STATISTICS &

PROBABILITY
Statistics and Probability
1st Quarter
• Computes probabilities corresponding to a given random
variable
• Illustrates the mean and variance of a discrete random variable
• Calculates the mean and the variance of a discrete random
variable
 Venn Diagram

Statistics Probability

 deals with predicting the likelihood of future events

 involves the analysis of the frequency of past events.
primarily a theoretical branch of mathematics, which studies the consequences of
mathematical definitions
 primarily an applied branch of mathematics, which tries to make sense of
observations in the real world.
 Statistician
 Probabilist
 concerning the collection, analysis, interpretation, and display of data in the context of
random events.
● Probability deals with predicting the
likelihood of future events,
while statistics involves the analysis of
the frequency of past events.
● Probability is primarily a theoretical
branch of mathematics, which studies
the consequences of mathematical
definitions. Statistics is primarily an
applied branch of mathematics, which
tries to make sense of observations in
the real world.
● Probability And Statistics are the two
important concepts in Maths.
Probability is all about chance. Whereas
statistics is more about how we handle
● This distinction will perhaps become clearer if we
trace the thought process of a mathematician
encountering her first craps game:
● If this mathematician were a probabilist, she would
see the dice and think ``Six-sided dice? Presumably
each face of the dice is equally likely to land face
up. Now assuming that each face comes up with
probability 1/6, I can figure out what my chances of
crapping out are.''
● If instead a statistician wandered by, she would see
the dice and think ``Those dice may look OK, but
how do I know that they are not loaded? I'll watch a
while, and keep track of how often each number
comes up. Then I can decide if my observations are
consistent with the assumption of equal-probability
faces. Once I'm confident enough that the dice are
Key Terms:
● Random Experiment

○ An experiment whose result cannot be predicted, until

it is noticed is called a random experiment. For
example, when we throw a dice randomly, the result
is uncertain to us. We can get any output between 1
to 6. Hence, this experiment is random.
● Sample Space
○ A sample space is the set of all possible results or
outcomes of a random experiment. Suppose, if we
have thrown a dice, randomly, then the sample space
for this experiment will be all possible outcomes of
throwing a dice, such as;
○ Sample Space = { 1,2,3,4,5,6}
Key Terms:
● Random Variables
○ The variables which denote the possible
outcomes of a random experiment are
called random variables. They are of two
types:
■ Discrete Random Variables
■ Continuous Random Variables
○ Discrete random variables take only those
distinct values which are countable.
Whereas continuous random
variables could take an infinite number of
possible values.
Key Terms:
● Independent Event
○ When the probability of occurrence of
one event has no impact on the
probability of another event, then
both the events are termed as
independent of each other. For
example, if you flip a coin and at the
same time you throw a dice, the
probability of getting a ‘head’ is
independent of the probability of
getting a 6 in dice.
Key Terms:
● Mean
○ Mean of a random variable is the average of the
random values of the possible outcomes of a
random experiment. In simple terms, it is the
expectation of the possible outcomes of the
random experiment, repeated again and again
or n number of times. It is also called the
expectation of a random variable.
● Variance
○ Basically, the variance tells us how the values
of the random variable are spread around the
mean value. It specifies the distribution of the
sample space across the mean.
Sample Space & Probability
On the Third Quarter of your Grade 10
Mathematics, you encountered the
term SAMPLE SPACE as “the entire
set of outcomes in a statistical
experiment” and the PROBABILITY as
“the chance that an event will occur”.
Sample Space & Probability
When you toss a coin, the sample
space can be {H, T} – H signifies
head, while T signifies tail. The
probability that a head will occur
can be written as P(H) = ½.
Sample Space & Probability
When we use two coins, the sample
space becomes {HH, HT, TH, TT}. In
the four sample spaces, how many
times did the head appear? For the first
sample space, the head occurs twice.
For the second and third sample space,
the head occurs once. On the last
sample space, the head did not appear.
Sample Space & Probability
So, P(H) = 2, 1, 0. What is the
probability that two heads will appear?
One head will appear? No head will
appear? These questions can be
answered in this manner:
P(H=2) = ¼ P(H=1) = 2/4 or ½
P(H=0) = ¼
Sample Space & Probability
This should made you recall your past
lesson about probability. What if we
increase the number of coins to three?
What will happen? Get a paper and pen
and try to simulate the answer as you
read and analyze.
Sample Space & Probability
Sample space: {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT,
THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
No. of
Probability
Heads
3
Probability table 2
1
0
Sample Space & Probability
Sample space: {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT,
THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
In graphical form:
WHAT
●
IS VARIABLE?
Different types of variable in statistics

● Categorical variable – variable that can be

put in categories like toothpaste brands.
● Ordinal variable – variable same with
categorical variable but there is more clear
order like socioeconomic status)
● Quantitative variable - a broad category
that includes any variable that can be
counted or has a numerical value
associated with it.
● Qualitative variable - a broad category that
Random Variable
● a capacity that connects a real
number with every component in the
sample space.
● a variable whose qualities are
controlled by chance.
● numerical amount that is derived
from the results of an arbitrary, trial
or experiment.
● denoted with a capital letter.
Random Variable
Discrete random variables are
variables that can take on a finite
number of distinct values (or can be
counted).
Examples:
● Number of even numbers that occur
when you roll a die
● Number of kin an individual has
● Number of learners present in a
classroom
Random Variable
Continuous random variables are
variables that take an interminably
uncountable number of potential
values, regularly measurable amounts.

Examples:
● Height of an individual
● Weight of an individual
● Temperature in a room
Activity 1
On your quiz notebook, classify the
following, Write D if it is discrete, write
C if continuous.
1. The temperature of a solution in the
SHS-Science laboratory
2. Collecting data about the heights of
learners in Bucal for G-11
3. Recording the distance travelled by
Saulog bus
Activity 1
On your quiz notebook, classify the
following, Write D if it is discrete, write
C if continuous.

4. Surveying about the number of

cases of COVID-19 in Maragondon
5. Number of G-11 learners promoted
at the end of SY 2020-2021
Activity 1
ANSWERS:
1. C
2. C
3. C
4. D
5. D
Working with combination
● In the canteen, there are foods and
drinks to choose from;
○ Foods – Turon, Lugaw, Siopao
○ Drinks – Palamig, Bottled water,
Buko Juice

● How many possible combinations

ordering food and drink if you only
choose one food and one drink.
Now, with the same choices
in foods
and drinks
●Make a 6 combinations ordering
foods and drinks
Possible values of a Random Variable
Possible
Number X or the Types of
Values of
Experiment Random Variable Random
Random
X Variable
Variable X
1. Buying two The weight of
0.065, 0.078,
trays of eggs in eggs in kilograms Continuous
0.081, …
the market
2. Recording of The number of
the gender of boys among the
Discrete 0, 1, 2, 3
family with three children in the
children family
3. Rolling a pair Numbers
of dice appeared when 1-1, 1-2, 1-3,
Discrete
you roll a pair of … , 6-6
Activity 2
On your quiz notebook, copy the table and
answer the third column.
Values of
Number X or the
Experiment Random
Random Variable X
Variable X
1. Flipping a of Number of heads in
coin 4 flips of a coin
2. Flipping a of Number of tosses
coin repeatedly until the coin lands
tail
3. Set of integers Integers from 2 to 6
Activity 2
ANSWERS:
1. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
2. 1, 2, 3, 4,…
3. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Discrete Random Variable
Congratulations! It is now time for
you to learn how to illustrate a
probability distribution for a
discrete random variable and its
properties. Let us dive a bit deeper
using the given example.
Discrete Random Variable
Example 1. In a computer laboratory, the
teacher wants to find out if there is a
defective computer. Supposed three
computers were tested at random, she asks
one of her Computer System Servicing
learners to list all the possible outcomes,
such that D represents the defective
computer and N represents non-defective
computer. Let X be the random variable for
the number of defective computers. Illustrate
the probability distribution of the random
variable X.
Discrete Random Variable
Based on the above problem, observe,
analyze, and answer the following
questions:
a. List the sample space in the given
experiment. How many outcomes are
possible?
b. Construct a table showing the number
of defective computers in each outcome
and assign this number to this outcome?
What is the value of the random variable
X?
Discrete Random Variable
Based on the above problem, observe,
analyze, and answer the following
questions:
c. Illustrate a probability distribution.
What is the probability value P(X) to each
value of the random variable?
d. What is the sum of the probabilities of
all values of the random variable?
e. What do you notice about the
probability of each value of the random
variable?
EXAMPLE 1
Solution. Let us combine all we have
learned in this lesson to solve the
given questions.

a. Let D = defective computer, N =

non-defective computer
Sample space: S = {DDD, DDN,
DND, DNN, NDD, NDN, NND, NNN} –
there are 8 possible outcomes
EXAMPLE 1 Value of
Possible
b. Count the number of Outcomes
Random
defective computers (D) Variable X

in each outcome in the DDD 3

DDN 2
sample space and
DND 2
assign this number to
DNN 1
this outcome. NDD 2
The possible values NDN 1
that X can take are 0, 1, NND 1
2, and 3. NNN 0
EXAMPLE 1
c. The probability distribution can be
illustrated using the given table,
Defective Probability
Computer X P(X)
3 or 0.125
2 or 0.375
1 or 0.375
0 or 0.125
EXAMPLE 1
d. By adding all probabillities, the sum
is equal to 1, that is,

+ + + = =1

e. From the given activity, you can see

that the values of the probability range
from 0 to 1.
 6
● Represent the no. of absences as random variable X.
Discrete Probability Distribution
The probability distribution of a discrete
random variable X is the list of the possible
values of X and the corresponding
probabilities of the values. It specifies the
probability associated with each possible
value of the random variable. The distribution
functions of discrete random variables are
concentrated as a mass for a particular value,
and generally known as Probability Mass
Function.
Discrete Probability
Distribution
Properties of Discrete Probability
Distribution
1. The probability of each value of the
random variable must be between or
equal to 0 and 1, or 0 ≤ P(X) ≤ 1
2. The sum of all the probabilities of all
values of the random variable must be
equal to 1, or ΣP(X) = 1
EXAMPLE 2
Determine if the distribution below is a
discrete probability distribution.
X 1 5 7 8 9
P(X)
EXAMPLE 2
Solution. The probability of each
value of the random variable has
the same value which is 1/3 and
this value lies between 0 and 1. But
the sum of its probabillities is not
equal to 1, since
1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 = 5/3 ,
hence this is not a probability
distribution because ΣP(X) ≠ 1.
EXAMPLE 2
Determine if the distribution below is a
discrete probability distribution.
X 1 6 10 12 15
P(X)
EXAMPLE 3
Determine if the given distribution is a
discrete probability distribution.
X 1 3 5 7
P(X) 0.35 0.25 0.28 0.12
EXAMPLE 3
Solution. You can also express the
values of the probabilities in decimal
form. Adding all the values of P(X),
ΣP(X) = 0.35 + 0.25 + 0.28 + 0.12
=1
The probability of each value of the
random variable lies between 0 and 1
and the sum of its probabilities is equal
to 1. Therefore, this is a probability
EXAMPLE 4
Determine whether the following can
serve as probability distribution of
random variable X.

P(X) = 0.11, for X = 1, 2, 3, … , 9

EXAMPLE 4
Solution. This means that the value of
P(1) to P(9) = 0.11. To illustrate,
X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
P(X)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

The probability falls between 0 and 1, but

the sum of 9 values is only 0.99 or ΣP(X)
≠ 1. Hence, this is not a probability
distribution.
EXAMPLE 5
ACTIVITY 3
Check your understanding from today’s
lesson by answering the following
activities.

On your quiz notebook, write YES if the

problem represents probability
distribution. Write NO if the problem
does not represent probability
distribution.
ACTIVITY 3
1.
X 1 5 7 8
P(X)

2.
X 0 2 3 4 6
P(X)
ACTIVITY 3
3.
X 1 3 5 7
P(X) 0.35 0.25 0.22 0.12

4. P(1)=0.42, P(2)=0.31, P(3)=0.37

5. P(1)=12/35, P(2)=8/35, P(3)=3/7

ACTIVITY 3
ANSWERS:
1. NO
2. YES
3. NO
4. NO
5. YES
ACTIVITY 2
On your Yellow paper, answer this word problem.
Julia is a boutique show owner in Naic. Due to
COVID-19 pandemic, wearing a face mask of a
person is required for their safety. Since there
are limited stocks available, she decided to start
another business by making a face mask. She
started selling face masks from Day 1 to 10. The
date she collected is shown in the table.
Illustrate a probability distribution of a
random variable X (in decimal numbers) showing
the number of face mask sold per day and its
corresponding probabilities.
ACTIVITY 4
ACTIVITY 4
ACTIVITY 4
ANSWERS:
Computing Probability Corresponding to
a Given Random Variable
● In order to compute for the probability of a
certain value of a random variable, we must
know the probability distribution of each random
variable.
● The term “or” signifying addition for certain
value of random variable.
● At most means equal or lesser than (<)
● At least means equal or greater than (>)
Using the table fro the
previous activity
let’s
● What isanswer the
the probability that following.
15 or more face masks
bought on a particular day?
● What is the probability that the number of face
masks will be at least 12 but not more than 20?
● What is the probability that at most 25 boxes will be
delivered on a particular day?
● Find P(X > 10)
● Find P( X < 15)
● What is the probability that 10 or 15 will be purchase
on the particular day?
Your Turn( Recitation)
● What is the probability of having no. of
recoveries at least 30 on the particular date?
● What is the probability of getting 40 or 90 no.
of recoveries on the particular date?
● What is the probability of having no. of
recoveries not more than 40 and at least 70?
● P(20 < X < 48)
● P( X > 20)
Applying Your Understanding
Use yellow pad for this part. Copy the
question, then answer what is required.
This activity will be passed to your
subject teacher.
Suppose four coins are tossed. Let X
represents the number of tails that occur.
Illustrate a probability distribution of a
random variable X USING FRACTION and
convert to DECIMAL. List all sample
space. Create a Probability Table and its
corresponding graph.
● https://byjus.com
/maths/probability-and-statistics/
● https://www3.cs.stonybrook.edu/~skiena/
jaialai/excerpts/node12.html
POST TEST 1
A set of numerical values assigned to a
sample space is called:
A. Random sample.
B. Random variable.
C. Random Process.
D. Random experiment.
Thank you for
listening!