development of a
2024 study by the Central Water Commis-
unified threshold for chemical pollution.
sion identified 81 Indian rivers with unsafe
Scientists face limitations in collecting direct
levels of heavy metals like arsenic, lead, and
samples from industries, leading to delayed
mercury. Such contamination stems from
identification and response.
industrial, agricultural and mining activities.
4. Global Regulatory Challenges :
Key Issues While frameworks like the Planetary
1. Trade Secret Laws and Public Health Risks : Boundary concept highlight chemical pollu-
Companies advocate for trade secret laws to tion's risks, international agreements, such
protect intellectual property, relying on as the Global Plastics Treaty, struggle to
non-disclosure agreements (NDAs) to with- enforce production reductions or stringent
hold crucial information. compliance.
 Resistance from nations and industries on their persistence, bio-accumulation and
underscores the difficulty of balancing mobility.
industrial needs with environmental
Alternative Solutions : Prioritize research
preservation.
on non-toxic and biodegradable materials
Recommendations for applications like medical use, where
Improved Legislation : Develop robust plastics remain indispensable.
chemical safety laws akin to arms regula-
In Conclusion, Chemical pollution poses a
tions, ensuring accountability for hazardous
chemical use. critical threat to environmental and human
Global Cooperation : Establish binding health, demanding comprehensive action. By
international treaties to curb chemical pro- addressing regulatory gaps, fostering inter-
duction, particularly of persistent and toxic national cooperation and advancing scientific
substances. research, nations can mitigate the adverse effects
Research and Monitoring : Enhance global of chemical proliferation and ensure a sustain-
capacity for chemical assessment, focusing able future.

ONE NATION ONE SUBSCRIPTION (ONOS)

ONOS is an initiative to provide access to 3. Lack of Open Access Promotion : ONOS
scholarly research articles in 13,000 journals for does not emphasize green, gold, or diamond
18 million students and researchers in India. open access models. Researchers may face
India will pay $ 715 million (` 6,000 crore) for a additional costs under the ‘gold’ model,
three-year subscription starting January 2025. It such as Article Processing Charges (APC).
aims to reduce costs and streamline access
4. Transparency Issues : Details of the sub-
through a common digital platform for 6,300
scription deal remain unclear, raising con-
government institutions.
cerns about double payments and safe-
Advantages guards for open access.
1. Cost Efficiency : Centralized negotiation
Global Context
reduced costs compared to earlier indivi-
dual subscriptions. Eliminates duplication Developed nations prioritize open access
and resource wastage. over costly publisher agreements.
2. Wide Access : Facilitates equitable access to Profit margins of scientific publishers
research for students and researchers across remain extraordinarily high.
institutions. Examples of rejection include :
Concerns University of California : Aimed for
1. High Cost : ONOS cost exceeds the earlier universal open access.
estimate of ` 1,500 crore per year spent on
MIT : Advocated for equitable and
journal subscriptions.
open dissemination of research.
2. Missed Alternatives : Many universities
globally have shifted to open access models In Conclusion, While ONOS expands
to promote free access to research and cut research access in India, its high cost, lack of
costs. Examples include Harvard, MIT and transparency and missed opportunities for open
UC, which canceled deals with major access raise concerns about its effectiveness as a
publishers like Elsevier. game changer.
 2025 : THE INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF QUANTUM SCIENCE
AND TECHNOLOGY A NEW FRONTIER IN INNOVATION
The International Year of Quantum Science cryptography and sensing that push the boun-
and Technology (IYQ2025) marks a significant daries of traditional science. These technologies
milestone in the realm of innovation and scien- are at the forefront of innovation, driving
tific discovery. As we approach 2025, the focus advancements that were once thought to be
shifts toward harnessing the transformative purely theoretical. From revolutionizing health-
potential of quantum technology, which pro- care through quantum imaging to enhancing
mises to reshape industries, enhance global cybersecurity with quantum encryption, IYQ2025
security and deepen our understanding of the underscores the profound impact of quantum
universe. breakthroughs on various aspects of human life.
The era of quantum science presents a
futuristic vision where complex problems are
solved with unparalleled precision and new
possibilities for sustainable development and
exploration are explored. As we enter this trans-
formative phase, quantum technology is poised
Quantum Science and Technology offer to become a cornerstone of global progress and
advanced tools such as quantum computing, innovation.

THE REFLECTION OF QUANTUM

The reflection of quantum theory marks a The introduction of quantum mechanics
significant shift in our understanding of the addressed complex phenomena that classical
fundamental nature of energy and matter. The physics struggled to explain, such as the absor-
quantum model, initiated by Max Planck’s ption and emission of light, atomic structure,
groundbreaking work on black body radiation, and the behaviour of electrons. By considering
revolutionized classical physics by introducing energy in discrete units, quantum theory
the concept that energy behaves both as a wave provided a deeper understanding of processes at
and a particle. microscopic levels, laying the foundation for
Unlike classical physics, which primarily advancements in fields such as quantum com-
focused on wave phenomena, quantum physics puting, quantum cryptography and quantum
incorporates the dual nature of energy—both materials science.
particulate and wave-like. This shift, driven by Thus, quantum theory not only reshaped
the idea of ‘discretization’, introduced the scientific thought but also opened the door to
concept of quanta—distinct packets of energy futuristic innovations that continue to challenge
that cannot be divided into smaller parts. traditional boundaries of understanding.

BHARATIYA NIRDESHAK DRAVYAS (BNDs)

REVOLUTIONISE INDIA’S QUALITY INFRASTRUCTURE
The Bharatiya Nirdeshak Dravyas (BNDs) BNDs act as certified reference materials that
are a pioneering initiative spearheaded by the ensure consistency and reliability in testing and
Scientific Measurement Calibration Centre quality control processes. By establishing a
(SMCC) and the Council of Scientific and uniform standard, BNDs enhance the credibility
Industrial Research-National Institute of Science of Indian products and services in both domestic
Communication and Policy Research (CSIR- and international markets.
NIScPR). These standardized reference materials
Impact on India’s Economy
are designed to provide a benchmark for precise
and accurate measurement across various With the rapid growth of the ‘Make in
industries. India’ program, the need for quality infra-
Significance of BNDs structure has never been more critical. BNDs
Accurate measurement is crucial for enable industries to adopt cutting-edge tech-
maintaining high standards in fields ranging nologies while maintaining strict quality para-
from healthcare to engineering and beyond. meters. This initiative promotes innovation while
ensuring that Indian products meet global infrastructure by fostering a culture of precision
standards of quality, thereby boosting competi- and excellence. As industries continue to evolve,
tiveness and export potential. BNDs will play a crucial role in ensuring that
In Conclusion, The Bharatiya Nirdeshak Indian innovations are both reliable and globally
Dravyas are set to revolutionize India’s quality recognized.

COP29 : STEPPED FORWARD YET MUCH MORE NEEDED

The 29th Conference of the Parties (COP29) Contributions (NDCs) to align with the goal
to the United Nations Framework Convention of limiting global warming to 1·5°C above
on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was held from pre-industrial levels.
11–22 November, 2024 in Baku, Azerbaijan. A consensus was reached to phase down
Marked as the second-largest COP after COP28 unabated fossil fuels, though more concrete
in Dubai, COP29 witnessed intense negotiations, deadlines were deferred to future summits.
particularly around climate finance, extending
Challenges Highlighted
more than 35 hours past its scheduled conclu-
sion. The conference officially ended on 24 Slow Progress on Loss and Damage Fund :
November, 2024. Despite pledges, the operationalization of
the Loss and Damage Fund remained a
Key Outcomes of COP29 contentious issue, with no concrete timeline
1. Climate Finance Commitment : established for its rollout.
A landmark agreement to increase annual Insufficient Measures for Immediate
climate finance for developing nations from Action : Critics noted that while financial
$ 100 billion to $ 300 billion by 2035. commitments were increased, immediate
The agreement aimed to address historical measures to reduce emissions and acce-
delays and meet the urgent financial needs lerate green transitions were lacking.
of vulnerable countries. In Conclusion, COP29 marked an impor-
2. High-Level Events and Thematic Days : tant step forward in global climate governance,
Discussions focused on crucial issues such particularly through its enhanced financial
as mitigation, adaptation, renewable energy commitments. However, significant gaps remain
transitions, and loss and damage financing. in addressing pressing climate challenges such
Special emphasis was placed on enhancing as rapid emission reductions and the opera-
partnerships for green technology and tionalization of support mechanisms. While
sustainable infrastructure. progress was made, achieving climate justice
3. Baku Climate Accord : and meeting the Paris Agreement goals will
The participating nations committed to require sustained efforts and accountability in
revising their Nationally Determined future COPs.

PURITY IN PERIL : IMPACT OF FOOD ADULTERATION ON

PUBLIC HEALTH
The saying ‘Health is Wealth’ underscores Harmful substances such as chemicals,
the importance of consuming pure and nutri- synthetic dyes and non-edible materials are
tious food. However, food adulteration, a pres- commonly used.
sing issue, undermines this basic necessity by 3. Health Impacts :
compromising food quality with harmful ingre-
dients. This alarming trend has emerged as a Immediate Effects : Foodborne illnesses,
significant public health concern in recent years. allergies and digestive issues.
Long-Term Effects : Chronic diseases,
Key Issues with Food Adulteration
including cancer, organ damage and deve-
1. Prevalence in India : lopmental issues in children.
Food adulteration is widespread, parti-
cularly in rural communities, semi-urban Efforts to Combat Food Adulteration
regions and urban slums. 1. Government Initiatives :
Consumers often unknowingly purchase Implementation of the Food Safety and
inferior-quality products at fair retail prices. Standards Act (FSSAI) to regulate food
2. Commonly Adulterated Items : quality.
Staples like milk, oil, grains and spices are Awareness campaigns to educate consu-
frequently adulterated. mers about detecting adulterated food.
2. Technological Solutions : In Conclusion, Food adulteration poses a
Adoption of rapid testing kits for on-the- severe threat to public health and demands
spot detection of adulterants. immediate attention. Tackling this issue requires
Encouraging research in food safety and
a multi-pronged approach involving govern-
quality assurance techniques.
ment regulations, technological advancements
3. Public Participation :
Consumers are urged to report incidents of and public awareness. Ensuring food purity is
adulteration. not just about individual health but also about
Promoting the purchase of certified and fostering a healthier society.
labeled food products.

STRANGE HUNTING BEHAVIOUR IN BIRDS

Survival in the animal kingdom revolves Strange and Rare Hunting Behaviours
around the ability to secure food, requiring a 1. Predatory Songbirds : Shrikes, known as
combination of skill, patience and endurance. ‘butcher birds’, impale their prey on thorns
Birds, like all animals, display fascinating or barbed wires, a method of food storage.
behaviors and adaptations to meet their dietary 2. Hunting in Flight : Birds like swallows
needs. While most birds rely on nature-given and martins capture insects mid-air with
anatomy and hunting instincts, some species precision.
exhibit unconventional and peculiar hunting 3. Specialized Diets : Some birds consume
unusual items like rock salts for minerals or
behaviours, making them unique in the avian
even animal excreta, as seen in extreme
world. survival scenarios.
Extraordinary Hunting Techniques in Adaptations Supporting Hunting
Birds
Anatomical Features : Sharp talons, hooked
1. Tool Usage : Certain bird species, like beaks, and acute vision aid predatory birds
crows and woodpecker finches, use tools like eagles and hawks.
such as twigs or leaves to extract insects
Behavioural Traits : Patience, stealth, and
from crevices.
strategic positioning are critical to success-
2. Deceptive Tactics : Burrowing owls use ful hunting in birds like herons and king-
dung to attract beetles, turning a simple bait fishers.
into a strategic hunting tool. In Conclusion, Birds exhibit an impressive
3. Cooperative Hunting : Birds like pelicans range of hunting behaviours that reflect their
hunt in groups, herding fish into shallow adaptability and resourcefulness in the wild.
waters to make capture easier. From tool use to cooperative strategies, these
4. Unique Prey Targeting : Species such as behaviours highlight the incredible diversity
oxpeckers feed on ticks and parasites found of avian survival tactics. Understanding these
on large mammals, blending feeding with unique behaviours deepens our appreciation for
symbiosis. the complexities of nature.

COUNCIL OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH : EIGHT

DECADES OF SUCCESS INSPIRED BY VISIONARY LEADERS
The Council of Scientific and Industrial Achieved the first complete genome
Research (CSIR) stands as a pillar of Indian sequencing of an Indian.
scientific innovation and excellence. Over eight Designed the first indigenous two-seater
decades, it has been instrumental in propelling trainer aircraft.
India’s progress in science and technology 2. Expansive Research Network : Boasts an
through groundbreaking contributions that extensive network of laboratories across the
touch diverse sectors. country, addressing issues ranging from
Major Achievements health and agriculture to aerospace and
1. Pioneering Innovations : environmental science.
Developed the world’s first baby food from 3. Technological Breakthroughs : Spear-
buffalo milk. headed projects like green hydrogen
Created India’s first parallel processing production, advanced material research,
computer. and AI-driven solutions for societal needs.
Visionary Leadership 3. Societal Upliftment : Provided solutions to
Guided by exemplary leaders, CSIR has pressing societal challenges, including clean
continuously adapted to evolving challenges, water, affordable medicines and sustain-
fostering innovation and aligning its goals with able energy.
national priorities like Make in India and
Aatmanirbhar Bharat. In Conclusion, CSIR’s legacy of innovation
Impact on Society and dedication to excellence is a testament to its
vital role in shaping India’s scientific and
1. Economic Development : Contributions to
industries like pharmaceuticals, agriculture industrial landscape. As it continues to
and energy. evolve, its efforts remain a beacon of inspiration
2. Global Recognition : Positioned India as a for future generations of scientists and innova-
leader in scientific research and innovation. tors.

HANDFISH : GIVING UNDERWATER HIGH-FIVES TO

ONE OF THE QUIRKIEST FISHES
Deep beneath the waters of southern Behaviour and Lifestyle
Australia and Tasmania resides the handfish, a 1. Walking Fish : Unlike most fish, handfish
quirky and intriguing marine creature known use their pectoral fins to ‘walk’ along the
for its unusual appearance and behaviour. ocean floor.
2. Solitary Creatures : Tend to live alone and
Key Characteristics
have a slow-paced lifestyle.
1. Family : Belongs to the Brachionichthyidae Conservation Status
family. Several species of handfish are critically
2. Size : Ranges from a few centimeters to endangered due to :
around 15 cm in length. Habitat loss.
3. Unique Anatomy : Named for their fin-like Pollution.
hands, which they use to ‘walk’ along the Invasive species disrupting their eco-
systems.
seabed instead of swimming. Possess a
Conservation efforts are in place to protect
vibrant, camouflaged appearance to blend
this unique marine species, including breed-
with their environment. ing programs and habitat restoration initia-
Habitat and Distribution tives.
Found exclusively in the waters of southern In Conclusion, The handfish exemplifies
the diversity of life in Earth’s oceans and under-
Australia and Tasmania.
scores the need for preserving marine biodiver-
Prefer shallow, rocky areas and seagrass sity. Protecting these fascinating creatures is
beds, which provide camouflage and crucial for maintaining the balance of our under-
hunting grounds. water ecosystems.