UNIT 5 DERIVATIVES OF SOME

STANDARD FUNCTIONS
Structure
5.1 Introduction.
Objectives
5.2 Exponential Fynctions
Definition of an Ewnential Function
Derivative of an Exponential Function
5.3 Derivatives of Logaritlpc Functions
Diffe~ntiatingthe Natural Log Function
Differentiating the General Log Function
5.4 Hyperbolic Functions
Definitions and Basic Properties
Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions
Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
5.5 Methods of Differentiation 101
Derivatlve of x'
Logarithmic Differentiation
Derivatives of Functions Defined in Terms of a Panupeter
Derivatives of Implicit Functions
5.6 Summary 1W
5.7 Solutions and Answers 107,

Exponential functions occupy an important place in pure and applied science. Laws ofi
growth and decay are very often expressed in terms of these functions. In this unit we s w l
s t a y the derivatives of exponential functions. The inverse function theorem which we
stated in Unit 4 will then help us to differentiate their inverses, the,logarithmicfunctions,In
particular, you will find that the natural exponential function is its own derivative.
~ u h e rwe
, shall introduce and differentiate hyperbolic functidns and their inverses since
they hold special significance for physical sciences. We shall demonstrate the method of
finding derivatives by taking logarithms, and also that of differentiating implicit functions.
Witb this unit we come to the end of ollr quest fot the derivatives of some standard,
frequ&tly used functions. In rhe next block we shall see the geometrical significance of
derivatives and shall use them for sketching graphs of functions.

Objectives
After stvdying this unit you should be able to:
find the derivatives of exponential and log&thmic functions
define hyperbolic functions and discuss the existence of their inverses
differentiate hyperbolic functions and inverse hyperbolic functions 7
use the method of logarithmic differentiation for solving some problems
differentiate implicit functions and also those functions which are defined with the help
of a parameter.

5.2 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

Our main aim, here, is to find the derivatives of exponential functions. But let us first recall
I
the definition of an exponential function.

5.2.1-Definition of an Exponential Functioh

A function f defined on R by f(x) = ax,-wherea > 0,is known as an exponential functiun.
Now to find the derivative off, we shal have to take the limit:
 ax+" -ax ah -1 Derivauvar m some Standard
lim
h+Oi h
= a x . lim
h+O
,-
h
............... (1) hndlone

So, if we put lim

h+O
-
ah -1
h
= k, we get a' may not be defined fqr all x if
a< 0. For example, (-2)Gs not
d ax = k. ax. We can also interpret k as the derivative of axat x = 0. In Fig.4 defined in R.
dx
you can see the graphs of exponential functions for various values of a.

All these curves pass through (0, 1) as a0= 1 for all a. Now from all these curves, we shall
choose that one, whose tangent at (0, 1) has slope = 1. (We assume that such a curve exists).
The value of a comsponding to this curve is then denoted by e. Thus, we have singled out
the exponential function :x+ ex, so that its derivative at x = 0 is 1. Thus,

h-+O
-
lim eh -1 = 1
h
This also means that
dex
-=
dx
Pm
h+O
s+h
h
-ex zeX.lim
h-+O
-
& - I - ex
h
That is, the derivative of this function is the function itself. .
This special exponential function is called the natural exponential f'unction.

5.2.2 Derivative of an Exponential Function

In Unit 1, we compared the graghs of the natural exponential 'function exand the natural
logarithmic function lnx and found that they are reflections of each other w.r.t. the line
y = x. (see Fig.2) We concluded that = e" and lnx are inverses of each other. This also means
that eh" G x ++x > 0.

ln.
From this we can write ax = e , or a x = eh, where a > 0 .
lnah = blna
-
n u s d a~ =
dx
,d
dx
- e x ~ n r d(X ln a ) by chain rule,
- dx
Elements of Differential Remark 1 If we compare this result with (1) which we derived at the beginning oflhis
Cdculurr section, we find that
ah - I
h a = lim 7
h +O
Thus, we have
- edx = e x , and
dx
d
-ax=a'ln a
dx
Ewmpk 1Let us use these formulas to find the derivatives of

i) Lety=e
(x 2+2x'
. Then, by chain rule

2
( x +2x)
Hence - ( J ' ~ + ~ " ' )=2(x + l ) e
dx

iii) wx6pply the chain mle again.to differentiate asin-lx

-d (asin-'x)= lna asin-' x d
dx dx
(sin-' x)
, -
= lna a sin-],
-4
See if you can solve these exercises now.

E E 1) Find the derivatives of:

a) sW7 bl e(x + I)/X c)(x+2)eG d)e-mtm-lx e)2h 97-'
 Derivatives of Some Standard
Functions

! E E 2 ) How ,much ta\ter ir f(x) = 2' increasing at x = I/? ihim x = 0':

I
t

h
'3 In this ~ C C L ~ UbI Ie hdve defined e as that real number for which lim
h+O h
=,1 .
Alternatively. e can also be defined as a limit:
# e = ~ i m ( ~ + l / n ) ~ o r a s t h e s u m o f a n i n f i n i t e s e r i e s : e =11 + - 1+ - +......
n+m l! 2!
But all these definitions give the same value, e = 2.7 18281828....e is an irrational number.
In many situations the rate of growth (of human beings, or bacteria or radioactive particles) .
is proportional to the present population. That is, if x(t) is the population at time t.
then
dx
dt
-oc x . In such situationb the exponential function is of great relevance since
d
dt
-
(et = el.

Now let us turn our attention to logarithmic functions.

5.3 DERIVATIVES OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

In Unit 4, we studied the inverse function theorem, (Theorem 1, Unit 4) and used it to find
the derivatives of various functions such as sin-'x, cos-'x, and so on. Here, we shall, yet
again, apply this theorem to calculate the derivative of the n$ura~b~arithrnicfunction.

5.3.1 Differentiating the Natural Log Function ,

Consider the function y = lnx. This is the inverse of the natural exponential function, that is,
y = lnx if and only if x = ey.
I

From Fig. 2, you can see that the natural exponential function is a strictly increasing
function. (You will be able to rigorously prove this result by the end of this course). Further,
Inx 17 defined on ]O, - [.

the derivative of the function x = ey is

dx
-=-(e d Y
) = e Y> o f o r all E R.
dy dy
Thus, all the conditions of the inverse function theorem are satisfieb. This means we can
conclude that the derivative of the natural logarithmic function (which is the inverse of the
natural exponential function) exists, and .

-dy- -- dxd
(Inx ) =
1
- --1 -
--
1
dx dx/dy ey

Thus, we have

Let's see how we can use this result.

Example 2 Suppose we want to differentiate y = . ln (x2- 2x +2). 93
Elements of Differential dy =
- 1 d 2
Calculus -(x - 2x + 2)
dx x 2 - 2 x + 2 dx
- 2x - 2
-
x2 2x + 2
Note that x2 - 2x + 2 = (x + 1 and hence, is non-zero for d l X. ,
Therefore, ln(x2 - 2x + 2) is well-defined.

Example 3 If we want to differentiatey = In , I x I # 1 , we will have to consider "

two cases: i) l x I > 1 and ii) I x I < 1
1+x2 x2+1
i) If I x I > ~ , =-

since I x I > 1 makes l-xZ negative. So in this case,

-
-- 4x
4 ' after simplification.
1-x

ii) when lx l'<l,

--
l.~l=
1-x . 1-X- and

--- 4x
1- x4

- -
So, we see that dy = 4x4,forallxsuchthat I x I # l .
dx l - x
Now, let us turn our attention to logarithmic functions with arbitrary bases.

5.3.2 Differentiating the General Log Function

a' is a constant function for a = 1. Let us consider any positive number a # 1. We say logax= y if and only if x = ay. Obviously,
H ~it does have any
~ not ~ ~ , the natural logarithmic function lnx Can be written as logex.
The log functions are thus defM Further, we know that logax = logae. lnx. This rule gives a connection between the natural
only for a # 1.
and general logarithmic functions. We shall use this relationship to find the derivative of
logsx.
So, if y = log,x = log,e lnx,

Thus, we arrive at
-d
dx
(log, x) = log,e- -r
1

If we put a = e in this, we get our earlier result:

d 1
.-dx
lnx = y , since logee= 1

Example 4 Let us differentiate y = log, tan3x

--
dy - log e. 1 -
d (tan3 x )
dx tan3 x d~

se2 x
=310g7e-
tan x
If you have followed the solved examples in this section you should have no difficulty in
solving ttiese exercises.
E E 3) Find the derivatives of:
a\ lrrn 7v h\ l l n n I 5 v 2 I 71 "\ n-xlnv
 Derivatives of Some Standard
Functions

5.4 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

In applications of mathematics to other sciences, we, very often, come across certain
combinations of ex and e-'. Because of their importance, these combinations are given
special names, like the hyperbolic sine, the hyperbolic cosine etc. These names suggest that
they have some similarity with the higonomemc functions. Let's look at their precise
definitions and try to understand the points of similarity and dissimilarity between the
hyperbolic and the higonomemc functions.

5.4.1 Definitions and Basic Properties

ex - e-'
Definition 1 The hyperbolic sine function is defined by sinh x = for all x E R.
2
The range of this function is also R.
Definition 2 The hyperbolic cosine function is defined by cosh x = +'-'
2
f o r a l l x ~R.
The range of this function is [l, -1.
You will notice that

= - sinh (x ), and
Elements of Differential In other words, the hyperbolic sine is an odd function, while the hyperbolic cosine is an even
Calculus
function. Fig 3(a) and (b) show the graphs of these two functions.

I (b)
(a)
Fig. 3 : Graph # (a) sinh x (b) cosh x
We also d d n e four other hyperbolic functions as:
ex - e x ex + e-'
tanh x = -
?i + e-"
, coth x = -, ,
e" - e-"

.2 2
E 4) Verify that a) cosh x - sinh x = 1
'

sinh x
b) tanh x = -
cosh x

E E 5) Derive an identity connecting coth x and cosech x.

 Derivatives of Some Standard
Flrnctlons

You must have noticed that the identities involving these hyperbolic functions are similar to
those involving trigonometric functions. It is possible to extend this analogy and get some
more formulas:
sinh (x f y) = sinh x cosh y f cosh x sinh y
cosh(x f y) = cosh x cosh y f sinh x sinh y
tanhx f tanh y
tanh(xf y ) =
1 f tanh x tanh y
Since we have seen that coshZt - sinh2t = 1, it is obvious that apoint with coordinates
(cosh t, sinh t) lies on the unit hyperbola: x2- y2=l. (Hence the name, hyperbolic functions).
We have a similar situation in the case of trigonometric functions. The point (cost, sint) lies
on the unit circle: x2+ y2 = 1. That is why trigonometric functions are also called circular
functions.
There is one major point of difference between the hyperbolic and circular functions,
though. While t in sint, cost, etc. is the measure of an angle, the t which appears in sinht,
cosht, etc. cannot be interpreted as the measure of an angle. However, it is sometimes called
the hypberbolic radian.

5.4.2 Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions

Since the hyperbolic functions are defined in terms of the natural exponential function,
whose derivative we already know, it is very easy to calculate their derivatives. For example,
- e-X
sinh x = -. 2
This means,

d
-
dx
(sinh x) = -
d
dx ( ex -e-" e x + e-'
)=T=coshx
Similarly, cosh x = " -
2
'-"
gives us
+

(cosh x) = -= sinh x
d -
-
dx 2 .
e-X

e-X
Inthecaseof tanhx =- , we get
ex + e-'

2 2
= 1 - tanh x = sech x
We can adopt the same method for finding the derivatives of coth x, sech x and cosech x. In
Table 1 we have collecm all these'results.
Table 1

sinh x
cosh x
tanh x
coth x
- sech x tanh x
cosech * - cosech x coth x
Ekrnents of Mfferentlal Example 5 Suppose we want to find dyldx when y = tanh (1 - x2) .
Calculus

See if you can solve these exercises on your own.

E 6) Find f'(x) when f(x) =
4x + 1 b) sinh e2" c ) coth (llx)
a) tanh-
5
d) sexh (lnx ) e ) e" cosh x

5.4.3 Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

We shall try to find the derivatives of the inverse hyperbolic functions now. Let us start with
the inverse hyperbolic sine function.
From Fig. 3(a) you can see that the hyperbolic sine is a strictly increasing function. This
means that its inverse exists, and
-1
y = sinh x O X = s i n h y =
2 -e-y
2

We have used the formula for

finding the roots of a quadratic
equation here. Note that if
ey = x- c+x', then ey < 0,
which is impossible. Therefore we
ignore this At. Thus sinh-lx = In (x
sinh-lx. Now,
+ m),
I - E ] .o. .o [. In Fig. 4, we have drawn the graph of
 Derivatives of Some Standard
Functions

d (sinh-lx) = 1 1
Thus. -
dx K 2 = c 1
I 4
In the case of the hyperbolic cosine function, we see from Fig. 3(b), that its inverse will exist
if we restrict its domain to [0, m[. The domain of this inverse function will be [l, , and
2 -Y
.
its range will be [0, m[
-1
Now y =cosh x e x =coshy =
ey + e-' 1 -
2
! e e 2 ' -2xey + I = O -
:I 0 11 2 3 4)
*! e e Y= x + G 1
$1 Fig. 5
! o y =h(x + dx2- 1) Again we igno the root

Thus rnsh-l x = In ( X + Jx),

2 1. X
ey=x - ?
x' - 1 , because then
ey< 1. which is imwssible since
Fig. 5 shows the graph of cosh-' x.

Further -d
dx
(cosh-' x) =
x
11
-I
+ vx2-1
-d
dx
-1
(x + v x2- 1)

Note that the derivative of cosh-'x does not exist at x = 1.

Fig.6 (a), (b) and (cj show the graphs of tanh x, coth x and cosech x. You can see that each
of these functions is one-one and smctly monotonic. Thus, we can talk about the inverse in
each case.
Y

2
-, - - -'- - _ __ _
4:~-,x

-4 w
-2 ---.------ 2 44-
--=.

(a) (b) (c)

Arguing as for sinh-' xand cosh-' x, we get

-1
y = cosec h x u x = cosec hy e y = In 7+ , x#O
4
Ix l
Since sech x = ,we shall have to restrict the domain of sech x to [0, m[ before talking
cosh x
abouf its inverse, as we did for coshx. Sech-'x is defined for all x E 10, 11, and we can write

Now, we can find the derivatives of each of these inverse hyperbolic functions. We p k e e d
exactly as we did for the inverse hyperbolic sine and cosine functioris and get
Elements of Differential
Calculus

-d
(sech-1 x ) = -1 ,O e x c l
dx
x &F

Let us use these results to solve someproblems now.

Example 6 Suppose we want to fnd the derivatives of a) f(x) = sinh-'(tanx), and
b) g(x) = tanh-'(cos eX).
Let's start with f(x) = sinh-'(tan x).

.J 1 d
f (x)= -&-(tan x)
tan2 x +1
--
- sec2x =I sec x I
I secx I
Now if g(x) = tanh-'(cos ex),this means that
1 d
g'(x )= - (cos ex)
I - cos2ex dx
_-
- I
( - sin ex).ex
sin e
= -=- 8 -excosecex
sin 8
We are now listing some functions for you to differentrate.
E E 7) Differentiate the following functions bn their respective domains.
a) cosech-'f5&) b) [sech-I (cos2x)]
(x2+5x-6)
c) coth-' (e )
 Derivstlves of Some Standard
Functions

5.5 METHODS OF DIFFERENTIATION

In this section, we shall study different methods of finding derivatives. We shall also see that
the problem of differentiating some functions is greatly simplified by using these methods.
Some of the results we derived in the earlier sections will be useful to us here.

5.5.1 Derivative of xr
In Unit 4 we have seen that -
dx
-
d (xr) rxr-' when r is a rational number. Now, we are in a '

position to extend this result to the case when r is any real number. So if y = xr, where x > 0
and r E R, we can write this as As we have mentioned in Unit 4, if
Y = elnx'= erlnx ,since the natural exponential and logarithmic functions are inverses of each x < 0, xr may not be a real number.
olher. For example,- 3 m = n, R.
d
Thus 9 = d ( e r l n x ) = erlnx -(rlnx)
dx dx dx

This proves that

d
-(xr=xr for x > O , r e R.
dx
We are sure, you will be able to solve this exercise now.
E 8) Differentiate,
a) x fi b) X=

. 5.5.2 Logarithmic Diffepentiation

Sometimes we find that the process of taking derivatives becomes simple if we take
logarithms before differentiating. En this section we shall illustrate this point through so-
Elements d Differential examples. But to take the logarithm of any quantity we have to be sure that it is non-
Calculus
negative. To overcome this difficulty, let us first try to find the derivative of In (1 x 1).
By J a we mean the positive square Now you can check easily that I x I = . c2
root of a.
Therefore, ln(l x I ) = ln c2,
and

We get,
d 1
-ln(lx I)= 7
dx
Using chain rule we can now conclude that if u is any function of x, then
d
dx
- 1 du
ln(l u I ) = . .
u dx
--
Let us see how this result helps us in simplifying the differentiation of some functions.

(x2 + 1f (x - 3pI4
Example 7 To differentiate . 213
(x-5)

we start by taking y =
(x2 + 17 (X - 3QI4
(x - 7jI3(x2 + 2x + 1)-113
lx2+ l ( 9 1 x - 3 1 ~ ~ ~
Thus, I y I= 213
l x -51 lx2 + 2 x +1
Then taking logarithms of both sides, we get

In(e/b)=lM-Inb Differentiating throughout we get,

h(ab) = h a + lnb
ln(ab)= blna

Example 8 Suppose we want to differentiate xu'"",x > 0.

Let us write y = xma.Then y > 0 and so we can take logarithms of both sides to the base e
and write
lny = lnx" = sin x.ln x
Differentiating throughout, we get,

AY 4'= sin x 1 + cosx inx

i
.
dy
sin x
= 7+ cosx lnx
 Example 9 TO differentiate xco" + (cosx); let f(x) = xcos;and g(x) = cosxx. To ensure that hrivatives of Some Standard
Functions
f(x) and g(x) are well defined, let us restrict their domain to [O, nl21.. ,

y = xCDSX+ (COSX)~ = f(x) + g(x) > 0 for X E [O, ~ 1 2 1

Let us differentiate both f(x) and g(x) by taking logarithms. We have,

Therefore lnf(x) = cosx Inx.

- x sinx Inx + cosx

-
- XCOEX -1
(cosx - x sinx Inx)
Similarly, g(x) = (cos x)" and sa lng(x) = x In cos x

x -!
cosx In cosx - x sin x
1
= (cosx ) (cosx In cosx - x sin x )

(cosx - xsinx lnx) + cosx"' (cosx lncosx -xsinx)

If you have followed these examples you should have no difficulty in solving these exercises
by the same method.
E E'9) Differ-entiate,
1
a) (x2!- 1) (x2 + 2)6 (x3 - b) 5 6 7
(x - 1) (x - 2 ) (x - 3)
c) ( ~ i n x+) ~(cosx)'"""
( xX)
d) (xX)"+ x e! (sinx)'"" + xx
Elements of Differential
Calcl~lus

5.5.3 Derivatives of Functions Defined in Terms of a Parameter

Till now we were concerned with f k t i o n s which were expressed as y = f(x). We called x
an independent variable, and y, a dependent one. But sometimes the relationship between
two variables x and y may be expressed in terms of another vatiable, say t. That is, we may
have a pair of equations x = ~ ( t )y, = ~ ( t )where
, the functions 0 and y~ have a common
domain. For example, we know that the circle x ~ = a2 + is ~also ~described by the pair of
equations, x = acost, y = asint, 0 < t 5 2n.
In such cases the auxiliary variable t is called a parameter and the equations x = B(t),
y = ~ ( t are
) called parametric equations. Now, suppose a function is defined in terms of a
parameter. To obtain its derivative, we need only differentiate the relations'in x and y
separately. The following example illustrates this method.
dy
Example 10 Let us try to find - if x = acos 8 and y = bsin 8.
dx
(Here the parameter is 8)
We differentiate the given equations w.r.t. 8, and get
dy = b c o s 8 , and -d=i - a s i n 8
-
d8 d8

dx
- dy/de - bcos 8
Now, dy = -
dxJd8- - asin.8
b
=-,cote.

Try to apply this method now.

E E 10) Find dy
- ~f
dx
.

a) x = acos 8, y = asin 8
b) x = at2, y = 2at
c) x = acos78, y = bsin3 8
d) x = a(8 - sin 8), y = a(l - cos 8)
 Derlvatlvea of Some Standard
. Functions

5.5.3 Derivatives of Implicit Functions

It is not always necessary to express y explicitly in terms of x(as in y = f(x)) to find its
derivative. We shall now see how to differentiate a function defined implicitly by a relation
in x and y (such as, g(x, y) = 0).

Example 11 Let us find-dy if x and y are related by

dx
ax2+ 2hxy + by2+ 2gx + 2fy + c = 0.
Differentiating throughout with respect to x, we get

dy -(ax+hy+g)
or -=- ---------
dx (hx + b y + f )
- dy
See if you can find -. for 111cIbllowing implicit functions.
dx
dy .
E E 11) Find -
dx
~fx and y are related as follows:

c) x3y3+ x2y2 + xy + 1 = 0
d) cosx cosy - y2sin-'x + 2x2 tanx = 0
Elements of Differential
Calculus

5.6 SUMMARY
In this unit we have
1 obtained derivatives of the exponential and logarithmic functions, hyperbolic functions
and their inverses. We give them in the following table.

unction Derivative Function Derivative

ex ex 1
sinh-I x
lm -
1
X
--, 1 x>l
ax aqna cosh-I x
JK-
1
log, x
1
-loga
x e tanh-I x
1 - x2
. 1x1 < 1
sinh x cosh x
1
coth-' x 7 (XI>1
1 -x2
cosh x sinh x
- 1' , O<x<l
tanh x sech2x

-cosech2x
sech-' x
x ,/z- 1
coth x , x*o.
sech x -sech x tanh x cosech-' x I x 1&7
cosech x -cosech x coth x

2 extended the result d (xr = ,,r-l to all r E R and x > 0.

dx
3 illustrated
logarithmic differentiation,
differentiatibn of functions involving parameters and
nf fiinrtinnc oiven hv imnlirit relatinn~
diff~rpntiatinn
 Derivatives of Some Standard
5.7 SOLUTIONS AND ANSWERS Functions

E 2) f'(x) = 2% 2 f(0) = In 2
ft(1/2) = 2ln ln2 = d 1 n 2
Hence f increasesfl times faster at x = l/2 than at x = 0.

c) e-'(11~)- e-'lnx e) -
1
4 sin3x cos x
sin4 x

~ 4 ) a) W& x =
2 2'
+e-2x + 2 , Sinh 2 =
e2x .+ e-2x - 2
'4 - 4
2 2
wsh x - sinh x = 1
2 e2" + e-" + 2 - = 4 2
E 5). coth x - 1 = = cosec h x
e2" + e-'" - 2 eZx+ ep2' - 2

E6) a) ;sedT7j4x +1 b) 2e2"cosh 2'

1 1
C) wseclh d) - sech Inx mnh h x
X
e) ex(sinhx4 wshx)

'f
b) 71 [ s ~ m - '( C O ~)I-"
X 1
laa2x,~LX 1 2 cosx sin x

2
- cosech x - 2
dl 2 2
1-cothx 4x - 1
 Elements of Differential
I Calculus
C) Let f(x) = (sinx)" and g(x) = (cos x) .
Then f (x) = sin xX (In sin x + x cot x )and gf(x) = cos xtm (scc2x In cos x - tan2x)
dy
-
dx
= f(x) + gf(x)
d) Let f(x) = (xa)l ,g(x) = x
(xL)
.
. x >0
If y = xx, Iny = xlnx
* dx
dy = x x ( l + l n x )
-

* ff(x ) = ( x - ) ~[1nxh'+ x (1 + IKX )I

Ing(x) = xx Inx

*-g (1x ) g'(x) =

x
+ lnx x X ( I + I n x)
* gf(x) = x(x"lxx-' + x X(I+ i n x)]
Answer = f(x) + g'(x)
( x")
= (xa)" [lnxx + x ( l + lnx)] +x [xa-' + xXl.nx(l+ lnx)]
d Inx lnsin x
e) -dx
-(sin x ) =(sin ~ ) ' ~ ~ ( h x c o+t 7
x
d
dx ( x X ) = x X ( l + ~ n x )
-
I n sin x
~ n s w e =(sin
r x).' (Inx cot x + 7

3 bsin2 8 cos 8
13aco2 8 sin 8
dl x=
dy asin 8
a(1-cos8)
- sin 8
(l-cose)

dy dy 2
d) -cosx siny--sinx
dx cosy - 2 y dx
- s i n - ' x - 2 t4xtanx
W)
2
+ 2 x sec x
2
=o
2
sinx cosy + Y-- - 4x t a n r - 2x2 se'c'x
*--
dy -
G)
dx - (cosx siny + 2 y s i n - ' x )