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4-35 SECTION 4.3 DIFFERENTIATION OF EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS 325

81. Show that if y is a power function of x, so that 85. e0.113x " 4.72 ! 7.031 # x
y ! Cx k where C and k are constants, then ln y is
86. ln (x " 3) # ln x ! 5 ln (x 2 # 4)
a linear function of ln x. (Hint: Take the logarithm
on both sides of the equation y ! Cx k.) 87. Let a and b be any positive numbers other than 1.
a. Show that (log a b)(log b a) ! 1.
82. Use the graphing utility of your calculator to
log b x
graph y ! 10 x, y ! x, and y ! log10 x on the same b. Show that log a x ! for any x & 0.
coordinate axes (use [#5, 5]1 by [#5, 5]1). How log b a
are these graphs related?

In Exercises 83 through 86 solve for x.

83. x ! ln (3.42 % 10#8.1)
e #3.5x
84. 3,500e 0.31x !
1 " 257e #1.1x

SECTION 4.3 Differentiation of Exponential

and Logarithmic Functions
In the examples and exercises examined so far in this chapter we have seen how expo-
nential functions can be used to model a variety of situations, ranging from compound
interest to population growth and radioactive decay. In order to discuss rates of change
and to determine extreme values in such situations, we need derivative formulas for
exponential functions and their logarithmic counterparts. We obtain the formulas in this
section and examine a few basic applications. Additional exponential and logarithmic
models will be explored in Section 4.4. We begin by showing that the natural expo-
nential function f(x) ! ex has the remarkable property of being its own derivative.

The Derivative of ex ■ For every real number

d x
(e ) ! ex
dx

To obtain this formula, let f(x) ! ex and note that

f(x " h) # f(x)
f$(x) ! lim
h→0 h
x"h
e # ex
! lim
h→0 h
e e # ex
x h
! lim since eA"B ! eAeB
h→0 h
h
e #1
! ex lim factor ex out of the limit
h→0 h
It can be shown that
eh # 1
lim !1
h→0 h
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326 CHAPTER 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 4-36

TABLE 4.2 as indicated in Table 4.2. (A formal verification of this limit formula requires meth-
ods beyond the scope of this text.) Thus, we have
eh # 1
h eh # 1
h f$(x) ! ex lim
h→0 h
0.01 1.005017 ! ex (1)
0.001 1.000500 ! ex
0.0001 1.000050 as claimed. This derivative formula is used in Example 4.3.1.
#0.00001 0.999995
#0.0001 0.999950
EXAMPLE 4.3.1
Differentiate the following functions:
x3
a. f(x) ! x2 ex b. g(x) ! ex " 2

Solution
a. Using the product rule, we find
f $(x) ! x2(ex)$ " (x2)$ex
! x2ex " (2x)ex power rule and exponential rule
! xex (x " 2) factor out x and ex

b. To differentiate this function, we use the quotient rule:

(ex " 2) (x3)$ # x3(ex " 2)$
g$(x) !
(ex " 2)2
(e " 2) [3x2] # x3[ex " 0] power rule and
x
!
(ex " 2)2 exponential rule
2 x x
x (3e # xe " 6) factor x2 from the numerator
! x 2
(e " 2) and combine terms

The fact that e x is its own derivative means that at each point P(c, ec ) on the curve
y ! e x, the slope is equal to ec, the y coordinate of P (Figure 4.7). This is one of the
most important reasons for using e as the base for exponential functions in calculus.

y
EXPLORE! y = ex

Graph y ! e x using a modified

decimal window, [#0.7, 8.7]1
by [#0.1, 6.1]1. Trace the (c, ec)
curve to any value of x and The slope is ec
determine the value of the
derivative at this point.
Observe how close the
derivative value is to the y x
coordinate of the graph.
Repeat this for several values
of x. FIGURE 4.7 At each point P (c, e c) on the graph of y ! ex, the slope equals ec.
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4-37 SECTION 4.3 DIFFERENTIATION OF EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS 327

By using the chain rule in conjunction with the differentiation formula

d x
(e ) ! e x
dx
we obtain this formula for differentiating general exponential functions.

The Chain Rule for eu ■ If u(x) is a differentiable function of x, then

d u(x) du
(e ) ! eu(x)
dx dx

EXAMPLE 4.3.2
2
Differentiate the function f(x) ! e x "1
.

Solution
Using the chain rule with u ! x2 " 1, we find

! dxd (x "
2 2
f $(x) ! e x "1 2
" 1) ! 2xe x "1

EXAMPLE 4.3.3
Differentiate the function
e #3x
f(x) !
x2 " 1
Solution
Using the chain rule together with the quotient rule, you get
(x 2 " 1)(#3e #3x ) # (2x)e #3x
f $(x) !
(x 2 " 1)2
#3(x 2 " 1) # 2x 2
! e #3x ! (x 2 " 1)2
! e "
#3x #3x # 2x # 3
(x 2 " 1)2 ! "

EXAMPLE 4.3.4
Find the largest and the smallest values of the function f(x) ! xe2 x on the interval
#1 ' x ' 1.

Solution
By the product rule
d 2x d
f $(x) ! x (e ) " e 2 x (x) ! x(2e 2 x) " e 2 x(1) ! (2 x " 1)e 2 x
dx dx
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328 CHAPTER 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 4-38

so f $(x) ! 0 when
(2x " 1)e 2x ! 0
2x " 1 ! 0 since e 2 x & 0 for all x
1
x!#
2
1
Evaluating f(x) at the critical number x ! # and at the endpoints of the interval,
2
x ! #1 and x ! 1, we find that
f(#1) ! (#1)e#2 # #0.135

$ % $ %
1 1
f # ! # e#1 # #0.184 minimum
2 2
f(1) ! (1)e2 # 7.389 maximum
Thus, f (x) has its largest value 7.389 at x ! 1 and its smallest value #0.184 at
1
x!# .
2

Derivatives of Here is the derivative formula for the natural logarithmic function.
Logarithmic Functions
The Derivative of ln x ■ For all x & 0
d 1
(ln x) !
dx x

A proof using the definition of the derivative is outlined in Exercise 88. The
formula can also be obtained as follows using implicit differentiation. Consider the
equation
eln x ! x
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we find that
d ln x d
[e ] ! [x]
dx dx
d
eln x [ln x] ! 1 chain rule
dx
d
x [ln x] ! 1 since eln x ! x
dx
so
d 1
[ln x] ! divide both sides by x
dx x
as claimed. The derivative formula for the natural logarithmic function is used in
Examples 4.3.5 through 4.3.7.

EXAMPLE 4.3.5
Differentiate the function f(x) ! x ln x.
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4-39 SECTION 4.3 DIFFERENTIATION OF EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS 329

Solution
EXPLORE!
Combine the product rule with the formula for the derivative of ln x to get
Graph y ! ln x using a
modified decimal window,
[#0.7, 8.7]1 by [#3.1, 3.1]1.
f $(x) ! x $1x % " ln x ! 1 " ln x
Choose a value of x and con-
struct the tangent line to the
Using the rules for logarithms can simplify the differentiation of complicated expres-
curve at this x. Observe how
close the slope of the tangent
sions. In Example 4.3.6, we use the power rule for logarithms before differentiating.
1
line is to . Repeat this for
x
several additional values of x. EXAMPLE 4.3.6
3
ln (x2
Differentiate f (x) ! .
x4
Solution
3
First, since (x 2 ! x2 /3, the power rule for logarithms allows us to write
2
3 ln x
ln (x 2 ln x 2/3 3
f(x) ! ! !
x4 x4 x4
Then, by the quotient rule, we find
2 x 4(ln x)$# (x 4)$ ln x
f $(x) !
3! (x 4)2 "

!
2
! $1x % # 4x
x4 3
ln x
"
3 x8

! "
2 1 # 4 ln x
! cancel common x3 terms
3 x5

EXAMPLE 4.3.7
Differentiate g(t) ! (t " ln t)3/2.

Solution
The function has the form g(t) ! u3/ 2, where u ! t " ln t, and by applying the gen-
eral power rule, we find
d 3/2 3 du
g$(t) ! &u ' ! u 1/2
dt 2 dt
3 d
! (t " ln t)1/2 (t " ln t)
2 dt

$ %
3 1
! (t " ln t)1/2 1 "
2 t

If f(x) ! ln u(x), where u(x) is a differentiable function of x, then the chain rule
yields the following formula for f $(x).
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330 CHAPTER 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 4-40

The Chain Rule for ln u ■ If u(x) is a differentiable function of x, then

d 1 du
[ln u(x)] ! for u(x) & 0
dx u(x) dx

EXAMPLE 4.3.8
Differentiate the function f(x) ! ln (2 x 3 " 1).

Solution
Here, we have f (x) ! ln u, where u(x) ! 2x 3 " 1. Thus,
1 du 1 d
f $(x) ! ! 3 (2x 3 " 1)
u dx 2x " 1 dx
2(3x 2) 6x 2
! 3 ! 3
2x " 1 2x " 1

EXAMPLE 4.3.9
Find an equation for the tangent line to the graph of f(x) ! x # ln (x at the point
where x ! 1.

Solution
When x ! 1, we have
y ! f(1) ! 1 # ln((1) ! 1 # 0 ! 1
so the point of tangency is (1, 1). To find the slope of the tangent line at this point,
we first write
1
f (x) ! x # ln (x ! x # ln x
2
and compute the derivative

$%
1 1 1
f $(x) ! 1 # !1#
2 x 2x
Thus, the tangent line passes through the point (1, 1) with slope
1 1
f $(1) ! 1 # !
2(1) 2
so it has the equation
y#1 1 point-slope formula
!
x#1 2
or equivalently,
1 1
y! x"
2 2
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4-41 SECTION 4.3 DIFFERENTIATION OF EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS 331

Formulas for differentiating exponential and logarithmic functions with bases

other than e are similar to those obtained for y ! ex and y ! ln x. These formulas
are given in the following box.

Derivatives of bx and logb x for Base b > 0, b ! 1

d x
(b ) ! (ln b)b x for all x
dx
and
d 1
(logb x) ! for all x & 0
dx x ln b

For instance, to obtain the derivative formula for y ! logb x, recall that
ln x
logb x !
ln b
so we have

! "
d d ln x 1 d
(logb x) ! ! (ln x)
dx dx ln b ln b dx
1
!
x ln b
You are asked to obtain the derivative formula for y ! bx in Exercise 93.

EXAMPLE 4.3.10
Differentiate each of the following functions:
a. f (x) ! 52x#3 b. g(x) ! (x2 " log7 x)4

Solution
Using the chain rule, we find:
a. f$(x) ! [(ln 5)52x#3] [2x # 3]$ ! (ln 5)52x#3(2)
b. g$(x) ! 4(x2 " log7 x)3 [x2 " log7 x]$

!
! 4(x2 " log7 x)3 2x "
1
x ln 7 "

Applications Next, we shall examine several applications of calculus involving exponential and log-
arithmic functions. In Example 4.3.11, we compute the marginal revenue for a com-
modity with logarithmic demand.

EXAMPLE 4.3.11
A manufacturer determines that x units of a particular luxury item will be sold when
the price is p(x) ! 112 # x ln x3 hundred dollars per unit.
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332 CHAPTER 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 4-42

a. Find the revenue and marginal revenue functions.

b. Use marginal analysis to estimate the revenue obtained from producing the fifth
unit. What is the actual revenue obtained from producing the fifth unit?

Solution
a. The revenue is
R(x) ! xp(x) ! x(112 # x ln x3) ! 112x # x 2(3 ln x)
hundred dollars, and the marginal revenue is

! $x % " (2x) ln x" ! 112 # 3x # 6x ln x

1
R$(x) ! 112 # 3 x2

b. The revenue obtained from producing the fifth unit is estimated by the marginal
revenue evaluated at x ! 4; that is, by
R$(4) ! 112 # 3(4) # 6(4) ln(4) ) 66.73
Thus, marginal analysis suggests that the manufacturer will receive approximately
66.73 hundred dollars ($6,673) in revenue by producing the additional unit. The
actual revenue obtained by producing the fifth unit is
R(5) # R(4) ! [112(5) # 3(5)2 ln 5] # [112(4) # 3(4)2 ln 4]
! 439.29 # 381.46 ! 57.83
hundred dollars ($5,783).

In Example 4.3.12, we examine exponential demand and use marginal analysis

to determine the price at which the revenue associated with such demand is maxi-
mized. Part of the example deals with the concept of elasticity of demand, which was
introduced in Section 3.4.

EXAMPLE 4.3.12
A manufacturer determines that D( p) ! 5,000e#0.02p units of a particular commodity
will be demanded (sold) when the price is p dollars per unit.
a. Find the elasticity of demand for this commodity. For what values of p is the
demand elastic, inelastic, and of unit elasticity?
b. If the price is increased by 3% from $40, what is the expected effect on demand?
c. Find the revenue R( p) obtained by selling q ! D( p) units at p dollars per unit.
For what value of p is the revenue maximized?

Solution
a. According to the formula derived in Section 3.4, the elasticity of demand is given by
p dq
E( p) !
q dp

$ %
p
! [5,000e#0.02p(#0.02)]
5,000e#0.02p
p[5,000(#0.02)e#0.02p]
! ! #0.02p
5,000e#0.02p
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4-43 SECTION 4.3 DIFFERENTIATION OF EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS 333

You find that

+E(p)+ ! +#0.02p+ ! 0.02p
so
demand is of unit elasticity when *E(p)* ! 0.02p ! 1; that is, when p ! 50
demand is elastic when *E(p)* ! 0.02p & 1; or p & 50
demand is inelastic when *E(p)* ! 0.02p ( 1; or p ( 50
The graph of the demand function, showing levels of elasticity, is displayed in Figure 4.8a.

q R

5,000 100,000 Maximum revenue

In e
l as

Unit elasticity
ti c

2,000
E la
stic
p p
0 50 0 50
(a) The graph of the demand (b) The graph of the revenue
function q ! 5,000e#0.02p function R ! 5,000pe#0.02p

FIGURE 4.8 Demand and revenue curves for the commodity in Example 4.3.12.

EXPLORE! b. When p ! 40, the demand is

q(40) ! 5,000e#0.02(40) # 2,247 units
Based on Example 4.3.12,
store the function y ! Axe#Bx and the elasticity of demand is
in Y1 of the equation editor.
For different values of A and B E( p) ! #0.02(40) ! #0.8
find the location of the
Thus, an increase of 1% in price from p ! $40 will result in a decrease in the quantity
maximum of y in terms of
demanded by approximately 0.8%. Consequently, an increase of 3% in price, from
A and B. For example, set
A ! 1 and then vary the value
$40 to $41.20, results in a decrease in demand of approximately 2,247[3(0.008)] !
of B (say, 1, 0.5, and 0.1) to 54 units, from 2,247 to 2,193 units.
see where the maximal c. The revenue function is
functional value occurs. Then
fix B at 0.1 and let A vary
R( p) ! pq ! 5,000pe#0.02p
(say, 1, 10, 100). Make a for p ) 0 (only nonnegative prices have economic meaning), with derivative
conjecture about the location
of the maximal y value in
R$( p) ! 5,000(#0.02pe#0.02p " e#0.02p)
this case. ! 5,000(1 # 0.02p)e#0.02p
Since e#0.02p is always positive, R$( p) ! 0 if and only if
1
1 # 0.02p ! 0 or p! ! 50
0.02
To verify that p ! 50 actually gives the absolute maximum, note that
R*( p) ! 5,000(0.0004p # 0.04)e#0.02p
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334 CHAPTER 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 4-44

so
R*(50) ! 5,000[0.0004(50) # 0.04]e#0.02(50) # #37 ( 0
Thus, the second derivative test tells you that the absolute maximum of R( p) does
indeed occur when p ! 50 (Figure 4.8b).

Logarithmic Differentiating a function that involves products, quotients, or powers can often be
Differentiation simplified by first taking the logarithm of the function. This technique, called
logarithmic differentiation, is illustrated in Example 4.3.13.

EXAMPLE 4.3.13
3
(x " 1
Differentiate the function f(x) ! .
(1 # 3x)4

Solution
You could find the derivative using the quotient rule and the chain rule, but the result-
ing computation would be somewhat tedious. (Try it!)
A more efficient approach is to take logarithms of both sides of the expression
for f:
3
ln f (x) ! ln ! (x " 1
(1 # 3x)4 " 3
! ln ((x " 1) # ln (1 # 3x)4
1
! ln (x " 1) # 4 ln (1 # 3x)
3
Notice that by introducing the logarithm, you eliminate the quotient, the cube root,
and the fourth power.
Now use the chain rule for logarithms to differentiate both sides of this equation
to get

$ %
f $(x) 1 1 #3 1 1 12
! #4 ! "
f(x) 3x"1 1 # 3x 3 x " 1 1 # 3x
so that

f $(x) ! f(x)! 13 x "1 1 " 1 #123x"

3
!!
(1 # 3x) 3 x " 1 1 # 3x "
"!
(x " 1 1 1 12
4 "

If Q(x) is a differentiable function of x, note that

d Q$(x)
(ln Q) !
dx Q(x)
where the ratio on the right is the relative rate of change of Q(x). That is, the rela-
tive rate of change of a quantity Q(x) can be computed by finding the derivative of
ln Q. This special kind of logarithmic differentiation can be used to simplify the com-
putation of various growth rates, as illustrated in Example 4.3.14.
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4-45 SECTION 4.3 DIFFERENTIATION OF EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS 335

EXAMPLE 4.3.14
A country exports three goods, wheat W, steel S, and oil O. Suppose at a particu-
lar time t ! t0, the revenue (in billions of dollars) derived from each of these
goods is
W(t 0) ! 4 S(t0) ! 7 O(t0) ! 10
and that S is growing at 8%, O is growing at 15%, while W is declining at 3%. At
what relative rate is total export revenue growing at this time?

Solution
Let R ! W " S " O. At time t ! t0, we know that
R(t0 ) ! W(t0 ) " S(t0) " O(t0 ) ! 4 " 7 " 10 ! 21
The percentage growth rates can be expressed as
W$(t 0 ) S$(t 0) O$(t 0)
! #0.03 ! 0.08 ! 0.15
W(t 0 ) S(t 0) O(t 0)
so that
W$(t0) ! #0.03W(t0) S$(t0) ! 0.08S(t0) O$(t0) ! 0.15O(t0)
Thus, at t ! t0, the relative rate of growth of R is

R$(t 0 ) d(ln R)
R(t 0)

!
!
dt
d
! [ln(W " S " O)]
dt
[W$(t 0) " S$(t 0) " O$(t 0)]
+ t !t0

[W(t 0) " S(t 0) " O(t 0)]

#0.03W(t0) " 0.08S(t0) " 0.15O(t0)
!
W(t0) " S(t0) " O(t0)
#0.03W(t0) " 0.08S(t0) " 0.15O(t0 )
!
R(t0)
#0.03W(t0) 0.08S(t0) 0.15O(t0)
! " "
R(t0) R(t0) R(t0)
#0.03(4) 0.08(7) 0.15(10)
! " "
21 21 21
# 0.0924
That is, at time t ! t0, the total revenue obtained from the three exported goods is
increasing at the rate of 9.24%.

EXERCISES ■ 4.3
In Exercises 1 through 38, differentiate the given 3. f(x) ! xe x
function.
ex
1. f (x) ! e5x 4. f(x) !
x
2. f (x) ! 3e 4x"1 5. f(x) ! 30 " 10e#0.05x
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336 CHAPTER 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 4-46

2 2
6. f (x) ! e x "2x#1
36. f(x) ! x 23x
7. f(x) ! (x 2 " 3x " 5)e6x 37. f(x) ! x log10 x
#x2
8. f (x) ! xe log 2 x
x 2 38. f(x) !
9. f(x) ! (1 # 3e ) #x
10. f (x) ! #1 " e x
In Exercises 39 through 46, find the largest and
11. f(x) ! e #3x
smallest values of the given function over the
12. f(x) ! e1/x prescribed closed, bounded interval.
13. f(x) ! ln x3 39. f(x) ! e1#x for 0 $ x $ 1
14. f(x) ! ln 2x 40. F(x) ! e x
2
#2x
for 0 $ x $ 2
2
15. f(x) ! x ln x
41. f(x) ! (3x # 1)e#x for 0 $ x $ 2
16. f (x) ! x ln #x x
e
17. f(x) ! #e 2x
3
42. g(x) ! for 0 $ x $ 1
2x " 1
ln x
18. f(x) ! 43. g(t) ! t3/2e#2t for 0 $ t $ 1
x
44. f(x) ! e#2x # e#4x for 0 $ x $ 1
$ %
x"1
19. f(x) ! ln ln(x " 1)
x#1 45. f(x) ! for 0 $ x $ 2
x x"1
20. f (x) ! e ln x
46. h(s) ! 2s ln s # s2 for 0.5 $ s $ 2
21. f (x) ! e#2x " x 3
3
22. f(t) ! t 2 ln #t In Exercises 47 through 52, find an equation for the
s
23. g(s) ! (e " s " 1)(2e #s
" s) tangent line to y ! f(x) at the specified point.
24. F(x) ! ln (2x # 5x " 1) 3 47. f(x) ! xe#x; where x ! 0
et " t 48. f(x) ! (x " 1)e #2x; where x ! 0
25. h(t) !
ln t e 2x
49. f(x) ! ; where x ! 1
26. g (u) ! ln (u2 # 1)3 x2
e x " e #x ln x
27. f(x) ! 50. f(x) ! ; where x ! 1
2 x
e #x 51. f (x) ! x 2 ln #x; where x ! 1
28. h(x) !
x2 52. f(x) ! x # ln x; where x ! e
29. f(t) ! #ln t " t
In Exercises 53 through 56, find the second derivative
e x " e #x of the given function.
30. f(x) ! x
e # e #x
53. f(x) ! e2x " 2e#x
#x
31. f(x) ! ln (e " x)
54. f(x) ! ln (2x) " x2
s"ln s
32. f (s) ! e
55. f(t) ! t2 ln t
33. g(u) ! ln(u " #u " 1) 2
56. g(t) ! t2 e#t
2

! xx "
" 2x # 3
34. L(x) ! ln 2
" 2x " 1 In Exercises 57 through 64, use logarithmic
2 x differentiation to find the derivative f %(x).
35. f(x) !
x 57. f(x) ! (2x " 3)2(x # 5x2)1/2
58. f(x) ! x2 e#x(3x " 5)3
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4-47 SECTION 4.3 DIFFERENTIATION OF EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS 337

(x " 2)5 a. At what rate is the value of the machine chang-

59. f (x) ! 6 ing with respect to time after 5 years?
#3x # 5
b. At what percentage rate is the value of the

#
4
2x " 1 machine changing with respect to time after
60. f (x) !
1 # 3x t years? Does this percentage rate depend on
3
61. f (x) ! (x " 1)3(6 # x)2 #2x " 1 t or is it constant?
e !3x #2x # 5 74. COMPOUND INTEREST Money is deposited
62. f (x) ! in a bank offering interest at an annual rate of
(6 # 5x)4
2 6% compounded continuously. Find the
63. f (x) ! 5x percentage rate of change of the balance with
64. f (x) ! log 2&#x' respect to time.
75. POPULATION GROWTH It is projected that t
MARGINAL ANALYSIS In Exercises 65 through 68, years from now, the population of a certain
the demand function q ! D(p) for a particular country will become P(t) ! 50e0.02t million.
commodity is given in terms of a price p per unit at a. At what rate will the population be changing
which all q units can be sold. In each case: with respect to time 10 years from now?
(a) Find the elasticity of demand and determine b. At what percentage rate will the population be
the values of p for which the demand is changing with respect to time t years from now?
elastic, inelastic, and of unit elasticity. Does this percentage rate depend on t or is it
(b) If the price is increased by 2% from $15, what constant?
is the approximate effect on demand?
(c) Find the revenue R(p) obtained by selling q 76. COOLING A cool drink is removed from a
units at the unit price p. For what value of p refrigerator on a hot summer day and placed in a
is revenue maximized? room whose temperature is 30° Celsius. According
to Newton’s law of cooling, the temperature of the
65. D( p) ! 3,000e#0.04 p drink t minutes later is given by a function of the
66. D( p) ! 10,000e#0.025p form f(t) ! 30 # Ae#kt. Show that the rate of
67. D( p) ! 5,000(p " 11)e#0.1p change of the temperature of the drink with
respect to time is proportional to the difference
10,000e#p/10 between the temperature of the room and that of
68. D( p) !
p"1 the drink.
MARGINAL ANALYSIS In Exercises 69 through 72, 77. MARGINAL ANALYSIS The mathematics
the cost C(x) of producing x units of a particular editor at a major publishing house estimates that
commodity is given. In each case: if x thousand complimentary copies are distributed
(a) Find the marginal cost C%(x). to professors, the first-year sales of a certain new
(b) Determine the level of production x for which text will be f (x) ! 20 # 15e#0.2x thousand copies.
C(x) Currently, the editor is planning to distribute
the average cost A(x) ! is minimized.
x 10,000 complimentary copies.
a. Use marginal analysis to estimate the increase in
69. C(x) ! e0.2x
first-year sales that will result if 1,000 additional
70. C(x) ! 100e0.01x complimentary copies are distributed.
71. C(x) ! 12#x ex/10 b. Calculate the actual increase in first-year sales
that will result from the distribution of the addi-
72. C(x) ! x2 " 10xe#x
tional 1,000 complimentary copies. Is the esti-
73. DEPRECIATION A certain industrial machine mate in part (a) a good one?
depreciates so that its value after t years becomes
Q(t) ! 20,000e#0.4t dollars.
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338 CHAPTER 4 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 4-48

78. ECOLOGY In a model developed by John a. At what rate is the consumer expenditure
Helms,* the water evaporation E(T) for a E(p) ! pD( p) changing with respect to price p?
ponderosa pine is given by b. At what price does consumer expenditure stop
E(T) ! 4.6e17.3T/(T"237) increasing and begin to decrease?
where T (degrees Celsius) is the surrounding air c. At what price does the rate of consumer expen-
temperature. diture begin to increase? Interpret this result.
a. What is the rate of evaporation when T ! 30°C? 82. LEARNING In an experiment to test memory
b. What is the percentage rate of evaporation? At learning, a subject is confronted by a series of
what temperature does the percentage rate of tasks, and it is found that t minutes after the
evaporation first drop below 0.5? experiment begins, the number of tasks
79. LEARNING According to the Ebbinghaus model successfully completed is
(recall Exercise 64, Section 4.1), the fraction F(t) 15(1 # e !0.01t )
R(t) !
of subject matter you will remember from this 1 " 1.5e !0.01t
course t months after the final exam can be a. For what values of t is the learning function R(t)
estimated by the formula F(t) ! B " (1 # B)e#kt, increasing? For what values is it decreasing?
where B is the fraction of the material you will b. When is the rate of change of the learning func-
never forget and k is a constant that depends on the tion R(t) increasing? When is it decreasing? In-
quality of your memory. terpret your results.
a. Find F%(t) and explain what this derivative
83. ENDANGERED SPECIES An international
represents.
agency determines that the number of individuals
b. Show that F%(t) is proportional to F # B and
of an endangered species that remain in the wild
interpret this result. [Hint: What does F # B
t years after a protection policy is instituted may
represent in terms of what you remember?]
be modeled by
c. Sketch the graph of F(t) for the case where
B ! 0.3 and k ! 0.2. 600
N(t) !
1 " 3e !0.02t
80. ALCOHOL ABUSE CONTROL Suppose the
percentage of alcohol in the blood t hours after a. At what rate is the population changing at time
consumption is given by t? When is the population increasing? When is
it decreasing?
C(t) ! 0.12te#t/2
b. When is the rate of change of the population in-
a. At what rate is the blood alcohol level changing creasing? When is it decreasing? Interpret your
at time t? results.
b. How much time passes before the blood alcohol c. What happens to the population in the “long
level begins to decrease? run’’ (as t →"∞)?
c. Suppose the legal limit for blood alcohol is
0.04%. How much time must pass before the 84. ENDANGERED SPECIES The agency in
blood alcohol reaches this level? At what rate is Exercise 83 studies a second endangered species
the blood alcohol level decreasing when it but fails to receive funding to develop a policy of
reaches the legal limit? protection. The population of the species is
modeled by
81. CONSUMER EXPENDITURE The demand for a
30 " 500e !0.3t
certain commodity is D( p) ! 3,000 e#0.01p units per N(t) !
month when the market price is p dollars per unit. 1 " 5e !0.3t
a. At what rate is the population changing at time
t? When is the population increasing? When is it
decreasing?
*John A. Helms, “Environmental Control of Net Photosynthesis in
Naturally Growing Pinus Ponderosa Nets,” Ecology, Winter, 1972, p. 92.
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4-49 SECTION 4.3 DIFFERENTIATION OF EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS 339

b. When is the rate of change of the population in- x

b. Let n ! so that x ! nh. Show that the differ-
creasing? When is it decreasing? Interpret your h
results. ence quotient in part (a) can be rewritten as
c. What happens to the population in the “long
! $1 " n % "
run” (as t → "∞)? 1 n 1/x
ln
85. PLANT GROWTH Two plants grow in such a
way that t days after planting, they are P1(t) and c. Show that the limit of the expression in part (b)
P2(t) centimeters tall, respectively, where 1
21 20 as n→ ( is ln e1/x ! . [Hint: What is
P1(t) ! and P2(t) ! x
!0.3t
1 " 25e 1 " 17e !0.6t
$ %
1 n
lim 1 " ?]
a. At what rate is the first plant growing at time n→ ( n
t ! 10 days? Is the rate of growth of the second d. Complete the proof by finding the limit of the dif-
plant increasing or decreasing at this time? ference quotient in part (a) as h → (. [Hint: How
b. At what time do the two plants have the same is this related to the limit you found in part c?]
height? What is this height? Which plant is grow-
89. POPULATION GROWTH It is projected that t
ing more rapidly when they have the same height?
years from now, the population of a certain town
86. PER CAPITA GROWTH The national income will be approximately P(t) thousand people, where
I(t) of a particular country is increasing by 2.3% 100
per year, while the population P(t) of the country P(t) !
1 " e#0.2t
is decreasing at the annual rate of 1.75%. The per
capita income C is defined to be At what rate will the population be changing 10
I(t) years from now? At what percentage rate will the
C(t) ! . population be changing at that time?
P(t)
a. Find the derivative of ln C(t). e kt
b. Use the result of part (a) to determine the per- 90. A quantity grows so that Q(t) ! Q 0 . Find the
t
centage rate of growth of per capita income. percentage rate of change of Q with respect to t.
87. REVENUE GROWTH A country exports 91. Use a numerical differentiation utility to find f %(c),
electronic components E and textiles T. Suppose where c ! 0.65 and
at a particular time t ! t0, the revenue (in billions 3
of dollars) derived from each of these goods is
E(t0) ! 11 and T (t0) ! 8
f (x) ! ln !
#x " 1
(1 " 3x)4 "
and that E is growing at 9%, while T is declining Then use a graphing utility to sketch the graph of
at 2%. At what relative rate is total export f (x) and to draw the tangent line at the point
revenue R ! E " T changing at this time? where x ! c.
88. DERIVATIVE FORMULA FOR In x Prove that 92. Repeat Exercise 91 with the function
1 f(x) ! (3.7x2 # 2x " 1)e#3x"2
the derivative of f(x) ! ln x is f%(x) ! by
x and c ! #2.17.
completing these steps. 93. For base b & 0, b ' 1, show that
a. Show that the difference quotient of f (x) can be
d x
expressed as (b ) ! (ln b)bx
dx
$ %
f (x " h) # f(x) h 1/h
! ln 1 " a. By using the fact that bx ! ex ln b.
h x
b. By using logarithmic differentiation.