HAPPY NEW YEAR

&
WELCOME TO GRADE 10

MR: NGWENYA VA
PHYSICAL SCIENCES
 PROGRAMME OF ASSESSMENT FOR GRADE 10
END OF YEAR
ASSESSEMENT (60%)

TERM 1 TERM 2 TERM 3 TERM 4

TYPE Weighting TYPE Weighting TYPE Weighting Final
and and and duration
duration duration Examination
Two papers of 100
June Exam 25% EXPERIMENT 12,5% marks each Paper 1:
Paper 1 100 marks (PAT) 50 marks
Paper 2 100 marks and 2-hour Physics (100 marks)
2hours duration)
Paper 2: Chemistry

Mid-year 100 CONTROL 25% (1 x 75 (100 marks) Each

examination TEST (SBA) marks) 1.5
hours
paper having a
(SBA)
duration of 2 hours)

Total weighting: 25% Total weighting: 37.5% Total weighting 37.5%

 GRADE 10 GRADE 11 GRADE 12

% % %

Mechanics 18.75 16.87 17.50

Waves, Sound & Light 10.00 8.13 3.75

Electricity & Magnetism 8.75 12.5 7.50

Matter & Materials 17.50 15.00 11.5 chem & 3.75 physics

Chemical Change 15 17.75 17.50

Chemical Systems 5 5 3,5

Teaching Time (Theory and Practical Work) 75 75 65

Time for Examinations and Control Tests 25 25 35

WAVES, SOUND AND LIGHT: -

Transverse pulses on a string/

spring -Transverse waves
Pulse, amplitude
• Pulse is a single disturbance in a
medium.

• Transverse pulse is a pulse in

which the particles of the
medium move at right angles to
the direction of motion of the
pulse.

• Amplitude is the maximum

disturbance of a particle from its
1.

2.
Superposition of pulses
• The principle of superposition is
the algebraic sum of the amplitudes
of two pulses that occupy the same
space at the same time.
• Constructive interference is the
phenomenon where the crest of
one pulse overlaps with the crest of
another to produce a pulse of
increased amplitude.
• Destructive interference is the
phenomenon where the crest of
one pulse overlaps with the trough
of another, resulting in a pulse of
reduced amplitude.
 Wavelength, frequency, amplitude, period, wave speed
• Transverse wave is a wave in which the
particles of the medium vibrate at right
angles to the direction of motion of the
wave.
• Transverse wave is a succession of
transverse pulses.
• Wavelength is the distance between two
successive points in phase.
• Frequency is the number of wave pulses
per second.
• Period is the time taken for one complete
wave pulse.
• Amplitude is the maximum displacement of
a particle from its equilibrium position.
• Crest is the highest point (peak) on a wave.
• Trough is the lowest point on a wave.
 Wave concepts in phase and out of phase
• In phase: Two points in phase are separated by a whole number (1; 2; 3; …)
multiple of complete wavelengths.
• Out of phase: Points that are not separated by a whole number multiple of
complete wavelengths.

Two waves are in phase when their crests and troughs and all of their in phase points are
exactly aligned. If this is not the case then they are out of phase.
Class work 1
Define the following terms:
a) Pulse
b) Transverse wave
c) Amplitude
d) Period
e) Frequency
f) Wavelength
g) Wave speed
h) In phase
i) Out of phase
j) Crest
k) Though
l) Principle of superposition
•
•
Class work 2
1. Convert the following:- i. 1350mg to kg
a) 13cm to mm ii. 5l to ml
b) 1350mm to cm iii. 440ml to l
c) 23m to cm iv. 2kl to l
d) 270cm to m v. 3,5 hrs to minutes
e) 3km to m vi. 456 days to hours
f) 1700m to km vii. 720 days to a year
g) 12g to mg viii. 720 seconds to hours
h) 1250mg to g ix. 5weeks to hrs
i) 5kg to g x. 42 months to days
j) 2.5kg to mg xi. 72 to months to years
 Example 1
•

Example 2
 Class work 3
•
 Class work 4
•
Class work 6
1. Define these terms:
a) Wavelength
b) Frequency
c) Period
d) Amplitude
2. A wave pattern from rest position has amplitude of 20m and a wavelength of 1m.
The wave has two crests and two trough and takes 0,5s to complete from A-H.
a) draw this wave pattern and label it from A-H.
b) Name two points that are in phase.
c) Between which two points does the distance represent one wavelength.
d) What is the period of the wave?
e) Calculate how long it will take five complete waves to pass a specific point.
f) Calculate the frequency of the wave.
g) Calculate the speed of the wave.
Longitudinal waves
• Longitudinal wave is a wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate
parallel to the direction of motion of the wave.
 • The more
compression the
higher the
amplitude of a
longitudinal wave

• Wavelength is
measured between
two point of
compression or
rarefaction
 Example
•
 Class work 6
•
Sound waves
• Sound waves are created by vibrations in a medium in the direction of propagation.
E.g. human vocal cords
Musical instrument (prongs of turning fork; guitar strings; drums)
Enclosed air column (wind instruments)
• The vibrations cause a regular variation in pressure in the medium.
• Sound wave as a longitudinal wave.
Relationship between wave speed and the properties of the medium
• Sound waves need a medium to travel through and the cannot be propagated
through a vacuum.
• Sound travels the fastest through a solid medium, slower through liquids and slowest
through gases(the more closely the particles are packed, the better/faster a sound
wave is propagated).
• The speed of sound waves increases as the temperature of the medium increases.
• The speed of sound waves is higher in a more elastic medium.
Reflection of sound waves
• When a sound wave collides with an object, e.g. a wall, it is reflected.

• In a small room with several objects in it, various reflections of sound occur. These
reflections overlap with the original sound and are not heard.

• In a big hall with a lot of empty space, the reflected sound is sometimes heard a bit
later. This is known as an echo.

The reflection of sounds can be used to detect objects. Bats use the reflection of
sound to determine the position of objects around them.

• If a transmitted sound wave hits an object and is reflected back to the sound source,
the distance between the sound source and the object can be determined
 Example
•
Class work 7
Class work 8
 1.

2.

3.

4.

4.1

4.2

4.2.1

4.2.2

4.2.3
Pitch
• Pitch is the effect produced in the ear due to the sound of a particular
frequency.
• The pitch of sound refers to how high or low a sound is, e.g. a female soprano
voice has a high pitch and a male baritone voice has a low pitch.
• The pitch is dependent on the frequency of the sound, i.e. the higher the
frequency, the higher the sound/pitch.

The human ear hears sounds with frequencies from 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz (20 kHz). Sound with frequencies
higher than 20 kHz is known as ultrasound and can only be heard by some animals
• The shorter the wavelength the higher the pitch. The longer the period the lower the
pitch. Same amplitude does not mean same pitch.
 Loudness
• Loudness is a subjective term describing the strength of the ear's perception
of a sound.
• The loudness of a sound depends on the amplitude of the sound.
• The greater the amplitude, the louder the sound.
• The amplitude is an indication of the amount of energy that is transferred by
the wave and the pressure change caused by the vibrating particles in the
medium.

• The loudness of a sound also depends on the • The sensitivity for sounds of certain frequencies
sensitivity of the human ear to certain frequencies. also varies from person to person and changes
A high, shrill sound seems louder than a deep, with an increase in age.
lower sound of the same amplitude.
Sound quality(tone)
• Two sounds may have the same pitch and amplitude and still sound different.
• Two notes of the same pitch and loudness, played on different instruments do
not sound the same because the waveforms are different and therefore differ
in quality or tone.
Class work 9
 Ultrasound
• Ultrasound refers to sound with a frequency of 20 - 150 kHz and it falls outside
of the range of the human ear.
• Ultrasound waves therefore have very high frequencies and very short
wavelengths
In animals
• Many animals such as dogs, dolphins and bats can hear sounds in the
ultrasound range that humans cannot hear.
• Bats send out ultrasound waves (high-frequency squeaking sounds), which are
reflected by objects. Their big ears catch the reflected sound and in this way
they detect the position of objects.
• Dolphins use ultrasound in a similar way to bats. By sending out higher
frequency sounds, they can detect objects that are further away.
 General applications
Ultrasound has very short wavelengths and can be reflected off very small objects.
This enables us to detect these small objects. (Waves with longer wavelengths will
simply move over small objects and will not be reflected.)
• Weak spots in metal objects, such as invisible cracks in the wings of aircraft, can be
detected in this way.
• The thickness of metals or plastics can be determined in this way.
• Ultrasound is used to clean the delicate mechanisms of old-fashioned watches.

Medical applications
Ultrasound has various medical applications, i.e.:
• It does not damage the soft tissue of human organs and is sometimes preferred to X-
rays during medical examinations.
• When ultrasound is sent through the human body and it reaches the boundary
between two different mediums, e.g. muscle and fat or bone and muscle, part of the
wave is transmitted through the next medium and another part is reflected. The
reflected waves are detected and electronically combined to form an image of the
region (e.g. the organs).
Applications of ultrasound
• To take a sonar image of an
unborn baby

• To determine the rate of

blood flow to see if there are
any blockages in veins

• To break kidney stones or

gallstones down into smaller
pieces

• By dentists to clean teeth

Multiple choice questions
Class work 10
Multiple choice questions
Class work 11
Class work 12
Electromagnetic radiation
• There are types of radiation whereby energy is transferred without requiring
a medium. This type of radiation is known as electromagnetic radiation.
Radio waves, microwaves, visible light and X-rays are examples of such
electromagnetic radiation. They can all be transmitted through empty space.
• Electromagnetic radiation can best be explained using a wave model and
some aspects can best be explained using a particle model.
It is produced by charges accelerating through space.
There are both natural and man-made sources of electromagnetic radiation.
The sun, for instance, is an intense natural source of radiation that can have
both positive and negative effects on living things.
The sun produces both visible (light) and invisible (ultra violet-rays)
electromagnetic radiation streams.
• Man-made sources of electromagnetic radiation include X-rays, radio waves,
microwaves and gamma rays.

• Humans to power machines and to increase communication abilities use

microwaves and radio waves. Gamma rays are used in chemotherapy. Cell phones,
radios, microwave ovens, and radar all create electromagnetic radiation.

• Either using the wave nature or the particle nature of the radiation (visible light)
can explain the properties of electromagnetic radiation.

• This property of electromagnetic radiation to have a wave nature and a particle

nature is known as wave-particle duality. Light is an example of wave-particle
duality.
 Properties of electromagnetic waves
•

Dual nature of electromagnetic radiation

• Diffraction and interference show that light has a wave particle
• The photo electric effect demonstrates the particle nature
 Accelerating Charge
• Accelerating charges emit electromagnetic waves.
• A changing electric field generates a magnetic field and a changing magnetic
field generates an electric field. This is the principle behind the propagation of
electromagnetic waves.
• Electromagnetic waves do not need a medium to travel through.

Propagation of Electromagnetic Radiation

• Electromagnetic (EM) waves propagate when an electric field oscillating in
one plane produces a magnetic field oscillating in a plane at right angles to it.
• The electric field(s) and magnetic field(s) must remain perpendicular to each
other.
• EM wave propagation is a mutual induction because the changing electric
field is responsible for inducing the magnetic field and vice versa.
E is used to show electric field and B is used to show magnetic field
( refer to the diagram of mutual regeneration of electric field and
magnetic field below ).
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
The Electromagnetic Spectrum in order of increasing wavelength
GXUVIMR
The Electromagnetic Spectrum in order of decreasing wavelength
RMIVUXG
Class work
 Unit Symbol Unit in metres
Micrometre
Nanometre
Pico-metre

Nature of electromagnetic as particle

 Example
•
Application of EM Radiation
Category Application
Gamma rays Used to kill the bacteria in marshmallows and to sterilise
medical equipment
X – rays Used to image bone structures

Ultraviolet light Bees can see into the ultraviolet because flowers stand out
more clearly at this frequency
Visible light Used by humans to observe the world

Infrared Night vision, heat sensors, laser metal cutting

Microwave Microwave ovens, radar

Radio waves Radio, television broadcasts

Class work
 Penetrating Ability of EM Radiation
EM radiation has different degrees of So, EM with higher frequency has higher
penetration because of different frequencies degree of penetration than those with
they possess. In a human body EM radiation low frequency.
penetrates as follows: Gamma rays, X-rays and Ultra violet rays
Visible light is reflected off the surface of are very dangerous EM rays. Their
the human body. radiation is called ionising radiation.
Ultra-violet light (from sunlight) damages Ionising radiation is the transfer of energy
the skin. when EM passes through matter,
breaking molecular bonds and creating
X-rays penetrate the skin and bone
ions
❖ X-rays have a higher penetrating ability
Excessive exposure to radiation, including
than visible light and therefore X-rays have
sunlight, X-rays and all nuclear radiation
a much higher frequency (energy) than
can cause destruction of biological tissue.
visible light.
Ultraviolet(UV) Radiation and the skin:
UV has different ranges of frequency namely the UVA and UVB, which affect
the skin as follows:
• UVA light
Speeds up ageing of skin
Damages DNA
Can possibly lead to skin cancer
Does not cause sunburn but penetrates deeply in the skin.

• UVB light
Can cause skin cancer
Excites DNA leading to cancerous mutations
Class work
The types of electromagnetic radiation are arranged according to frequency in
the table below
•
Discussion of Radiation from Cell Phones
Cell Phone Electromagnetic Radiation

It is commonly agreed that there are low-levels of radiation emitted from cell
phones, with some emitting more than others.

The exact source of radiation in a cell phone is from the transmitter, a device
located near the antenna that converts audio data into electromagnetic waves. The
amount of radiation a cell phone can emit is limited by legal restrictions.

• The best method of cell phone radiation protection is to keep the phone as far
from the body as possible while it is turned on. Keeping calls short as well as
making them from good reception areas will also reduce exposure.
Cell Phone Radiation Danger:
• The most important time for cell phone radiation protection is during an
actual phone call when a phone emits the most radiation.

• An increased probability of being involved within a car accident while using a

cell phone is one of the most common cell phone risks.

• Many times, a cell phone user will touch the phone with his or her hands,
cheeks, mouth, and ears. Cell phones are made of plastic, metals, and other
materials that could potentially cause allergic reactions to nickel. This
reaction is known as contact dermatitis. Most times, the symptoms of this
type of allergic reaction include redness and/or blisters.
Class work
 Example
•
 Work from the RELAB
Class work 1 p.g 102

Class work p.g 103 (1.1 - 1.5)

Class work p.g 104 (2.1 - 2.4)

Class work p.g 105-106 (3.1 - 3.3)

Class work p.g (4.1 - 4.4)

 Chapter summary Dual nature(particle motion as
• well wave motion)

Particle nature (photons) in

interaction with matter.

Electromagnetic
Energy of particle

radiation
Wave nature when generated and
propagation
• Photons is a packets of energy
of which light is composed.
Properties of electromagnetic
radiation
Electromagnetic waves
originate from oscillating
electric charges
propagate as electric and
magnetic fields that are
perpendicular to each other
Can travel through a vacuum