Statistics and Probability

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Introduction to Statistics and Probability - variable that generates categorical data

- ex. color, taste, occupation, gender
STATISTICS
- science that studies data to be able to make a QUANTITATIVE VARIABLE
decision - variables that generates numerical data
- tool in decision making process - arithmetic operations such as addition and
subtraction can be performed on the values and
2 Categories of Statistics: provide meaningful results
a) Descriptive Statistics - ex. height, number of sibling(s), speed of a car,
- uses data to provide descriptions of the temperature, # of student in a classroom
population
- numerical calculations or graphs /table Quantitative Variables can be classified as:
- information about a certain a) Discrete Random Variables
sample/population - set of possible outcomes that is
b) Inferential Statistics countable
- makes predictions about a population - represent count data (number of black
based on a sample of data taken from pen inside your bag)
the population - variable that can assume only a finite
or a specific number of values
Statistical Terms b) Continuous Random Variables
- Data - facts and figures collected on some - takes on values on a continuous scale
characteristics of a population sample - represent measured data
- Population - totality of the observation with - variable that can assume infinite
which we are concerned number of values within a specific
- Sample - subset of a population interval
- Parameters - one characteristic of a - obtained from data that are measured
population (km, inches,…)
- Estimate - measure of a sample
STATISTICAL LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
2 Types of Questions: - Nominal Scale - data can only be categorized
a) Statistical Questions - Ordinal Scale - data can be categorized and ranked
- answered by collecting data with - Interval Scale - data can only be categorized,
variation ranked, and evenly spaced
- survey/research - Ratio Scale - data can only be categorized, ranked,
b) Non-Statistical Questions evenly spaced, and has a natural zero
- answer requires specific facts
SAMPLE SPACE
PROBABILITY - a collection or a set of possible outcomes of a
¿ of successful outcomes random experiment
- P= of outcomes (S+ F )¿
total ¿ - represented using the symbol, “S”
- Q(Probability of Failure)=1−P - Events - subset of possible outcomes of an
experiment
Properties of Probability:
a) 0 ≤ Pr( x)≤1 VARIABLE
- characteristic or attribute that can assume different
b) Σ Pr (x )=1
values
Examples
- tossing a coin LESSON 2 : Constructing Probability
- throwing a die/dice Distribution
- drawing from a deck of cards
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
LESSON 1 : Exploring Random Variables - list of probabilities associated with each possible
values
RANDOM VARIABLE
- a numerical quantity that is assigned to the outcome PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF A DISCRETE RANDOM
of an experiment VARIABLE
- quantitative variable - assumes numerical values - correspondence that assigns probabilities to the
associated with the events of an experiment values of a random variable
- we use capital letters to represent a random - “Probability Mass Function”
variable - 0 ≤ Pr( x)≤1 ; ΣPr(x )=1
- a numerical quantity that is derived from the
outcomes of a random experiment PROBABILITY HISTOGRAM
- determined by chance - bar graph
- graphical representation of probability distribution
QUALITATIVE VARIABLE of a discrete random variable
- also called Categorical Variables
- classification of individuals based on some attribute LESSON 3-4 : Computing the Mean and
or characteristics Variance of a Discrete Probability Distribution
 Statistics and Probability
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MEAN
- expected mean (𝜇)
- average; appropriate value of the true mean
- formula : μ/ E( x)=Σ[ x ∙ P(x )]

VARIANCE
- average of the squared distance of the values of the
random variable from the mean value

STANDARD DEVIATION
- number that measures how far the outcomes of a
statistical experiment are from the mean of the
distribution

VARIANCE & STANDARD DEVIATION

- use to measure the spread or variability of infinite
number of values
- σ 2 (𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 σ (𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
- formulas:
- 2 2
σ =Σ[x ∙ P( x )]−μ
2

- σ =√ Σ [x 2 ∙ P(x )]−μ2