MOTION

PREAMBLE: A particle moves along a straight line.

1. Find the velocity of the particle at time 𝑡 = 5.0 s if its initial velocity is −2.0 m s −1 and
its acceleration is 𝑐𝑡 2 where 𝑐 = 0.24 m s −4 .
Ans: 𝟖. 𝟎 𝐦 𝐬 −𝟏
𝑡 5.0 s
−1
𝑣 = 𝑣0 + ∫ 𝑎 ⅆ𝑡 = −2.0 m s +∫ 𝑐𝑡 2 ⅆ𝑡 = −2.0 m s −1 + 0.24 m s−4 × (5.0 s)3 /3
0 0
−1
= 8.0 m s

2. Find the velocity of the particle at time 𝑡 = 1.0 s if its initial velocity is −3.0 m s −1 and
its acceleration is 𝑘𝑡 4 where 𝑘 = 25 m s−6 .
Ans: 𝟐. 𝟎 𝐦 𝐬 −𝟏
𝑡 1.0 s
𝑣 = 𝑣0 + ∫ 𝑎 ⅆ𝑡 = −3.0 m s −1 + ∫ 𝑘𝑡 4 ⅆ𝑡 = −3.0 m s−1 + 25 m s −6 × (1.0 s)5 /5
0 0
−1
= 2.0 m s

3. Find the velocity of the particle at time 𝑡 = 5.0 s if its initial velocity is 2.0 m s −1 and
its acceleration is 𝑚𝑡 where 𝑚 = 4.0 m s −3.
Ans: 𝟓𝟐 𝐦 𝐬−𝟏
𝑡 5.0 s
𝑣 = 𝑣0 + ∫ 𝑎 ⅆ𝑡 = 2.0 m s −1 + ∫ 𝑚𝑡 ⅆ𝑡 = 2.0 m s−1 + 4.0 m s −3 × (5.0 s)2 /2 = 52 m s −1
0 0

4. The velocity of a 2.0 kg object moving along a straight line is given by 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑡 +
𝑏𝑡 2 where 𝑎 = 1.0 m s −2 and 𝑏 = 3.0 m s−3 . Find the force on the object at 𝑡 = 5.0 s.
Ans: 𝟔𝟐 𝐍

𝐹 = 𝑚 ⅆ𝑣/ⅆ𝑡 = 𝑚(𝑎 + 2𝑏𝑡) = 2.0 kg × (1.0 m s −2 + 2 × 3.0 m s−3 × 5.0 s) = 62 N

5. The velocity of a 4.0 kg object moving along a straight line is given by 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑐𝑡 −1 +
ⅆ𝑡 3 where 𝑐 = 2.0 m and ⅆ = 0.50 m s −4 . Find the force on the object at 𝑡 = 2.0 s.
Ans: 𝟐𝟐 𝐍

𝐹 = 𝑚 ⅆ𝑣/ⅆ𝑡 = 𝑚(−𝑐𝑡 −2 + 3ⅆ𝑡 2 )

= 4.0 kg × (−2.0 m × (2.0 s)−2 + 3 × 0.50 m s −4 × (2.0 𝑠)2 ) = 22 N

6. The velocity of a 5.0 kg object moving along a straight line is given by 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑢 + 𝑓𝑡 2
where 𝑢 = 16 m s −1 and 𝑓 = 8.0 m s −3 . Find the force on the object at 𝑡 = 2.0 s.
Ans: 𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝐍

𝐹 = 𝑚 ⅆ𝑣/ⅆ𝑡 = 𝑚(2𝑓𝑡) = 5.0 kg × (2 × 8.0 m s −3 × 2.0 s) = 160 N

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7. An automatic gun fires a hail of 2 g bullets at a target at a steady rate of 50 rounds per second
each of which is embedded in the target. Find the magnitude of the average force on the target if
the muzzle velocity of the gun is 800 m s −1 and it is aimed directly at the target.
Ans: 𝟖𝟎 𝐍
𝐹 = 2 × 10−3 kg × 800 m s−1 × 50 s −1 = 80 N
8. A similar gun fires 5.0 g bullets with a muzzle velocity of 950 m s−1 at 40 rounds per second.
Find the magnitude of the average force on the target assuming the gun is aimed directly at the
target and each shot is embedded in the target.
Ans: 𝟏𝟗𝟎 𝐍
𝐹 = 5.0 × 10−3 kg × 950 m s−1 × 40 s−1 = 190 N
9. A third gun has a muzzle velocity of 1000 m s −1 and can fire a 1 second burst of twenty 2 g
bullets. Find the magnitude of the average force on a target at which this gun is directly aimed if
each shot is embedded in the target.
Ans: 𝟒𝟎 𝐍

𝐹 = 2 × 10−3 kg × 1000 m s −1 × 20 s−1 = 40 N

10. An object of mass 2.0 kg moving along the 𝑥-axis with a velocity of 5.0 m s −1 collides with an
object of mass 1.0 kg moving along the 𝑥-axis with a velocity of −8.0 m s −1 and the 1.0 kg
object moves at 1.0 m s −1 after the collision. What is the velocity of the 2.0 kg object after the
collision?
Ans: 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎 𝐦 𝐬−𝟏

= (𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 − 𝑚2 𝑣2 )/𝑚1
𝑣1
−1
= [2.0 kg × 5.0 m s + 1.0 kg × (−8.0 m s−1 − 1.0 m s−1 )]/(2.0 kg) = 0.50 m s −1

11. Another object of mass 2.0 kg moving along the 𝑥-axis with a velocity of 15 m s−1 collides
with an object of mass 1.0 kg moving along the 𝑥-axis with a velocity of −8.0 m s −1 and the
1.0 kg object moves at 4.0 m s −1 after the collision. Find the velocity of the 2.0 kg object after
the collision.
Ans: 𝟗. 𝟎 𝐦 𝐬 −𝟏

𝑣1 = (𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 − 𝑚2 𝑣2 )/𝑚1
= [2.0 kg × 15 m s −1 + 1.0 kg × (−8.0 m s−1 − 4.0 m s−1 )]/(2.0 kg) = 9.0 m s−1

12. A 4.0 kg object moving along the 𝑥-axis with a velocity of 2.5 m s −1 collides with a 3.0 kg
object moving along the 𝑥-axis with a velocity of −1.0 m s−1 and the 3.0 kg object moves at
1.2 m s −1 after the collision. Find the velocity of the 4.0 kg object after the collision.
Ans: 𝟎. 𝟒𝟎 𝐦 𝐬−𝟏

= (𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 − 𝑚2 𝑣2 )/𝑚1
𝑣1
−1
= [4.0 kg × 2.5 m s + 3.0 kg × (−1.6 m s−1 − 1.2 m s−1 )]/(4.0 kg) = 0.40 m s −1

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13. A pellet falling vertically at terminal velocity is observed in a vehicle moving horizontally at a
steady speed of 15 m s −1 to move at 30° to the horizontal. What is the terminal speed of the
pellet relative to the ground
Ans: 𝟖. 𝟕 𝐦 𝐬 −𝟏

𝑣𝑝 = 𝑣𝑣 tan 𝜃 = 15 m s−1 × tan 30° = 8.7 m s−1

14. The terminal velocity of a raindrop of diameter 2 mm is about 6.0 m s−1 . Find the angle a stream
of vertically falling 2 mm raindrops is observed to make with the horizontal in a vehicle moving
horizontally at a steady speed of 6.0 m s −1.
Ans: 𝟒𝟓°

𝜃 = atan(𝑣𝑟 /𝑣𝑣 ) = atan(6.0 m s−1 /(6.0 m s−1 )) = 45°

15. Find the speed of a vertically falling object whose velocity vector instantaneously makes an
angle of 60° with the horizontal as observed in a vehicle moving horizontally at 25 m s −1 .
Ans: 𝟒𝟑 𝐦 𝐬−𝟏

𝑣𝑝 = 𝑣𝑣 tan 𝜃 = 25 m s −1 × tan 60° = 43 m s −1

16. The initial position of a particle is 3𝒊̂ m and its velocity is given in terms of time 𝑡 by 𝒗(𝑡) =
[(𝟐𝒊̂ + 5𝒋̂) m s−4 ]𝑡 3 . What is the position of the particle at time 𝑡?
𝟏 𝟓 𝟏 𝟓
Ans: 𝟑𝒊̂ 𝐦 + (𝟐 𝒊̂ + 𝟒 𝒋̂) 𝒕𝟒 𝐦 𝐬 −𝟒 = (𝟑 𝐦 + 𝟐 𝒕𝟒 𝐦 𝐬−𝟒 ) 𝒊̂ + (𝟒 𝒕𝟒 𝐦 𝐬 −𝟒 ) 𝒋̂

𝑡
1 5 1 5
𝒓(𝑡) = 𝒓0 + ∫ 𝒗 ⅆ𝑡 = 3𝒊̂ m + ( 𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂) 𝑡 4 m s −4 = (3 m + 𝑡 4 m s−4 ) 𝒊̂ + ( 𝑡 4 m s−4 ) 𝒋̂
0 2 4 2 4

17. The velocity of a particle whose initial position is (2𝒊̂ + 3𝒋̂) m is given in terms of time 𝑡 by
𝒗(𝑡) = (𝑎𝑡𝒊̂ + 𝑏𝑡 2 𝒋̂) where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are constants. Find the position of the particle at time 𝑡.
𝟏 𝟏
Ans: (𝟐 𝐦 + 𝟐 𝒂𝒕𝟐 ) 𝒊̂ + (𝟑 𝐦 + 𝟑 𝒃𝒕𝟑 ) 𝒋̂

𝑡
1 1 1 1
𝒓(𝑡) = 𝒓0 + ∫ 𝒗 ⅆ𝑡 = (2𝒊̂ + 3𝒋̂) m + ( 𝑎𝑡 2 𝒊̂ + 𝑏𝑡 3 𝒋̂) = (2 m + 𝑎𝑡 2 ) 𝒊̂ + (3 m + 𝑏𝑡 3 ) 𝒋̂
0 2 3 2 3

18. The velocity of a particle whose initial position is 5𝒋̂ m is given in terms of time 𝑡 by 𝒗(𝑡) =
(𝑐𝑡 4 𝒊̂ + ⅆ𝑡 −2 𝒋̂) where 𝑐 and ⅆ are constants. Find the position of the particle at time 𝑡.
𝟏
Ans: 𝟓 𝒄𝒕𝟓 𝒊̂ + (𝟓 𝐦 − 𝒅𝒕−𝟏 )𝒋̂

𝑡
1 1
𝒓(𝑡) = 𝒓0 + ∫ 𝒗 ⅆ𝑡 = 5𝒋̂ m + ( 𝑐𝑡 5 𝒊̂ − ⅆ𝑡 −1 𝒋̂) = 𝑐𝑡 5 𝒊̂ + (5 m − ⅆ𝑡 −1 )𝒋̂
0 5 5

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PREAMBLE: A particle is accelerated in a particle accelerator which has a 2.0 m long tube
near the last stage of the accelerator through which the particle passes.

19. What is the length of the tube as observed in the frame of the particle when it passes
through it at a constant speed of 8.1 × 107 m s−1 ?
Ans: 𝟏. 𝟗 𝐦

𝐿 = 𝐿0 √1 − 𝑣 2 /𝑐 2 = 2.0 m × √1 − (8.1 × 107 m s−1 )2 /(3.0 × 108 m s−1 )2 = 1.9 m

20. What is the length of the tube as observed in the frame of the particle when it passes
through it at a constant speed of 1.2 × 108 m s−1 ?
Ans: 𝟏. 𝟖 𝐦

𝐿 = 𝐿0 √1 − 𝑣 2 /𝑐 2 = 2.0 m × √1 − (1.2 × 108 m s−1 )2 /(3.0 × 108 m s−1 )2 = 1.8 m

21. What is the length of the tube as observed in the frame of the particle when it passes
through it at a constant speed of 2.1 × 108 m s−1 ?
Ans: 𝟏. 𝟒 𝐦

𝐿 = 𝐿0 √1 − 𝑣 2 /𝑐 2 = 2.0 m × √1 − (2.1 × 108 m s−1 )2 /(3.0 × 108 m s−1 )2 = 1.4 m

22. A 2.0 kg object moving at 8.0 m s−1 along a straight line overtakes a 4.0 kg object moving in the
same direction at 2.0 m s −1. Find the kinetic energy of the 4.0 kg object if the 2.0 kg object is
stopped by the collision.
Ans: 𝟕𝟐 𝐉

𝑣2 = (𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 − 𝑚1 𝑣1 )/𝑚2 = (2.0 kg × 8.0 m s −1 + 4.0 kg × 2.0 m s −1 − 0)/(4.0 kg) = 6.0 m s −1 ;

𝐾2 = 𝑚2 𝑣22 /2 = 4.0 kg × (6.0 m s−1 )2 /2 = 72 J

23. A 2.0 kg object moving at 8.0 m s−1 along a straight line overtakes a 4.0 kg object moving in the
same direction at 1.0 m s −1. Find the kinetic energy lost in the collision if the 2.0 kg object is
stopped by the collision.
Ans: 𝟏𝟔 𝐉

𝑣2 = (𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 − 𝑚1 𝑣1 )/𝑚2 = (2.0 kg × 8.0 m s −1 + 4.0 kg × 1.0 m s −1 − 0)/(4.0 kg) = 5.0 m s −1 ;

|Δ𝐾| = (𝑚1 𝑢12 + 𝑚2 𝑢22 − 𝑚2 𝑣22 )/2 = 16 J

24. A 2.0 kg object moving at 8.0 m s−1 along a straight line overtakes a 4.0 kg object moving in the
same direction at 4.0 m s −1. Find the change in kinetic energy in the collision if the 2.0 kg object
is stopped by the collision.
Ans: −𝟔𝟒 𝐉

𝑣2 = (𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 − 𝑚1 𝑣1 )/𝑚2 = (2.0 kg × 8.0 m s −1 + 4.0 kg × 4.0 m s −1 − 0)/(4.0 kg) = 8.0 m s −1 ;

Δ𝐾 = −(𝑚1 𝑢12 + 𝑚2 𝑢22 − 𝑚2 𝑣22 )/2 = −64 J

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25. Two 5.0 kg objects, one stationary and the other moving at 20 m s−1 , collide elastically in such a
manner that the incoming object takes off at 30° to the line of approach. Find the kinetic energy
of the incoming object after the collision.
Ans: 𝟕𝟓𝟎 𝐉

1
𝑇1 = 𝑚1 𝑢12 cos2 𝜓 = 5.0 kg × (20 m s−1 )2 × cos 2 30° /2 = 750 J
2
26. In a similar elastic collision involving two objects each of mass 4.0 kg, the kinetic energy of the
stationary object is 840 J after the collision and the incoming object takes off at 60° to the line of
approach after the collision. Find the kinetic energy after the collision of the incoming object.
Ans: 𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝐉

𝑇1 = 𝑇2 cot 2 𝜓 = 840 J × cot 2 60° = 280 J

27. In another elastic collision of a similar kind, each object has a mass of 3.0 kg and the incoming
object takes off at 45° to the line of approach with a kinetic energy of 450 J. Find the initial
kinetic energy of the incoming object.
Ans: 𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝐉

𝑇0 = 𝑇1 sec 2 𝜓 = 450 J × sec 2 45° = 900 J

28. Determine the power developed by the force 𝑭 = (2𝒊̂ + 3𝒋̂) N when its point of application is
displaced uniformly by 𝒅 = (2𝒊̂ + 2𝒋̂) m in 5 s.
Ans: 𝟐 𝐖

𝑃 = 𝑭 ⋅ 𝒅/𝑡 = [(2𝒊̂ + 3𝒋̂) N ⋅ (2𝒊̂ + 2𝒋̂) m]/(5 s) = 2 W

29. Find the power developed by the force 𝑭 = (𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂) N when its point of application is displaced
uniformly by 𝒅 = (2𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂) m in 0.5 s.
Ans: 𝟖 𝐖

𝑃 = 𝑭 ⋅ 𝒅/𝑡 = [(𝒊̂ + 2𝒋̂) N ⋅ (2𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂) m]/(0.5 s) = 8 W

30. Find the power developed by the force 𝑭 = (5𝒊̂ + 2𝒋̂) N when its point of application moves with
velocity 𝒗 = (𝒊̂ + 2𝒋̂) m 𝑠 −1 .
Ans: 𝟗 𝐖

𝑃 = 𝑭 ⋅ 𝒗 = [(5𝒊̂ + 2𝒋̂) N ⋅ (𝒊̂ + 2𝒋̂) m] = 9 W

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PREAMBLE: A series of position and linear momentum measurements are made on a particle.
After each measurement, the particle is returned to its initial state before a repetition of the
measurement or another type of measurement is made.

31. If the 𝑥-coordinate results have an uncertainty of 4.0 pm, what can the smallest value
of the uncertainty in the 𝑥 component of linear momentum be?
Ans: 𝟏. 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟑 𝐍 𝐬

𝜎𝑝 ≥ ℏ/2𝜎𝑥 = 1.05 × 10−34 J s/(2 × 4.0 × 10−12 m) = 1.3 × 10−23 N s

32. If the 𝑥-coordinate results have an uncertainty of 4 pm, what can the smallest value of
the uncertainty in the 𝑦 component of linear momentum be?
Ans: 𝟎

33. If the 𝑦 component of linear momentum results have an uncertainty of 4.0 pN s, what
can the smallest value of the uncertainty in the 𝑦 coordinate be?
Ans: 𝟏. 𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟑 𝐦

𝜎𝑦 ≥ ℏ/2𝜎𝑝𝑦 = 1.05 × 10−34 J s/(2 × 4.0 × 10−12 pN s) = 1.3 × 10−23 m

PREAMBLE: Several objects roll from rest without slipping down a plane inclined at 30° to
the horizontal. Find the speed of the given object at the bottom of the inclined plane when
released from the given height on the plane.

34. A solid sphere from a height of 7.0 m..

Ans: 𝟏𝟎 𝐦 𝐬−𝟏

2𝑔ℎ 2 × 10 𝑚 s−2 × 7.0 m

𝑣=√ = √ = 10 m s−1
1 + 2/5 1 + 2/5

35. A solid cylinder from a height of 0.30 m..

Ans: 𝟐. 𝟎 𝐦 𝐬 −𝟏

2𝑔ℎ 2 × 10 𝑚 s−2 × 0.30 m

𝑣=√ =√ = 2.0 m
1 + 1/2 1 + 1/2

36. A thin-walled cylindrical shell from a height of 0.90 m.

Ans: 𝟑. 𝟎 𝐦 𝐬 −𝟏

2𝑔ℎ 2 × 10 𝑚 s −2 × 0.90 m
𝑣=√ =√ = 3.0 m
1+1 2

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37. An object dropped from a height of 20 m onto a horizontal surface rebounds to a height
of 10 m. How high does it rise on the third rebound?
Ans: 𝟐. 𝟓 𝐦

ℎ3 = ℎ13 /𝐻 2 = (10 m)3 /(20 m)2 = 2.5 m

38. The object is dropped from a height of 50 m onto a different horizontal surface and it
rebounds to a height of 20 m. How high does it rise on the third rebound in this case?
Ans: 𝟑. 𝟐 𝐦

ℎ3 = ℎ13 /𝐻 2 = (20 m)3 /(50 m)2 = 3.2 m

39. Another object is dropped from a height of 50 m onto the second horizontal surface and
it rebounds to a height of 10 m. How high does this object rise on the third rebound?
Ans: 𝟎. 𝟒 𝐦

ℎ3 = ℎ13 /𝐻 2 = (10 m)3 /(50 m)2 = 0.4 m

PREAMBLE: Several objects roll from rest without slipping down an inclined plane. Find the
angular speed of the given object at the bottom of the inclined plane when released from the
given height on the plane.

40. A solid sphere of radius 0.20 m from a height of 0.28 m..

Ans: 𝟏𝟎 𝐫𝐚𝐝 𝐬−𝟏

1 2𝑔ℎ 1 2 × 10 m s−2 × 0.28 m

𝜔 = 𝑣/𝑅 = √ = √ = 10 rad s−1
𝑅 1 + 2/5 0.20 m 1 + 2/5

41. A solid cylinder of radius 0.80 m from a height of 1.2 m..

Ans: 𝟓. 𝟎 𝐫𝐚𝐝 𝐬−𝟏

1 2𝑔ℎ 1 2 × 10 m s −2 × 1.2 m
𝜔 = 𝑣/𝑅 = √ = √ = 5.0 rad
𝑅 1 + 1/2 0.80 m 1 + 1/2

42. A solid sphere of radius 0.40 m from a height of 7.0 m..

Ans: 𝟐𝟓 𝐫𝐚𝐝 𝐬−𝟏

1 2𝑔ℎ 1 2 × 10 m s −2 × 7.0 m
𝜔 = 𝑣/𝑅 = √ = √ = 25 rad s−1
𝑅 1 + 2/5 0.40 m 1 + 2/5

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43. The position vector in meters of a particle is 3𝒊̂ + 2𝒋̂. What is the position of the particle
relative to the point with position vector 3𝒋̂ + 2𝒌̂ in meters?
̂ in meters
Ans: 𝟑𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ − 𝟐𝒌

̂ ) = 3𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ − 2𝒌
𝒓𝐴𝐵 = 𝒓𝐴 − 𝒓𝐵 = 3𝒊̂ + 2𝒋̂ − (3𝒋̂ + 2𝒌 ̂ in meters

44. The position vector of a particle is 3𝒊̂ + 2𝒋̂ in meters. Find the displacement of the particle
from the point with position vector 2𝒊̂ + 3𝒋̂ in meters?
Ans: 𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ in meters

𝒓𝐴𝐵 = 𝒓𝐴 − 𝒓𝐵 = 3𝒊̂ + 2𝒋̂ − (2𝒊̂ + 3𝒋̂) = 𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ in meters

̂ ) m of a particle whose position vector is (3𝒋̂ + 2𝒌

45. Find the position relative to (2𝒊̂ + 3𝒌 ̂ ) m.
̂) 𝐦
Ans: (−𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂ − 𝒌

̂ ) m − (2𝒊̂ + 3𝒌
𝒓𝐴𝐵 = 𝒓𝐴 − 𝒓𝐵 = (3𝒋̂ + 2𝒌 ̂ ) m = (−2𝒊̂ + 3𝒋̂ − 𝒌
̂) m

46. The initial velocity of a particle moving along the x-axis with constant acceleration is
20 m s −1 . Find the acceleration of the particle if its velocity at 𝑡 = 5 s is 40 m s−1 .
Ans: 𝟒 𝐦 𝐬 −𝟐

𝑎 = (𝑣 − 𝑢)/𝑡 = (40 m s −1 − 20 m s−1 )/(5 𝑠) = 4 m s−2

47. The acceleration of a particle moving with constant acceleration along the x-axis is
2 m s −2. Find the velocity of the particle at 𝑡 = 5 s if its initial velocity is 10 m s−1 .
Ans: 𝟐𝟎 𝐦 𝐬−𝟏

𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 = 10 m s−1 + 2 m s −2 × 5 s = 20 m s−1

48. Find the initial velocity of a particle which moves with a constant acceleration of 8 m s −2
along the x-axis and whose velocity is 50 m s −1 at 𝑡 = 10 s.
Ans: −𝟑𝟎 𝐦 𝐬−𝟏

𝑢 = 𝑣 − 𝑎𝑡 = 50 m s−1 − 8 m s−2 × 10 s = −30 m s−1

PREAMBLE: The position in meters of a particle moving along the 𝑥-axis is given by 𝑥 = 2𝑡 3 −
5𝑡 2 + 4 where 𝑡 is time in seconds.

49. Find the displacement of the particle between 0 s and 2 s.

Ans: −𝟒 𝐦

Δ𝑥 = 𝑥final − 𝑥initial = 𝑥(2) − 𝑥(0) = (2 × 23 − 5 × 22 + 4) m − (0 − 0 + 4) m = −4 m

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50. Find the velocity of the particle at 2 s.

Ans: 𝟒 𝐦 𝐬 −𝟏

𝑣 = ⅆ𝑥/ⅆ𝑡|𝑡=2 = (6𝑡 2 − 10𝑡)|𝑡=2 = (6 × 22 − 10 × 2) m s −1 = 4 m s−1

51. Find the average velocity of the particle between 0 s and 2 s.

Ans: −𝟐 𝐦 𝐬−𝟏

𝑥(2) − 𝑥(0) (2 × 23 − 5 × 22 + 4) m − (0 − 0 + 4) m
𝑣avg = Δ𝑥/Δ𝑡 = = = −2 m s −1
(2 s − 0 s) 2s

52. An object of mass 20 kg is stationary on a plane inclined at 30° to the horizontal. Find
the normal force on the object.
Ans: 𝟏𝟎𝟎√𝟑 𝐍 = 𝟏𝟕𝟑 𝐍

𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 cos 30° = 20 kg × 10 m s −2 × √3/2 = 100√3 N = 173 N

53. An object of mass 40 kg is stationary on a plane inclined at 30° to the horizontal. Find
the friction force on the object.
Ans: 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐍

𝐹𝑟 = 𝑚𝑔 sin 30° = 40 kg × 10 m s−2 × 1/2 = 200 N

54. An object of mass 20 kg is stationary on a flat plank inclined at 60° to the horizontal.
Find the normal force on the plank.
Ans: 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐍

𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 cos 60° = 20 kg × 10 m s−2 × 1/2 = 100 N = 100 N

55. The position vector of a particle is (2𝒊̂ + 3𝒋̂) m. What is the position of the particle
relative to the point with position vector (2𝒋̂ + 3𝒌 ̂ ) m?
̂) 𝐦
Ans: (𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − 𝟑𝒌

̂ ) m = (2𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − 3𝒌
𝒓𝐴𝐵 = 𝒓𝐴 − 𝒓𝐵 = (2𝒊̂ + 3𝒋̂) m − (2𝒋̂ + 3𝒌 ̂) m

56. The position vector of a particle is (6𝒊̂ + 4𝒋̂) m. Find the displacement of the particle from
the point with position vector (2𝒊̂ + 3𝒋̂) m?
Ans: (𝟒𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂) 𝐦

𝒓𝐴𝐵 = 𝒓𝐴 − 𝒓𝐵 = (6𝒊̂ + 4𝒋̂) m − (2𝒊̂ + 3𝒋̂) m = (4𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂) m

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̂ ) m of a particle whose position vector is

57. Find the position relative to (3𝒊̂ + 2𝒌
̂ ) m.
(3𝒋̂ + 2𝒌
Ans: (−𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂) 𝐦

̂ ) m − (3𝒊̂ + 2𝒌
𝒓𝐴𝐵 = 𝒓𝐴 − 𝒓𝐵 = (3𝒋̂ + 2𝒌 ̂ ) m = (−3𝒊̂ + 3𝒋̂) m

PREAMBLE: The position vector of a particle is given as a function of time 𝑡 by 𝒓 = 𝑎𝑡 2 𝒊̂ +

𝑏𝑡𝒋̂ where 𝑎 = 2 m s −2 and 𝑏 = 30 m s−1.

58. Determine the velocity of the particle at 𝑡 = 5 s.

Ans: (𝟐𝟎𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝟎𝒋̂) 𝐦 𝐬−𝟏

ⅆ𝒓
𝒗= = 2𝑎𝑡𝒊̂ + 𝑏𝒋̂ = (2 × 2 m s−2 × 5 s)𝒊̂ + (30 m s−1 )𝒋̂ = (20𝒊̂ + 30𝒋̂) m s−1
ⅆ𝑡
59. Determine the average velocity of the particle between 𝑡 = 0 and 𝑡 = 5 𝑠.

Ans: (𝟏𝟎 𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝟎 𝒋̂) 𝐦 𝐬−𝟏

𝒗avg = Δ𝒓⁄Δ𝑡
[2 m s−1 × (5 s)2 𝒊̂ + (30 m s −1 × 5 s)𝒋̂] − [2 m s−1 × (0 s)2 𝒊̂ + (30 m s−1 × 0 s )𝒋̂]
=
5s−0s
= (10 𝒊̂ + 30 𝒋̂) m s−1

60. Determine the displacement of the particle between 𝑡 = 0 and 𝑡 = 5 𝑠.

Ans: (𝟓𝟎 𝒊̂ + 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒋̂) 𝐦

Δ𝒓 = [2 m s−1 × (5 s)2 𝒊̂ + (30 m s−1 × 5 s)𝒋̂] − [2 m s−1 × (0 s)2 𝒊̂ + (30 m s−1 × 0 𝑠 )𝒋̂]
= (50 𝒊̂ + 150 𝒋̂) m

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61. Find the energy loss when a 2 kg object moving at 5 m s −1 collides head-on with and
sticks to a stationary 3 kg object.

Ans: 𝟏𝟓 𝐉

𝑝𝑓2 𝑝𝑖2 (2 kg × 5 m s−1 )2 1 1

Δ𝐾𝐸 = − = ( − ) = −15 J
2(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) 2𝑚1 2 2 kg + 3 kg 2 kg

62. Find the energy loss when a 3 kg object moving at 5 m s −1 collides head-on with and
sticks to a stationary 2 kg object.

Ans: 𝟏𝟓 𝐉

𝑝𝑓2 𝑝𝑖2 (3 kg × 5 m s−1 )2 1 1

Δ𝐾𝐸 = − = ( − ) = −15 J
2(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) 2𝑚1 2 2 kg + 3 kg 3 kg

63. Find the energy loss when 5 kg object moving at 2 m s−1 collides head-on with and sticks
to a stationary 2 kg object.

Ans: 𝟑. 𝟕𝟓 𝐉

𝑝𝑓2 𝑝𝑖2 (5 kg × 2 m s −1 )2 1 1
Δ𝐾𝐸 = − = ( − ) = −3.75 J
2(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) 2𝑚1 2 5 kg + 3 kg 5 kg

PREAMBLE: The position vector of a 2 kg object varies with time 𝑡 as 𝒓 = 𝑎𝑡 2 𝒊̂ + 𝑏𝑡𝒋̂ where
𝑎 = 1 m s−2 and 𝑏 = 5 m s −1 .

64. Find the linear momentum of the object at 𝑡 = 5 s.

Ans: (𝟐𝟎 𝒊̂ + 𝟏𝟎 𝒋̂) 𝐍 𝐬

𝒑 = 𝑚 ⅆ𝒓/ⅆ𝑡 = 𝑚(2𝑎𝑡𝒊̂ + 𝑏𝒋̂) = 2 kg × (2 × 1 m s −2 × 5 s 𝒊̂ + 5 m s −1 𝒋̂) = (20 𝒊̂ + 10 𝒋̂) N s

65. Find the net force acting on the object at 𝑡 = 5 s.

Ans: (𝟒 𝒊̂) 𝐍

𝑭 = 𝑚 ⅆ 2 𝒓/ⅆ𝑡 2 = 𝑚(2𝑎𝒊̂) = 2 kg × (2 × 1 m s−2 𝒊̂) = (4 𝒊̂) N

66. Find the impulse of the net force acting on the object between 𝑡 = 0 s and 𝑡 = 5 s.

Ans: (𝟐𝟎 𝒊̂) 𝐍 𝐬

𝑰 = 𝑭Δ𝑡 = 2𝑚𝑎Δ𝑡𝒊̂ = 2 × 2 kg × 1 m s−2 × (5 s − 0 s) 𝒊̂ = (20 𝒊̂) N s

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67. A 2 kg object moving at 5 m s−1 collides with and sticks to a stationary object and the two move
together at 2 m s −1. Find the mass of the stationary object.

Ans: 𝟑 𝐤𝐠

𝑚2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 /𝑣 − 𝑚1 = 𝑚1 (𝑣1 /𝑣 − 1) = 2 kg × [(5 m s−1 )/(2 m s −1 ) − 1] = 3 kg

68. A 5 kg object moving at 20 m s−1 collides with and sticks to a stationary object and the two
move together at 5 m s−1. Find the mass of the stationary object.

Ans: 𝟏𝟓 𝐤𝐠

𝑚2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 /𝑣 − 𝑚1 = 𝑚1 (𝑣1 /𝑣 − 1) = 5 kg × [(20 m s−1 )/(5 m s −1 ) − 1] = 15 kg

69. A 4 kg object moving at 12 m s−1 collides with and sticks to a stationary 2 kg object. Find the
common speed of the objects immediately after the collision.

Ans: 𝟖 𝐦 𝐬 −𝟏

𝑣 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 /(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) = 4 kg × 12 m s−1 /(4 kg + 2 kg) = 8 m s−1

̂ ) m is
70. The position of a particle relative to the point with position vector (10𝒊̂ + 5𝒌
̂ ) m. What is the average velocity of the particle when it moves to the origin in
(20𝒋̂ + 30𝒌
5 s?

̂ ) 𝐦 𝐬−𝟏
Ans: (−𝟐𝒊̂ − 𝟒𝒋̂ − 𝟕𝒌

̂ ) m − (20𝒋̂ + 30𝒌
𝒗𝑎𝑣𝑔 = Δ𝒓/Δ𝑡 = [𝟎 − (10𝒊̂ + 5𝒌 ̂ ) m]/(5 s) = (−2𝒊̂ − 4𝒋̂ − 7𝒌
̂ ) m s −1

̂ ) m is
71. The position of a particle relative to the point with position vector (3𝒊̂ + 5𝒌
̂ ) m. What is the displacement of the particle from the point with position vector
(2𝒋̂ + 3𝒌
̂ ) m.
(5𝒋̂ + 2𝒌

̂) 𝐦
Ans: (𝟑𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟔𝒌

̂ ) m − [(5𝒋̂ + 2𝒌
Δ𝒓 = (2𝒋̂ + 3𝒌 ̂ ) m − (3𝒊̂ + 5𝒌
̂ ) m] = (3𝒊̂ − 3𝒋̂ + 6𝒌
̂) m

̂ ) m is
72. The position of a particle relative to the point with position vector (3𝒊̂ + 5𝒌
̂ ) m. What is the average velocity of the particle when it moves to the point with
(2𝒋̂ + 3𝒌
̂ ) m in 3 s.
position vector (5𝒋̂ + 2𝒌

̂ ) 𝐦 𝐬 −𝟏
Ans: (−𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − 𝟐𝒌

̂ ) m − (3𝒊̂ + 5𝒌
𝑣avg = Δ𝒓/Δ𝑡 = {[(5𝒋̂ + 2𝒌 ̂ ) m] − (2𝒋̂ + 3𝒌
̂ ) m}/(3 s) = (−𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ − 2𝒌
̂) m

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73. Find the loss in total kinetic energy when a 2 kg object moving at 5 m s −1 collides head-on
with a stationary 3 kg object if the coefficient of restitution is 0.8.

Ans: 𝟓. 𝟒 𝐉

(2 kg)(3 kg)(5 m s−1 )2

𝑇 − 𝑇 ′ = (1 − 𝑒 2 )𝑢12 𝑚1 𝑚2 /2(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) = × (1 − 0.82 ) = 5.4 J
2(2 kg + 3 kg)

74. The coefficient of restitution for the head-on collision between a 3 kg object moving at
4 m s−1 and a stationary 5 kg object is 0.6. Find the loss in kinetic energy of the objects
in the collision.

Ans: 𝟗. 𝟔 𝐉

(3 kg)(5 kg)(4 m s−1 )2

′
𝑇 − 𝑇 = (1 − 𝑒 2 )𝑢12 𝑚1 𝑚2 /2(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) = × (1 − 0.62 ) = 9.6 J
2(3 kg + 5 kg)

75. The coefficient of restitution for the head-on collision between a 2.00 kg object moving
at 3.00 m s −1 and a stationary 1.00 kg object is 0.500. Find the loss in kinetic energy of
the objects in the collision.

Ans: 𝟐. 𝟐𝟓 𝐉

(2 kg)(1 kg)(3 m s−1 )2

𝑇 − 𝑇 ′ = (1 − 𝑒 2 )𝑢12 𝑚1 𝑚2 /2(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) = × (1 − 0.62 ) = 2.25 J
2(2 kg + 1 kg)

76. The coefficient of restitution for the head-on collision between a 3.0 kg object moving at
4.0 m s−1 and a stationary 5.0 kg object is 0.60. Find the velocity of the initially
stationary object after the collision.

Ans: 𝟐. 𝟒 𝐦 𝐬 −𝟏

𝑣2 = (1 + 𝑒)𝑚1 𝑢1 /(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) = (1 + 0.60)(3.0 kg)(4.0 m s −1 )/(3.0 kg + 5.0 kg)

= 2.4 m s −1

77. The coefficient of restitution for the head-on collision between a 2.0 kg object moving at
5.0 m s−1 and a stationary 4.0 kg object is 0.80. Find the velocity of the initially
stationary object after the collision.
Ans: 𝟑. 𝟎 𝐦 𝐬 −𝟏

𝑣2 = (1 + 𝑒)𝑚1 𝑢1 /(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) = (1 + 0.80)(2.0 kg)(5.0 m s −1 )/(2.0 kg + 4.0 kg)

= 3.0 m s −1

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78. The coefficient of restitution for the head-on collision between a 3.0 kg object moving at
4.0 m s−1 and a stationary 5.0 kg object is 0.60. Find the velocity of the initially moving
object after the collision.
Ans: 𝟎

𝑣1 = (𝑚1 − 𝑚2 𝑒)𝑢1 /(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) = (3.0 kg − 5.0 kg × 0.60)(4.0 m s−1 )/(3.0 kg + 5.0 kg)
=0

79. The uncertainty in the 𝑧 coordinate of a particle is 5.0 nm. Estimate the smallest value of
the uncertainty in the 𝑧 component of its linear momentum.
Ans: 𝟏. 𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟔 𝐍 𝐬

𝜎𝑝 ≥ ℏ/(2𝜎𝑧 ) = 1.05 × 10−34 J s/(2 × 5.0 × 10−9 m) = 1.0 × 10−26 N s

80. The uncertainty in the 𝑦 coordinate of a particle is 5.0 × 10−15 m. Estimate the smallest
value of the uncertainty in the 𝑦 component of its linear momentum.
Ans: 𝟏. 𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟎 𝐍 𝐬

𝜎𝑝 ≥ ℏ/(2𝜎𝑦 ) = 1.05 × 10−34 J s/(2 × 5.00 × 10−15 m) = 1.0 × 10−20 N s

81. The uncertainty in the 𝑥 coordinate of a particle is 1.00 pm. Estimate the smallest
value of the uncertainty in the 𝑥 component of its linear momentum.

Ans: 𝟓. 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟑 𝐍 𝐬

𝜎𝑝 ≥ ℏ/(2𝜎𝑥 ) = 1.05 × 10−34 J s/(2 × 1.00 × 10−12 m) = 5.25 × 10−23 N s

PREAMBLE: An object is at rest on the floor of a bus moving with a steady velocity on a
horizontal road.

82. What is the force needed to keep the object moving with the bus?
ANSWER: No force is needed
83. If there is no friction between the object and the floor of the bus, what happens to the object
when the bus stops suddenly?
ANSWER: It slides toward the front of the bus
84. Why does the object slide forward when the bus stops suddenly?
ANSWER: No force acts to change its uniform velocity

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PREAMBLE: A bus is moving on a flat horizontal road at a constant velocity of 20 m s−1

due north. The brakes of the bus are suddenly applied and the bus stops in 10 s.

85. A 0.5 kg metal bob hangs by a 0.5 m thread from the roof of the bus as it moves at constant
velocity. Find the angle the thread makes with the vertical.
ANSWER: 𝟎°
The bob and thread move with the same uniform velocity as the bus so the
net horizontal force is zero.
86. A 5 kg box lies stationary on a frictionless section of the floor of the bus as the bus moves with
constant velocity. Find the net force on the box when it slides forward as the brakes of the bus
are suddenly applied and the bus stops in 10 s.
ANSWER: 0
No net force acts on the box; it slides forward because it continues in its state
of uniform motion.
87. Name and give the magnitude of the average force acting on an 80 kg passenger in the bus
who remains in her seat without sliding as the bus suddenly brakes to a stop in 10 s.
ANSWER: Friction; 𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝐍
𝐹 = 𝐼/Δ𝑡 = 𝑚Δ𝑣/Δ𝑡 = 80 kg × 20 m s −1 ÷ 10 s = 160 N
88. What is the linear momentum of a 5 kg object moving at 4 m s−1 due east?
ANSWER: 𝟐𝟎 𝐍 𝐬 due east
𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣 = 5 kg × 4 m s−1 due east = 20 kg m s−1 due east
89. A moving object has linear momentum of magnitude 50 N s. What force applied parallel
to the direction of motion of the object can stop it in 5 s?
ANSWER: 𝟏𝟎 𝐍
|𝑭| = 𝐼/𝜏 = |Δ𝒑|/𝜏 = 50 N s ÷ 5 s = 10 N
90. At what speed will the magnitude of linear momentum of a moving 2 kg object be
80 N s?
ANSWER: 𝟒𝟎 𝐦 𝐬−𝟏
𝑣 = 𝑝/𝑚 = 80 N s ÷ 2 kg = 40 m s−1
91. A 0.2 kg object moving at 6 m s−1 collides head-on with and becomes embedded in a stationary
object of mass 0.4 kg. Determine the speed of the composite object after the collision.
ANSWER: 𝟐 𝐦 𝐬 −𝟏
By conservation of linear momentum 𝑣 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 /(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) = 0.2 kg × 6 m s −1 ÷ 0.6 kg =
2 m s −1
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92. A stationary 0.6 kg object spontaneously disintegrates into two pieces and one piece, of
mass 0.2 kg, flies off with speed 20 m s −1 . Find the speed of the other piece.
ANSWER: 𝟏𝟎 𝐦 𝐬 −𝟏
𝑣2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 /𝑚2 = 0.2 kg × 20 m s−1 ÷ 0.4 kg = 10 m s−1
93. A steel ball of mass 0.08 kg moving at 5 m s−1 collides head-on with a
stationary block and stops. What is the mass of the block if it moves with speed 2 m s−1?
ANSWER: 𝟎. 𝟐 𝐤𝐠
𝑚2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 /𝑣2 = 0.08 kg × 5 m s −1 ÷ 2 m s−1 = 0.2 kg
94. A steel ball at the end of a string is whirled in a horizontal circle at constant speed at a
height above ground.
The string suddenly breaks. What is the trajectory of the ball after the string breaks?
ANSWER: Parabola
95. A region contains a strong uniform magnetic field. All other fields are much weaker than
the magnetic field
and can be neglected. What is the trajectory of a charged particle introduced into the
magnetic field so that its
velocity vector makes a non-zero angle with the field?
ANSWER: Helix
96. What is the trajectory of an object which moves with constant magnitude of acceleration
and constant speed?
ANSWER: Circle
97. What physical quantity is represented by the slope of a velocity-time graph?
ANSWER: Acceleration
98. What is the nature of the motion of an object in the horizontal portion of its
displacement-time graph?
ANSWER: Rest
99. What is the nature of the motion of an object in a straight portion of its velocity-time
graph?
ANSWER: Uniform acceleration Or constant acceleration. Do not accept zero
acceleration because it is a special case.
100. The magnitude of the linear momentum of a 2 kg object is 18 N s. Find the speed of
the object.
ANSWER: 𝟗 𝐦 𝐬 −𝟏 𝑣 = 𝑝/𝑚 = 9 m s−1

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101. Find the mass of an object whose linear momentum has magnitude 50 N s when its
speed is 5 m s −1.
ANSWER: 𝟏𝟎 𝐤𝐠
𝑚 = 𝑝/𝑣 = 10 m s−1
102. What is the linear momentum of a 4 kg object moving at 5 m s−1 due south?
ANSWER: 𝟐𝟎 𝐍 𝐬 𝐝𝐮𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐡 = 𝟐𝟎 𝐤𝐠 𝐦 𝐬−𝟏 𝐝𝐮𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐡
𝒑 = 𝑚𝒗 = 20 N s due south

103. The position of an object changes from 50 m due east to 30 m due west in 20 s. Find
the average velocity of the object.
ANSWER: 𝟒 𝐦 𝐬−𝟏 𝐝𝐮𝐞 𝐰𝐞𝐬𝐭
𝒗avg = change in position ÷ time = 80 m due west ÷ 20 s = 4 m s −1 due west
104. The position of an object changes from 50 m due east to 30 m due east in 20 s. Find
the average velocity of the object.
ANSWER: 𝟏 𝐦 𝐬 −𝟏 𝐝𝐮𝐞 𝐰𝐞𝐬𝐭
𝒗avg = change in position ÷ time = 20 m due west ÷ 20 s = 1 m s −1 due west
105. Find the average velocity of an object whose position changes from 50 m due west to
30 m due west in 20 s.
ANSWER: 𝟏 𝐦 𝐬−𝟏 𝐝𝐮𝐞 𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭
𝒗avg = change in position ÷ time = 20 m due east ÷ 20 s = 1 m s −1 due east

PREAMBLE: Find the displacement of an object whose position changes as given.

106. From 50 m due east to 30 m due west.

ANSWER: 𝟖𝟎 𝐦 𝐝𝐮𝐞 𝐰𝐞𝐬𝐭
107. From 50 m due east to 30 m due east.
ANSWER: 𝟐𝟎 𝐦 𝐝𝐮𝐞 𝐰𝐞𝐬𝐭
108. From 50 m due west to 30 m due west.
ANSWER: 𝟐𝟎 𝐦 𝐝𝐮𝐞 𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐭
109. Determine the magnitude of the acceleration produced by a 30 N and a perpendicular
40 N concurrent force on a 10 kg object.
ANSWER: 𝟓 𝐦 𝐬 −𝟐
𝑎 = 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 /𝑚 = √(30 N)2 + (40 N)2 /(10 kg) = 5 m s −2

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110. A 2 kg block on a flat horizontal surface is pulled by a 50 N horizontal force. Find the
magnitude of the acceleration of the block if the kinetic friction force on it is 10 N.
ANSWER: 𝟐𝟎 𝐦 𝐬 −𝟐
𝑎 = 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 /𝑚 = (50 N − 10 N) ÷ (2 kg) = 20 m s−2
111. Two perpendicular forces act concurrently on a 5 kg object moving with an
acceleration of 5 m s −2 . Find the magnitude of the second force if one of them has
magnitude 20 N.
ANSWER: 𝟏𝟓 𝐍

𝐹2 = √(𝑚𝑎)2 − 𝐹12 = √(5 kg × 5 m s −2 )2 − (20 N)2 = √625 N2 − 400 N2 = √225 N2

= 15 N
112. Two 0.5 kg balls one moving at 20 m s −1 and the other at 10 m s −1 collide head-on and
stick together. Find the final common speed of the balls.
ANSWER: 𝟓 𝐦 𝐬 −𝟏 𝑣 = 𝑚(𝑢1 − 𝑢2 )/2𝑚 = 5 m s−1
113. Two 0.5 kg balls one moving at 20 m s −1 and the other at 10 m s −1 collide head-on and
one of them continues at 8 m s −1. Find the speed of the other ball.
ANSWER: 𝟐 𝐦 𝐬 −𝟏
𝑣2 = 𝑢1 − 𝑢2 − 𝑣1 = 2 m s −1
114. Two 0.5 kg balls one moving at 20 m s −1 and the other at 10 m s −1 collide head-on and
one of them continues at 7 m s−1 . Find the coefficient of restitution.
ANSWER: 𝟐/𝟓
115. In repeated trials of an experiment to determine the 𝑥-coordinate of a particle of mass
5.00 × 10−20 kg, a standard deviation of 20.0 nm was obtained. What can be the smallest
value of the standard deviation of the 𝑥-component of its linear momentum?
ANSWER: 𝟐. 𝟔𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟕 𝐍 𝐬 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟕 𝐤𝐠 𝐦 𝐬−𝟏
ℏ
𝜎𝑝 ≥ = 1.05 × 10−34 J s ÷ (2 × 20.0 × 10−9 m) = 2.625 × 10−27 N s
2𝜎𝑥
116. A similar measurement was conducted on the 𝑧-component of the angular momentum of a
second particle of mass 2.00 × 10−20 kg and a standard deviation of 1.60 × 10−27 J s was
obtained. What is the least value of the standard deviation of its angular position in a plane
perpendicular to the 𝑧-axis?
ANSWER: 𝟑. 𝟐𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝐫𝐚𝐝
ℏ
𝜎𝜃 ≥ = 1.05 × 10−34 J s ÷ (2 × 1.60 × 10−27 J s) = 3.28 × 10−8 rad
2𝜎𝐿𝑧
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117. The uncertainty in the 𝑦-coordinate of a particle of mass 1.67 × 10−27 kg is 20.0 pm. What
is the least uncertainty the 𝑦-component of its linear momentum can have?
ANSWER: 𝟐. 𝟔𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟒 𝐍 𝐬
ℏ
𝜎𝑝 ≥ = 1.05 × 10−34 J s ÷ (2 × 20.0 × 10−12 m) = 2.625 × 10−24 N s
2𝜎𝑦
118. Sand is poured vertically onto a sand heap on a horizontal surface at a rate of
0.5 kg/s. Find the average force on the surface if the sand particles fall on the heap at
6 m/s.
ANSWER: 𝟑𝐍
Force = rate of change of momentum = 0.5 kg/s × 6 m/s = 3 N

119. What is the acceleration of a vehicle moving at 5 m/s that rounds without
skidding, a curve of radius 50 m in a flat road?
𝟐
ANSWER: 𝟎. 𝟓 𝐦/𝐬
𝑎 = 𝑣 2 /𝑅 = 0.5 m/s2
120. From what height must an object be dropped to strike the ground with a speed of
20 m s−1 ?
ANSWER: 𝟐𝟎 𝐦
𝑠 = 𝑣 2 /2𝑔 = 400 m2 s−2 ÷ (2 × 10 m s −2 ) = 20 m
121. A 2 kg object moves directly towards the origin with speed 5 m s−1 . What is the
angular momentum of the object about the origin when it is 3 m away?
ANSWERS: 𝟎
122. A 5 kg object moving at 20 m s−1 slows to 18 m s−1 in 0.5 s. Find the magnitude of
the average force on the object.
ANSWER: 𝟐𝟎 𝐍
𝐹 = Δ𝑝/Δ𝑡 = 5 kg × (20 m s−1 − 18 m s −1 ) ÷ 0.5 𝑠 = 20 N
123. How long does a particle projected vertically upward from the ground with speed
20 m s−1 remain airborne if air drag is negligible?
ANSWER: 𝟒 𝐬
𝑡 = 2𝑢/𝑔 = 2 × 20 m s−1 ÷ 10 m s−2 = 4 s
124. Determine the average speed of a vehicle which moves 0.5 km due east in 20 s.
ANSWER: 𝟐𝟓 𝐦 𝐬−𝟏
𝑣 = 0.5 km ÷ 20 s = 25 m s −1

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125. A body moves from 𝑎 point 5 m due east to a point 3 m due west in 40 s. Find the
average velocity of the body.
ANSWER: 𝟎. 𝟐 𝐦 𝐬−𝟏 𝐝𝐮𝐞 𝐰𝐞𝐬𝐭
𝒗avg = Δ𝒓/Δ𝑡 = (−3 m 𝒊̂ − 5 m 𝒊̂) ÷ 40 s = −0.2 m s−1 𝒊̂ = 0.2 m s −1 due west

126. A 50 kg box 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 stationary on a horizontal floor when pushed by a 100 N

horizontal force. Find the coefficient of static friction between the floor and the box.
ANSWER: 𝟎. 𝟐
𝜇static = 𝐹/𝑁 = 100 N ÷ (50 kg × 10 m s−2 ) = 0.2

127. A constant 500 N force acts on a stationary body for 100 s. What is the power
developed by the force?
ANSWER: 𝟎
128. What is the speed of a particle whose velocity vector is (3 m s −1 )𝒊̂ + (4 m s −1 )𝒋̂.
ANSWER: 𝟓 𝐦 𝐬 −𝟏

𝑣 = |𝒗| = √(3 m s −1 )2 + (4 m s−1 )2 = 5 m s−1

129. A stone is thrown vertically upward with a speed of 10 m s−1 . How high does it
reach?
ANSWER: 𝟓 𝐦 ℎ = 𝑣 2 /2𝑔 = 5 m
130. The magnitude of the average force on an object undergoing a collision that lasts
50 ms is 20 N. Find the magnitude of the change in the linear momentum of the object.
ANSWER:𝟏 𝐍 𝐬 = 𝟏 𝐤𝐠 𝐦 𝐬−𝟏
|Δ𝑝| = 𝐹avg Δ𝑡 = 20 N × 50 ms = 1 N s
131. An object of mass 𝑚 slides down a frictionless inclined plane from rest. If the speed of
the object is 𝑣 at the bottom, from what height does it slide?
ANSWER: 𝒗𝟐 /𝟐𝒈, where 𝒈 is acceleration due to gravity.
132. A 50 N force inclined at 60° above the horizontal is applied to an object whose weight is
20 N which is stationary on a horizontal surface. Find the static friction force on the
object.
ANSWER: 𝟐𝟓 𝐍 𝐹𝑠 = 𝐹ℎ = 50 N cos 60° = 25 N

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133. A 30 N force and a perpendicular 40 N force act concurrently on a particle. Find the
resultant force on the particle.
ANSWER: 𝟓𝟎 𝐍 𝐹 = √(30 N)2 + (40 N)2 = 50 N
134. A particle of mass 𝑚 moves along the x-axis from the point with coordinate 𝑥1 with
velocity 𝑣1 to the point 𝑥2 with velocity 𝑣2 in time 𝑡 under the action of a constant force 𝐹.
What is 𝐹 in terms of the given quantities?
ANSWER: 𝑭 = 𝒎(𝒗𝟐 − 𝒗𝟏 )/𝒕

135. The uncertainty in the 𝑥-coordinate of a particle of mass 2.00 × 10−25 kg is 50.0 pm.
What is the minimum uncertainty in the 𝑦-component of its linear momentum?
ANSWER: 𝟎
136. A bus leaves a station, travels 20 km and returns after 1 h. What is the displacement of
the bus?
ANSWER: 0 km

137. What is the acceleration of an object?

ANSWER: Rate of change of velocity

138. What is the acceleration of a uniformly moving object?

ANSWER: Zero

139. What is the effect of the component of acceleration perpendicular to the velocity of
an object on the motion of the object?
ANSWER: It changes the direction of motion

PREAMBLE: Give the net displacement for the given sequential displacements.

140. 10 m due north followed by 10 m due south.

Ans: 0

141. 30 m due north followed by 20 m due south.

ANSWER : 10m due north

142. 10 m due east followed by 15 m due west.

ANSWER : 5 m due west

143. What is the force needed to maintain the motion of an object moving with
constant speed in a circle?
ANSWER: Centripetal force
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144. Which of the following is constant when an object moving in a circle covers equal
sectors in equal time: speed, velocity, and acceleration?
ANSWER: Speed
145. An object moves uniformly in a circle of radius R. What is the relationship between
the centripetal acceleration of the object and radius of the circle?
ANSWER: a ∝ 1/R Centripetal acceleration is inversely proportional to radius

146. An object moves a distance of 20 m due north in a straight line. What is its average
velocity if it completes the journey in 10 s?
ANSWER: 2 m/s due north

147. An object moves a distance of 20 m due north in a straight line. What is its average
speed if it completes the journey in 10 s?
ANSWER: 2 m/s

148. An object moves steadily at a velocity of 20 m/s due east. What is its speed?
ANSWER: 20 m/s
PREAMBLE: A 1000 kg vehicle rounds a curve of radius 100 m.

149. What is the centripetal acceleration of the vehicle at a speed of 5 m/s?

ANSWER: 0.25 m/s2

150. What is the maximum speed if the limiting radial friction force is 1000 N?
ANSWER: 10 m/s

151. What is the centripetal force on the vehicle at a speed of 4 m/s?

ANSWER: 160 N

152. What is the linear momentum of a 20 kg object moving at 15 m/s north-east?

ANSWER: 300 kg m/s north-east

153. What is the velocity of a 5 kg object with a linear momentum of 60 kg m/s due north?
ANSWER: 12 m/s due north
154. What is the mass of an object with a linear momentum of 60 kg m/s due north if its
speed is 3 m/s?
ANSWER: 20 kg
155. A 0.1 kg bullet moving at 300 m/s strikes a sandbag and comes to rest in 0.1 s. What is
the average force on the bullet?
ANSWER: 300 N
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156. A 0.1 kg bullet moving at 300 m/s strikes a plank and exits with a speed of 200 m/s after
0.2 s. What is the average force the plank exerts on the bullet?
ANSWER: 50 N
157. A 0.1 kg bullet moving at 300 m/s strikes a plank and exits with a speed of 200 m/s after
0.2 s. What is the impulse of the force the plank exerts on the bullet?
ANSWER: 10 kg m/s

PREAMBLE: The acceleration due to gravity in a certain region is 10 m/s2.

158. What is the potential energy relative to the ground of a 5 kg object held 2 m above
ground?
ANSWER: 100 J
159. What is the kinetic energy just before striking the ground of a 5 kg object held 12
m above ground?
ANSWER: 600 J
160. How high does a 5 kg object rise when thrown vertically upward with a kinetic energy of
50 J?
ANSWER: 1 m
161. The speed of an object moving with a uniform acceleration of 2 m/s2 is 10 m/s at a certain
instant. Find its speed 10 s later.
ANSWER: 𝟑𝟎 𝐦/𝐬
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 = 10 m/s + 2 m/s 2 × 10 s = 30 m/s
162. The speed of an object moving with a uniform acceleration of 5 m/s2 is 10 m/s at a certain
instant. Find the time it takes to reach a speed of 50 m/s.
ANSWER: 𝟖 𝐬
𝑡 = (𝑣 − 𝑢)/𝑎 = (50 m/s − 10 m/s) ÷ (5 m/s2 ) = 8 s
163. The speed of an object moving with a uniform acceleration of 2 m/s2 is 10 m/s at a certain
instant. Find its speed 2 s earlier.
ANSWER: 𝟔 𝐦/𝐬

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PREAMBLE: A 20 kg object on a horizontal surface is pulled by a 50 N force that makes an

angle of 30° to the horizontal. The object does not move. The acceleration due to gravity is
approximately 10 m/s 2 .
164. Find the weight of the object.
ANSWER: 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝐍
𝑤 = 𝑚𝑔 = 20 kg × 10 m/s 2 = 200 N
165. Find the magnitude of the normal force on the object.
ANSWER: 𝟏𝟕𝟓 𝐍
𝑁 = 𝑚𝑔 − 𝐹 cos 60° = 200 N − 50 N × cos 60° = 175 N
166. Find the magnitude of the static friction force on the object.
ANSWER: 𝟐𝟓√𝟑 𝐍 = 𝟒𝟑 𝐍

PREAMBLE: A 20 kg object lies on a horizontal rough surface. The limiting coefficient of

static friction is 0.4. The acceleration due to gravity is approximately 10 m/s 2 .

167. Find the magnitude of the smallest force that can cause the object to move horizontally.
ANSWER: 𝟖𝟎 𝐍
𝐹 = 𝑓𝑠 = 𝜇𝑠 𝑁 = 0.4 × 20 kg × 10 m/s 2 = 80 N
168. Find the acceleration of the object when a 120 N horizontal force acts on it if the coefficient
of kinetic friction is 0.2.
ANSWER: 𝟒 𝐦/𝐬𝟐
𝑎 = 𝐹net /𝑚 = [120 N − (0.2 × 20 kg × 10 m/s2 )]/(20 kg) = 4 m/s2
169. Find the magnitude of the smallest horizontal force that can keep the object moving
steadily if the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.2
ANSWER: 𝟒𝟎 𝐍
𝐹 = 𝑓 = 𝜇𝑁 = (0.2 × 20 kg × 10 m/s2 ) = 40 N

PREAMBLE: Two identical objects moving towards each other with the same speed
undergo a head-on perfectly inelastic collision.
170. What is the initial total linear momentum of the objects?
ANSWER:0
171. Find the initial total kinetic energy if the initial linear momentum of each
object has magnitude 1 kg m/s and the mass of each is 1 kg.
ANSWER:1J𝑇 = ∑ 𝑝𝑖2 /2𝑚 = 2 × (1 kg m/s)2 /(2 × 1 kg) = 1 J
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172. Find the final total kinetic energy of the particles.

ANSWER:0
The particles coalesce so the final common velocity is zero since the final momentum is zero.

PREAMBLE: A 20 kg object is released from a height of 50 m.

173. Find the speed of the object when it has fallen 20 m.

ANSWER: 𝟐𝟎 𝐦/𝐬

𝑣 = √2𝑎𝑠 = √2 × 10 m/s2 × 20 m = 20 m/s

174. Find the kinetic energy of the object when it has fallen 20 m.
ANSWER: 𝟒 𝐤𝐉
1
𝑇= 𝑚𝑣 2 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠 = 20 kg × 10 m/s2 × 20 m = 4000 J = 4 kJ
2
175. Find the speed of the object when it has fallen 5 m.
ANSWER: 𝟏𝟎 𝐦/𝐬

𝑣 = √2𝑎𝑠 = √2 × 10 m/s2 × 5 m = 10 m/s

PREAMBLE: The coefficient of kinetic friction between two surfaces is 0.2.

176. Find the force needed to maintain steady relative motion between the surfaces when they
are pressed against each other by a 10 N force.
ANSWER: 𝟐 𝐍
177. Find the magnitude of the work done by friction when the surfaces are pressed against
each other by a 10 N force and one of them moves 20 cm.
ANSWER: 𝟎. 𝟒 𝐉
178. Find the force pressing the surfaces against each other when kinetic friction is 50 N.
ANSWER: 𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝐍

PREAMBLE: A canoe is rowed upstream at 8 km/h relative to the water.

179. How fast does the canoe move relative to the bank of the stream if the water flows at
5 km/h?
ANSWER: 𝟑 𝐤𝐦/𝐡
180. What is the speed of the water if the canoe moves downstream relative to the bank at
2 km/h?
ANSWER: 𝟏𝟎 𝐤𝐦/𝐡
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181. What is the speed of the water if the canoe moves upstream relative to the bank at 2 km/h?
ANSWER: 𝟔 𝐤𝐦/𝐡
PREAMBLE: A 2 kg particle moving at 5 m/s collides head-on with a 1 kg particle moving in
the opposite direction at2 m/s.
182. Find the magnitude of the total linear momentum just before the collision.
ANSWER: 𝟖 𝐤𝐠 𝐦/𝐬
|∑𝒑𝑖 | = |2 kg × 5 m/s − 1 kg × 2 m/s| = 8 kg m/s
183. Find the total kinetic energy of the particles just before collision.
ANSWER: 𝟐𝟕 𝐉
𝑇 = ∑𝑚𝑖 𝑣𝑖2 /2 = 27 J
184. Find the magnitude of the total linear momentum just after the collision if the
particles fuse in the collision.
ANSWER: 𝟖 𝐤𝐠 𝐦/𝐬
185. Give the condition under which total linear momentum is conserved.
ANSWER: Net force equals zero
Accept total force. Do not accept just “force.”
186. Give the condition under which angular momentum is conserved.
ANSWER: Net torque equals zero.
187. The velocity of a particle is constant. What can be said about the forces, if any,
acting on the particle?
ANSWER: Net force equals zero.
Please do not accept “no forces act on the particle.”

PREAMBLE: A particle initially at the origin moves from rest with a constant acceleration
of 5 m/s 2 along the positive x-axis.
188. Find the velocity of the particle after 8 s.
ANSWER: 𝟒𝟎 𝐦/𝐬
𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 = 40 m/s
189. Find the displacement of the particle after 8 s.
ANSWER: 𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝐦
1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡 2 = 160 m
2
190. Find the time it takes to attain a speed of 80 m/s.
ANSWER: 𝟏𝟔 𝐬
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PREAMBLE: Ato is riding a bicycle at a steady speed of 10 km/h along a straight path
towards Emefa, who is 1 km ahead and walking steadily at 5 km/h in the same direction
towards a village 2 km away from her.

191. How soon does Ato overtake Emefa?

ANSWER: 𝟎. 𝟐 𝐡 = 𝟏𝟐 𝐦𝐢𝐧
𝑡 = 𝑠𝐴𝐸 /(𝑢𝐴 − 𝑢𝐸 ) = 1 km ÷ (10 km/h − 5 km/h) = 0.2 h
192. How far is Ato away from the village when he overtakes Emefa?
ANSWER: 𝟏 𝐤𝐦
𝑠𝑉 − 𝑠𝐴 = 𝑠0 − 𝑢𝐴 𝑡 = (1 km + 2 km) − 𝑢𝐴 𝑡 = 3 km − 10 km/h × 0.2 h = 1 km
193. How far is Emefa from the village when Ato just gets there?
ANSWER: 𝟎. 𝟓 𝐤𝐦
𝑠𝑉 − 𝑠𝐸 = 2 km − (5 km/h × 0.3 h) = 0.5 km
Emefa would have been walking for 0.3 h when Ato gets to the village.

PREAMBLE: The position of a particle moving along the x-axis at time 𝑡 in seconds is given
in meters by 𝑥 = 5𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 + 3.

194. What is the initial position of the particle?

ANSWER: 𝟑 𝐦
195. Find the initial velocity of the particle.
ANSWER: −𝟐 𝐦/𝐬
196. Find the initial acceleration of the particle.
ANSWER: 𝟏𝟎 𝐦/𝐬𝟐

197. Find the linear momentum of a 2 kg object moving at 50 m/s due east.
ANSWER: 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐠 𝐦/𝐬 due east 𝒑 = 𝑚𝒗
198. A 2 kg object moving at 20 m/s due east is brought to rest in 5 s. Find the
average force on the object.
ANSWER: 𝟖 𝐍 due west 𝑭 = Δ𝒑/Δ𝑡 = −40 N s due east ÷ 5 s = 8 N due west
199. A 5 N force due north acts for 2 s on a stationary 5 kg object. Find the velocity
of the object.
ANSWER: 𝟐 𝐦/𝐬 due north 𝒗 = 𝒑/𝑚 = 𝑭𝑡/𝑚

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200. A 3 N force and a 4 N force act at a point in such a way that the angle between them is 90°.
Find the magnitude of the resultant force.
ANSWER: 𝟓 𝐍
𝐹 = √(3 N)2 + (4 N)2 = 5 N
201. Two 10 N forces act at a point in such a way that the angle between them is 60°. Find the
magnitude of their resultant.
ANSWER: 𝟏𝟎√𝟑 𝐍 = 𝟏𝟕 𝐍

𝐹 = √(10 N)2 + (10 N)2 + 2(10 N)(10 N) cos 60° = 10√3 N = 17 N

202. Two 5 N forces act at a point in such a way that the angle between them is 120°. Find the
magnitude of their resultant.
ANSWER: 𝟓 𝐍 𝐹 = √(5 N)2 + (5 N)2 + 2(5 N)(5 N) cos 120° = 5 N
203. A vehicle travels between two towns 15 km apart in 20 min. Find the average speed of the
vehicle, giving your result in km/h.
ANSWER: 45km/h
204. Find the average speed of a vehicle which travels between two cities 60 km apart in a total
time of1.5 hduring which it stops for 20 min.
ANSWER: 40km/h
205. Estimate the distance between two cities if a vehicle travelling between them with an
average speed of 30 km/h takes 15 min to travel from one to the other.
ANSWER: 7.5km
206. A 20 kg barrel is lifted 1.5 m onto the bed of a truck. Find the power required to accomplish
this task in 5 s.
ANSWER: 60 W
𝑃 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ/𝑡 = 60 W
207. A porter hoists a 5 kg bag of rice through a vertical distance of 0.8 m onto her head in 2 s.
Find the average power she develops.
ANSWER: 20 W
𝑃 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ/𝑡 = 20 W
208. How quickly can a 50 kg object be lifted through 2 m if 100 W is available for the task?
ANSWER: 10 s
𝑡 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ/𝑃 = 10 s

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PREAMBLE: Acceleration due to gravity is approximately 10 m/s2 .

209. What is the height attained by a projectile launched at 30° to the horizontal with
speed 100 m/s? Neglect air resistance.
ANSWER: 125m
ℎ = 𝑢2 sin2 30° /2𝑔 = (100 m/s × 0.5)2 ÷ (2 × 10 m/s2 ) = 125 m
210. Find the flight time of a projectile launchedat 100 m/s horizontally 20 m above a
flat horizontal surface.
ANSWER: 2s

𝑡 = √2ℎ/𝑔 = √2 × 20 m ÷ (10 m/s 2 ) = 2 s

211. A projectile launched vertically upward from the ground is airborne for 50 s. Find
the launch speed.
ANSWER: 250m/s
𝑢 = 𝑔𝑡 = 10 m/s 2 × 25 𝑠 = 250 m/s

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