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Unit Operation - 1

The document discusses size reduction in food engineering, defining it as the process of reducing solid particle sizes for various benefits such as increased surface area and absorption. It outlines mechanisms of size reduction, including impact, attrition, and compression, and describes laws governing the process, factors affecting it, and specific equipment like hammer mills and fluid energy mills. Additionally, it highlights the advantages and disadvantages of these methods and equipment in the context of food engineering.

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15 views12 pages

Unit Operation - 1

The document discusses size reduction in food engineering, defining it as the process of reducing solid particle sizes for various benefits such as increased surface area and absorption. It outlines mechanisms of size reduction, including impact, attrition, and compression, and describes laws governing the process, factors affecting it, and specific equipment like hammer mills and fluid energy mills. Additionally, it highlights the advantages and disadvantages of these methods and equipment in the context of food engineering.

Uploaded by

kakon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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State University of Bangladesh

Assignment
Assignment as “ food
Engineering and operation -1 “
Submitted by
Name:Mahabubul Alam
Md shahin
ID:UG11-51-22-032
UG11-51-22-16
Assigned by
Md. Belal Lecturer
Assignment name :- Size Reduction
Size Reduction :- Size reduction is a process in which
the particle size of a solid is made smaller. The term size
reduction is applied to ways in which particles of solids are
cut or broken into smaller pieces..

Definition:
It is the process in which we convert a drug (bulk particles ) into
small particles through any impact

Objective :

Why we need size reduction


*For increase surface area
* To increase absorption
* less energy in mixing
*Easy in mixing and Easy to absorption our body
Mechanism of Size Reduction:

1) Impact
2) Attrition
3) Combination of impact and Attrition
4) Cutting
5) Compression

1) Impact: In this drug molecules converted into small particles


through only type of impact, Amount of drug remain constant
E g. Hammer mill
2) Attrition :In this method drug particles collide with each other
and reduce there size from large molecules to small molecules
(particles). E g. Fluid energy mil
3) Combination :In this method , ( Impact+ Attrition) both apply
simultaneously . E g. Ball mill
4) Cutting :In this method ,we reduce large drug molecules into
small through cutting ,it is mostly used for soft and fibrous drugs
E g Cutter mill
5) Compression: In this method , Drug molecules reduces through
compression or by applying pressure on it.
It mostly use for hard nature drugs. E g. Roller mill
Law Converning Size Reduction

1) Kick’s law
2) Rittinger’s law
3) Bond’s law
The more we reduce the particles ,the more energy will be used
to more it smaller
Kick’s law:
Rittinger’s law:

Bond’s law: Energy used for size reduction is porpotional to


the new cracks length
Factor Affecting on Size Reduction:
1) Hardness : It is a surface property of the material .the
harder the material the more difficult it to reduce in size.
2) Material structure : Substance’s structure is also affect the
size reduction process. E g. long particles reduce through
cutting . small or hard particles reduces through impact
3) Softening temperature: some substance melt at and
increasing temp during size reduction . E g. waxy
substance. So,we use for overcome this
Like cooling the mill, either by a water jacket or by passing
a stem of our through the equipment
4) Stickness: A sticky material will tend to crack the grinding
equipment and it should therefore be ground in a point
that can be cleaned easily
5) Soapiness : this is a measure of the coefficient of fricition
of the surface of the material ,if the coefficient of friction
is low ,the crushing my be more difficult
6) Explosive: Such matrial must be ground wet or in the
presence of an inert atmosphere

Hammer mill:
Mill which used to reduce particles size through ‘impact’

Principale: The principle of hammer mill is based on Impact

Construction: The basic principle is straightforward. A


hammer mill is essentially a steel drum containing a
vertical or horizontal rotating shaft or drum on which
hammers are mounted the hammers are free to swing on
the ends of the cross, or the central rotor.

Working:
-Firstly bulky drug drug material store in hopper then,through
hopper I will start to fallen down
-start the machine and hammer will start to hit the drug
particles
- and by the impact particles started to reduce
-And After reduction, aprticles stored in receiver through
screen
-And those particles ,which does not reduce again rolled in mill

Uses: Used to reduce particles sizes


Advantages:-
- Useful for big particles
- Uesful for hard ,tough particles
- Easy and fast in use
- Used to reduce in very small particles through screen

Disadvantage:-
- Sound produce (noisy)
- Very heat produce
- Can’t use fibrous material

Fluid Energy Mills:

Principle: It based on the principle of Atrition and Impact


Construction:
It consist of a 100p of pipe,which has a diameter of 20-
200mm,depending on the overrall height of the 100p, which
may be upto about 2 meter.
There is an hopper for inlet of particles which we have to
reduce and one inlet for air or any inert gas (fluid).
And one outlet from where we get (receive) reduced particles.
Working:
- Firstly solid particles (Drug particles which we have to
reduced) introduced into pipe through Hopper then close
it
- Then air introduced into pipe through air, inlet with very
high pressure
- Due to high degree of turbulence ,impact and attrition
force occurs b/w the particles .and the particles started to
be smaller
- Then it will received in receiver passes through screen.

Uses:-
- The mill is used to grind heat sensitive material to fine
powder
- The mill is used to grind those drugs in which high degree
of particles is required
- It will reduces the particle to 1 to 20 micron.

Advantage:-
-The mi;; is used to grind the material to fine powder
-The particles size of powder can be controlled due to the use
of classifier.
- There is no contamination of the product.
- It is useful for grinding heat sensitive substances such as
sulphonamides,vitamines and antibiotics.

Disadvantage:-
-High enery consumption.
- Generation of amorphous content due to high enery impact.

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