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Subject Name: Pharmaceutical Engineering: Unit I Size Reduction

Size reduction is a process that reduces large solid masses into smaller particles through precipitation or mechanical methods. Precipitation involves using solvents and another solvent to reduce size, while mechanical methods use grinding equipment and force. Size reduction increases surface area and improves properties like appearance, mixing, stability, drying, and viscosity. It allows for more uniform content and flow while reducing bulk and shipping costs. However, it can also degrade drugs and cause contamination. The energy used in size reduction is mostly wasted via elastic deformation, transportation within machines, friction, heat, and inefficiencies. Factors like hardness, toughness, stickiness, material structure, temperature, moisture, purity needs, and densities determine how size reduction occurs.

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72 views46 pages

Subject Name: Pharmaceutical Engineering: Unit I Size Reduction

Size reduction is a process that reduces large solid masses into smaller particles through precipitation or mechanical methods. Precipitation involves using solvents and another solvent to reduce size, while mechanical methods use grinding equipment and force. Size reduction increases surface area and improves properties like appearance, mixing, stability, drying, and viscosity. It allows for more uniform content and flow while reducing bulk and shipping costs. However, it can also degrade drugs and cause contamination. The energy used in size reduction is mostly wasted via elastic deformation, transportation within machines, friction, heat, and inefficiencies. Factors like hardness, toughness, stickiness, material structure, temperature, moisture, purity needs, and densities determine how size reduction occurs.

Uploaded by

Madhuri poulkar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Subject Name: Pharmaceutical

engineering
Unit I
SIZE REDUCTION
Definition-

Size reduction is a process of reducing large solid unit


masses ( vegetable or chemical substances) into small unit
masses that is coarse particles or fine particles.

• Size reduction process is also termed as


commination or diminution or  pulverization
Process of Size reduction
• Size reduction may be achieved by two methods
1. Precipitation method
2. Mechanical method

3. Precipitation method
Substance + Solvent Mixture + Another solvent

precipitation of material reduced size (e.g. calcium


carbonate, yellow mercuric oxide, bulk drug etc.)

2. Mechanical method
substance + mechanical force ( grinding equipment like
ball mill,  colloid mill etc.)  reduce the size
  (e.g. dry grinding in tablets and capsules weight grinding
Objectives of Size Reduction-
It increases the surface area( to increase adsorptive
properties)
It improve appearance.
It facilitate Mixing.
It improved stability.
It facilitates drying.
It increases viscosity.
In drugs that are crushed to expose cells prior to
extraction
Reduces the bulk of material and reduce the shipping
charges due to decreased volume.
Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages
Disadvantages
 Content uniformity
 Drug degradation
 Uniform flow
 Poor mixing
 Effective extraction of drug
 Contamination
 Effective drying
 Improve physical stability
 Improved dissolution rate
 Improved rate of absorption
Modes of stress applied in size reduction
The common modes of size reduction are as follows -

1. Cutting (e.g. Cutter mill)

2. Compression (e.g. Roller mill)

3. Impact (e.g. Hammer mill, Fluid energy mill)

4. Attrition (e. g. Fluid energy mill)


Mechanism of Size reduction
Energy requirements of size reduction process

As little as 1% of the total energy consumption is only


used for size reduction process and remaining energy
wasted in in lots of things such as-

 Elastic deformation of an fractured particles.


Transport of materials within the meaning chamber.
 Friction between the particle.
 Friction between the particles and meal.
 Heat.
Vibration and noise.
 In efficiency of transmission and motor.
Factors affecting on size reduction
1. Hardness
2. Toughness
3. Stickiness
4. Material Structure
5. Softening temperature
6. Moisture contain
7. Physiological effect
8. Purity require
9. Ratio of feed size to product
10. Bulk density

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