: ACTIVITY 1 To verify that the relation R in the set L of all lines in a plane, defined by R= {(I, m):1. m) is [symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive. Material Required Apiece of plywood, 8 pieces of wires, some nails, white pape gum etc, Method of Construction ake a piece of plywood h and paste a white paper tl omit. Fix all the 8 wires | “J andomly on the jwood with the help of | =} mals such that some of them are parallel, some are perpendicular to each cher and some are indined. as shown in figure given below. Demonstration 1. Let the wires represent the lines hla «lye 2. lis perpendicular to each of the lines Jy, , by [see above figure] 3, [pis perpendicular to f- 4. Iris parallel to hh is parallel to 1, and & is parallel toi. 5. (hy Ls Os he Hs lon HER Observation in the above figure, no line is perpendicular to ta aeine relation R= (in) E LM) reflexive (islis not). 2 InFig, h Lets hth? “hs l) € R= (ly) Similarly, bth. s 14? 2Mlg,h) R= (hy Bd ee lng kd led “lg h) € R= (hs be) Bele) ‘The relation R.... symmetric Gelis not) 8. Im Fig fh and Lb 18 LG? ener (YestNe) jie, (ay) € Rand (4, 4) eR (ly hone RETO «The relation R... transi . (Yes/No) Rel) ive (isfis not). cama Application On the basis of this activity we can check whether a given rela an equivalence relation oF not. Note 1. In this ease, the relation is not an equivalence relation. 2. ‘The activity can be repeated by taking some more wire in different positions. ay Ay) 1. What is the neccessary condition for a relation to be reflexive? ‘Ans A relation Ron a set As said to be reflexive ifevery clement of Ais related to itself. Thus, Ris reflexive exlaaeRVacd 2 Define a relation. ‘Ans Let A and B be two sets. Then, a relation R from set A to set Bisa subset of Ax A. Thus, Risa relation from A to BeoRSAXB. 3. Write the smallest reflexive relation on set A = {1,23} Ans ((1,1),(.2)6,3)) 4. State the reason for the relation Ron the set { 1, 2,3} given by R= {(1,2),(2,1)} not to be transitive. Ans We observe that (1,2) ¢R and (2,1) Rut (1,1) € R. Hence, Ris not transitive 5 Let A={a.bjc}and Rbea set on A define as R= {(a,a),(b, b)}. State whether it is reflexive or identity relation. ‘Ans Since(c,c)é R, hence it is reflexive but not identity relation on. 6 Give a practical example of a equivalence relation. ‘Ans R be a relation on the set B of all books in a library, defined by R= {(a,!6): and b both have same page}. 7 The union of two equivalence relation on a set is not neccessarily on equivalence, relation on the set. True or false? ‘Ans True. Let = (abe) and set Rand be two relations on A, given by R = {(a, a), (b, 6), (¢, €), (a, 6),(b, a)} and. (a, a), (b, b),(c, ¢), (b, ¢),(c, b)} Both Rand Sare equivalence. But RUS snot transitive, because (a, b) € RUS and (b, c) € RUS but (a,c) € RUS. 8 Let A = (0,123) and Rbe a relation on A defined as (0,0), (0,1), (0,3, (1,001) (2 2(8 0) 3) 1s Ris reflexive? Symmetric ? Transitive ? Ans Reflexive and symmetric. @ scanned with OKEN ScannerACTIVITY 2 fy that the relation Rin the set Lof all lines in a plane, defined by B= (l,m): Il m} is an equivalence relation. Material Required A piece of plywood, 8 picces of wire, plywood, some nails, white papet, gum ete Method of Constr mien, a Take a piece of plywood and paste a white paper oon it, Fix all the 8 wires randomly on the plywood with the help of nails such that some of them are parallel, some are perpendicular to each other and some are inclined as. shown in figure given below. Demonstration” 1. Let the wires represent the lines J, ly, Jy. 2. |; is perpendicular to each of the lines ly, hy {see figure}. is perpendicular to h, parallel to j;,J, is parallel to J, and J, is parallel to fy. yb th, Observation 1. In fig,, every line is parallel to itself, So the relation R= {(hm): lll} sees ¥eflexive relation (sls not) 2. In fig. observe that lly 18 fn? (IVI) $0, (lh) € R= (hy be. R(@!€) Similarly, lll 1s Pyne b ? CUD) 80 (yyy) € = (ly by )ne R(E Le) and (by) € B= (ps boos R(@) ~The relation 2... symmetrie relation (is/is not) 3. In fig. observe that fll, and Ally. 18 bys ky? auth, 80, (ye) € Rand (holy) € R= (ly lyon REL) Similarly, lly and Llldy 18 ba. ? (MI) 80, (he R, sb) € R= (hb) ‘Thus, the relation a eR R@le) . transitive relation (isfis not) Hence, the relation R is reflexive, symmetric ang transitive, So, Ris an equivalence relation, Application activity we can easily understand stare the ‘equivalence relation. From concept of Note 1 This more wires in diff 2. In this ease, the relation is an equivalence relation, VIVA-VOCE 1 Define a symmetric relati [Ans A relation Ron a set A is said to be a symmetric relation iff (a,b) ER=(ba)ERVabEA wvity can be repeated by taking fixing some ent positions 2 Define a transitive relation. Ans Let A be any set A relation B on Ais said to be transitive relation iff (@,6)€ Rand(b,c) ER = |@deRVahced 8 Define an equivalence relation, ‘Ans A relation Ron a set A is said to be an equivalence relation on Alffit is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. 4 For the set A = {1,23} define a relation Ron the set 4 as follow: R= ((11),(2,2)(33),(13)} Write the ordered pairs to be added to Rto make the smallest equivalence relation. Ans (3,1) 5 Write the smallest equivalence relation on the set A= (1,23) Ans {(.1),2,2),3) 6 IF Risa symmetric relation on a set A then write a relation between Rand R7 Ans R=R7 7 Let Rbe the equivalence relation in the set A= (0,1,23.4,5} given by R= {(a,b):2 divides(a— b)}. write the equivalence class of [0] ‘Ans Clearly 2-0 and 4-0 are divisible by 2. Therefore,@,0) € R and (4, 0) 6 . * (l= [24] 8 Isit true, the inverse of an equivalence relation is an equivalence relation, Ans Yes. @ scanned with OKEN ScannerTo demonstrate a function wh not one-one but is ont Material Required A piece of cardboard, some nails, some strings of 5-6 em length, gum and some plastic strips. Method of Construction 1, Paste a plastic strip on the left hand side of the cardboard and fix three nails on it as shown in the fig (a). Name them as 1, 2 and 3. 2, Paste another strip on the right hand side of the cardboard and fix two nails in the plastie strip as shown in fig (b). Name them as a and 6. 3, Join nails on the left strip to the nails on the right strip as shown in fig (0). A fa . + 2 2 3 > 3 6 @ ® © cm Demonstration 1. Take the set A ={1,2,3} 2. Take the set B={a, b} 3, doin (correspondence) elements of A to,the elements of Bas shown in fig (®) Observation 1. The image of the element 1 of Ain Bis ‘The image of the element 2 of A in B is ‘The image of the element 3 of A in B is So, fig (¢) represents a .. 2, Every clement in A has a... image in B. So, the function is ...... (one - one/not one-one). 8, The pre-image of each element of Bin A (exists / does not exist). So, the function is onto’ not onto). Application This activity is very helpful to understand the concept of a function to be one - one and onto, Note Demonstrate the same activity by increasing the number of the elements (nails) of the sets A and B (IVA-VOCE 1 Write the condition for a function f(x) to be one-one ‘Ans A function (is said tobe one-one, if for x, and x, if fl) = fle) 2% 2 What do you mean by injective mapping ‘Ans Ifa function is one-one than it is known as injective mapping, 8 Let A be the set of all 50 students of class XI in a school. Let F: A N be a function defined by ‘f(x)= Roll number of student y state weflur it is ‘one-one or not. Ans Since, no two different students of the cass can have the same roll number. Therefore, fis one-one. 4 Is cos xis one-one or not? Ans We know that, cos0 =¢os2x Hence, cosxis not one-one 5 Let A={-1,0,1}and f(x)=x?, x¢ A. Find whether (2) is one-one or not on A. ‘Ans We have, f(-1)=(-1)? =1and f(t) =()? # f= fe) But-141 Hence, f(x) is not one-one. @ scanned with OKEN ScannerACTIVITY 4 To demonstrate a function which is one-one but not onto. Material Required ‘A piece of cardboard, some nails, some strings of 5-6 cm Jengch, gum and some plastic strips. v Method of Construction 1. Paste a plastic strip on the left hand side of the cardboard and fix two nails in it as shown in the fig (a). Name them as a and b. 2, Paste another strip on the right hand side of the cardboard and fix three nails on it as shown in fig (b). Name them as 1, 2 and 3. 3, Join nails on the left strip to the nails on the right, strip as shown in the fig (0). A 8 +8 4 “1 2 2 »- ool +b 3 73 @ © © cam Demonstration 1, Take the set A=(a, b} 2, Take the set B=(1,2, 3} 8. Join elements of A to the elements of Bas shown in fig (©). \/Observation 1, The image of the elemont a of Ain B is ‘The image of the element b of Ain B is So, the fig (¢) represents a ... 2, Every element in A has a... image in B. So, the function is ..... (one - one/not one-one). 3. The pre-image of the element 1 of Bin A of Bin A (exists /doos not exist). So, the function is Contof not onto). ‘Thus fig (c) represents a function which is but not onto, i ® Application “This activity is very useful ro understand the concepe of, function to be one - one and onto. Note Demonstrate the same activity by increasing the number of the elements (nails) of the set Aand B. VIVA-VOCE 1 Define onto function, ‘Ans A function f : A> Bis said to be an onto function if every clement of Bis the f - image of same element of A 2 Give another name of onto function. ‘Ans Another name of onto function is surjection. 3. Give condition to r a function to be bijective. [Ans For a funetion to be bijective it must be injective (one-one) and surjective (onto) both. 4 Fora function f(x)=sin x on Rto be onto, what must be its co-domain, Ans Fora funetion to be onto, co-domain must be equal to range of the function 5 Let A=(1,2}, B= {a,b,c}. A function is defined from A to B What is number of possible onto function? ‘Ans Since, (A) <(nB), 50 there is no onto function is posible from A to B 6 Let FR Redefined by f(x) =sg n(x) Check whether (3) is one-one and onto, Ans We know that, [-1.x<0 sgn(x)={ 0, Lexa So, f(x) is neither one- ne nor onto, 7 Given an example of a bijective function. Ans f:R—> Redefined by f(x) = x 8 State why f(x)=e* on Ris not onto Any We know that, Range of f(x) =(0,) # R So, flx) is not onto, @ scanned with OKEN ScannerTo draw the graph of sin” x, using the graph of sinx and demonstrate the concept of mirror reflection (about the line y = x). Material Required Cardboard, white chart paper, scale, coloured pens, gum, pencil, eraser, cutter, some nails and some thin wires. Method of Construction 4 1, Take a cardboard of suitable dimensions, say, 40 emx40 em. 2. On the cardboard, fix a white chart paper of size 30 emx30 cm (say) using gum. 4. On he porn nn perpen exch Skea nae them 30% YOY Scents ae Le ge FE 4. Graduate the aor porosity own See ing wl on ast nes the tata 5. Nan he pot ppoxinatt (Fsind) (7 snEfon( ing) ne cordate lane Sis ee ac pit nd mame thom Ny NosNo Ns 6. Repeat the above process on the other side of the X axis, marking the points ( e = sin) 47 2 2 ‘ely and fix nails on these points as approximat N,, Nan Ng, Ny. At O, also fix a nail, : y Ne oe Fata ta xt ACTIVITY 5 > D) With the help of wire join the nail on both sides of X-axis to get the graph of sin x from [* top. 8, Draw the graph of the line y= xby plotting the points (1, 1), (2, 2), (8 Bs -- ‘etc. At these points fx a wire 9, Prom the nails N,,.Vp.Ng,N x, draw perpendicular athe line y= eand produce these lines such that Teeth of perpendicular on both sides of the line tenet ge enual, Name ther fy Tyfy J and fx hails at these points Similarly, repeat the above activity on the other Side of X-axis and fix mals at ZL J, Ze 11, Join the nails on both sides of the line y=xby a ight wire, The curve so obtain shows the graph of yesin x 10. Demonstration ~ Puta mirror on the line y =x. The image of the graph of sinx in the mirror represent the graph of sin”! x showing that sin”! x is mirror reflection of sin x and vice versa. Ubservation ‘The image of point Ny in the misror ( the line y=) The linge of point V, in ‘The image of point V, in The image the mirror ( the line y=.) the mirror ( the line y=x) of point Ng in the mirror ( the line y=) ‘The image of point Ny in the mirror ( the line y= x) The the mirror ( the line y=») ‘The image of point N; in ) the mirror (the line y The image of poi is. : “The image of the graph of sinx in y= of, and the image of che graph ofsin™"» in the graph of ......... in the mirror ( the line y=3) js che graph Application. In the same way we can draw the graph of other inverse trigonomettic functions i.e. cos”! x, tan” * etc. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner: ACTIVITY 8 © | 5, ‘The function given by the left curve is a decreasing concepts of decreasing and function, reasing functions, To understand th 6. On in ight curve take three point B, By, B, and - ‘bing the other straight. wires, form tangents at ch of these points making angle By Bs-By, Material Required respectively with the positive direction of X-axis, as 5 _ | i shown in the figure. B,,f2,B, are all acute angles. Some pieces of wire of different lengths, piece of plywood, Beene tee ee eeceae enoree Panes, white paper, gum, geomeuy box, trigonometric tables, Peart eerste ae Aaa : curve is an increasing function. Method of Construction —— Abservation A Take 2 piece of plywood of a convenient size and Las > 90" using gum paste a white paper on it. a= 5 2, Take two pieces of wires of longth say 25 em each : — and fix them on the white paper to represent al : coordinate axeses, X-axis and Y-axis, Cea ea 3, Take two more pieces of wire each of suitable tance : 1 length and bend them in the shape of curves tana, (—— }. Thus the representing two functions and with the help of function is gum paste them on the paper as shown in the 2. given Fig. y (positive), —.¢ » (—— ). Thus, the funetion is Application ‘This activity helps us in explaining the basic concepts of decreasing and increasing functions. E 1 Write the neccessary condition for a function to be 4, Take two straight wires each of suitable length for, QYA RYAN the purpose of showing tangents to the curves at different points on them. i strictly increasing. Demonstration ieee a 1, Take one straight wire and place it on the left oe curve such that it is tangent to the curve at the Sa = fla) < flay) Viet point say A, and making an angle a, with the 2 Write the neccessary condition for a function to be positive direction of X-axis. strictly decreasing, 2. a is an obtuse angle, so tan, is negative, ie, the Ans A funetion f(x) is said to be strictly decreasing on (a,b), if * lope of the tangent at A, (derivative of the fle)> fle) Va €(0.0) function at A, is negative. 3. Define monotonic function, 4, Take another two points say A, and A, on the same Ans A function f(x) is said to be monotonic on an interval (2.4) curve, and make tangents, using the same wire, at ifit is either increasing or decreasing om (a,b). ‘A, and A, making angles a, and Gs, respectively 4 State whether f(x) = tan x —x is increasing or with the positive direction of X-axis. decreasing in its domain, |. Here again a, and a are obtuse angles and =m tee ‘ therefore slopes of the tangents tana, and tana i fix) n hue both negative, ic., derivatives of the function 1 f(x)=seetx-1>0WxER at A, and Ay are negative. ‘Therefore f(x) is increasing function. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner