BM 183 Review Questions + Notes ● 3 Types of IT Resources

○ def: Technology Infrastructure: Computer,

software, and networks that enable an
Chapter 1: Managing IT in a Digital World
organization to conduct business and share
● information technology (IT)
information across organizational units as well
○ def: computer technology (hardware and
as business partners
software) for processing and storing
○ Business/IT Relationships: Established
information, as well as communications
relationships between business and IT workers
technology (voice and data networks) for
to ensure that the other IT resources are aligned
transmitting information.;
with business needs
● information systems (IS) department
○ Human Resources: IT professionals and
○ def: organizational unit or department that has
managers who have the needed mix of
the primary responsibility for managing IT.;
technology, business, and interpersonal skills to
● flat world
plan for, design, and manage the other IT
○ IT linkages across emerging, developing, and
resources;
developed economies help to “level” the
● chief information officer (CIO)
economic playing field
○ def: officer-level position for the senior IT
● enterprise systems
executive in the organization;
○ def: software packages with integrated modules
● chief security officer (CSO)
that can easily share data across dispersed work
○ def: plan for and monitor compliance with new
teams, business divisions, and national
federal laws and reporting requirements and to
boundaries in “real time.”;
ensure that appropriate investments are made in
● 2 Primary Ways to that Computers and
technologies and procedures to manage IT
communication networks Compete
security risks.;
○ def: Low Cost: competing with other
businesses by being a low-cost producer of a
good or a service.
○ Differentiation: competing with other
businesses by offering products or services that
customers prefer due to a superiority in
characteristics such as product innovativeness or
image, product quality, or customer service.;
● Telecommuters
○ def: Sales personnel and other traveling
managers with portable computers and other
mobile equipment that give them access to
company data anytime and anywhere with an
Internet connection.;
● virtual team
○ def: teams with members who are separated too
far geographically to work face-to-face.;
● free agents
○ def: Individuals with specialized skills, working
independently by contracting out their services
without being a permanent employee of any
organization.;
 ○ def: An increasingly important way of entering
Chapter 2: Computer Systems data into a computer is by scanning a bar code
● Hardware vs. Software label.;
○ def: Hardware: physical pieces of a computer ● computer output microfilm (COM)
system ○ def: output device that accepts the data from
○ Software: set of programs that controls the the memory and prepares the microfilm output
operations of the computer system; at very high speeds, either as a roll of microfilm
● 2 Types of Computers or as a sheet of film called a microfiche that
○ def: Digital: operate directly on numbers, or contains many pages on each sheet.;
digits, just as humans do. Used in discussion in ● Voice response units
book. ○ def: providers of limited, tightly programmed
○ Analog: manipulate some analogous physical computer output.;
quantity, such as voltage or shaft rotation speed, Computer Memory
which represents (to some degree of accuracy) ● Memory
the numbers involved in the computation. most ○ def: also referred to as main memory or
useful in engineering and process-control primary memory
environments.; ○ All data flows are to and from memory.;
● The Logical Structure of Digital Computers ● Byte
(Diagram) ○ def: A memory cell that can store only one
character of data. 8 Bits or Circuits = 1 Byte.
○ Bit (binary digit): each circuit corresponds to
bit;
● Word
○ def: A memory cell that can store two or more
characters of data;
Arithmetic/Logical Unit
● Arithmetic/Logical Unit
○ ○ def: like memory, consists of incredibly small
● Central Processing Unit (CPU) integrated circuits on a silicon chip.
○ def: Also known as the Processor. ○ built to carry out addition, subtraction,
○ control unit and the arithmetic/logical unit; multiplication, and division, as well as to
Input/Output perform certain logical operations such as
● Terminal comparing two numbers for equality or finding
○ def: simpler device than a PC out which number is bigger.;
○ designed strictly for input/output and does not Computer Files
incorporate a processor (CPU), or at least not a ● Computer Files (File Devices)
general-purpose processor; ○ def: secondary memory or secondary storage
● speech recognition software devices
○ def: Voice input to computers; ○ magnetic tape drives, hard (or fixed) disk drives,
● magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) removable disk drives, flash drives, and CD or
○ def: input method for check processing that DVD;
reads an original document directly into the ● 2 basic ways to organize computer files
computer’s memory. ○ def: sequential access files: all of the records
○ computer input device: magnetic ink that make up the files are stored in sequence
character reader; according to the file’s control key. Stored
● Optical character recognition (OCR) magnetic tape.
○ def: input method that directly scans typed, ■ magnetic tape unit: file device that
printed, or hand-printed material. stores (writes) data on tape and that
○ computer input device: optical character retrieves (reads) data from tape back
reader; into memory
● Imaging ○ direct access file: stored on a direct access
○ def: goes even further than OCR storage device (DASD), is a file from which it
○ any type of paper document, including business is possible for the computer to obtain a record
forms, reports, charts, graphs, and photographs, immediately, without regard to where the
can be read by a scanner and translated into record is located in the file. (hard drives, CD);
digital form so that the document can be stored ● optical disk
in the computer system.; ○ def: type of removable disk made of plastic and
● bar code label coated with a thin reflective alloy material;
● 2 primary types of optical disks
 ○ def: compact disk (CD) ● symmetric multiprocessor (SMP)
○ digital video disk, or digital versatile disk ○ def: all the processors are identical, with each
(DVD); processor operating independently of the
● flash memory others.;
○ def: newest and smallest portable DASD for ● (3) Mainframe Computers
PCs ○ def: $500,000 to $20,000,000
○ aka: flash drive, keychain drive, mini USB drive; ○ heart of the computing systems for major
Control Unit corporations and government agencies.;
● Control Unit ● (4) Supercomputers
○ def: provides the control that enables the ○ def: $1 million to $100 million
computer to take advantage of the speed and ○ true “number-crunchers,”
capacity of its other components. ○ designed to handle numerically intensive
○ Controls the 5 other components.; problems, most of which are generated by
The Stored-Program Concept research scientists, such as chemists, physicists,
● stored-program concept and meteorologists.;
○ def: most important idea in all of computing; ● 2 Major Categories of Software
● Program ○ def: Applications software
○ def: complete listing of what is to be done for an ○ Support software;
application; ● (1) Applications software
● Instruction ○ def: includes all programs written to accomplish
○ def: each individual step or operation in the particular tasks for computer users.;
program; ● (2) Support software (systems software)
● machine language ○ def: does not directly produce output that users
○ def: form of the program that the computer need. provides a computing environment in
understands; which it is relatively easy and efficient for
● Processor Chips humans to work;
○ def: includes both the arithmetic/logic unit and ● personal productivity software
the control unit.; ○ def: applications that you and your fellow
● quad-core processor managers will use on a regular basis: word
○ def: has four complete processors manufactured processing, spreadsheets, presentation graphics,
as part of a single chip.; electronic mail, desktop publishing,
● MIPS microcomputer-based database management
○ def: millions of instructions per second executed systems, Web browsers, statistical products, and
by the control unit other similar easy-to-use and extremely useful
○ most commonly used speed rating; products. ;
● MegaFLOPS or MFLOPS ● office suites
○ def: speed rating ○ def: combine certain personal productivity
○ millions of floating point operations per second; software applications into integrated suites of
● 4 Types of Computer Systems (Table p.51) applications for use in the office.;
○ def: Microcomputers (500–5,000) ● Web browser
○ Midrange systems (2,500–250,000) ○ def: used by an individual to access information
○ Mainframes (2,500–1,000,000) on the World Wide Web. ;
○ Supercomputers (250,000–3,000,000,000) ● Hypertext
● (1) Microcomputers (personal computers or PC) ○ def: creative way of linking objects (e.g., text,
○ def: cost from $200 to $4,000 pictures, sound clips, and video clips) to each
○ can be carried or moved by one person, and they other.;
usually have only a single keyboard and video ● Pull vs. Push Technology
display unit; ○ def: Pull Technology: Web browsers are based
● (2) Midrange Systems on this idea
○ def: $4,000 - $1,000,000 ○ def: Push Technology: data are sent to the
○ constitute the broadest category of computer client (usually a PC) without the client
systems, stretching all the way from requesting it.;
microcomputers to the much larger mainframes ● operating system
and supercomputers.; ○ def: complex program that controls the
● Workstation operation of the computer hardware and
○ def: describes a powerful machine that is run by coordinates all the other software;
a microprocessor; ● job control language (JCL)
○ def: understood by the operating system being
used.;
● 2 Important Concepts of Operating Systems ● 4 distinct divisions of COBOL
○ def: Multiprogramming ○ def: Identification Division: gives the program
○ virtual memory; a name
● (1) Multiprogramming ○ Environment Division: describes the
○ def: concerned with the management of CPU computer environment
time ○ Data Division: defines the file structures
○ def: employed to switch among programs stored employed in the program
in memory in order to overlap input and output ○ Procedure Division: corresponds most closely
operations with processing time.; to other procedural language programs;
● Multitasking ● BASIC
○ def: describe essentially the same function as ○ def: Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic
multiprogramming on larger machines.; Instruction Code
● Multithreading ○ simplest of the widely used procedural
○ def: different parts of the same program that are languages;
being executed near simultaneously; ● Fourth generation languages (productivity languages
● (2) Virtual Memory and nonprocedural languages)
○ def: concerned with the management of main ○ def: even easier to use than the third generation
memory. languages.;
○ unlimited amount of main memory is available; ● natural languages
● Multiprocessing ○ def: comes after the 4 GLs
○ def: processing, or work, that takes place when ○ users write their programs in ordinary English;
two or more CPUs are installed as part of the ● Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
same computer system.; ○ def: best known of the markup languages
● server operating system (network operating system ○ used to create World Wide Web pages, and it
(NOS)) consists of special codes inserted in the text to
○ def: software running on a server that manages indicate headings, bold-faced text, italics, where
network resources and controls the operation of images or photographs are to be placed, and
a network; links to other Web pages.;
● IT platform ● eXtensible Markup Language (XML)
○ def: set of hardware, software, communications, ○ def: destined to become even more important
and standards an organization uses to build its than HTML
information systems.; ○ used to facilitate data interchange among
● assembly languages applications on the Web;
○ def: first easier-to-use languages developed ● eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL)
○ used the computer itself to perform many of the ○ def: developed as the standard for publicly
most tedious aspects of programming; traded companies to submit financial
● Assembler documents to the Securities and Exchange
○ def: special stored program that translates the Commission.;
assembly language program (source program) ● Web services
into machine language (the object program).; ○ def: way of sharing computer software such that
● Third generation languages (procedural languages) anyone, anywhere can use or reuse the logic or
○ def: express a step-by-step procedure devised by functionality provided by a computer program;
the programmer to accomplish the desired task.; ● Object-oriented programming (OOP)
● Compiler ○ def: new paradigm for programming with roots
○ def: 3 GLs (and for 4 GLs), the language in both the procedural 3 GLs and the
translator nonprocedural 4 GLs.;
○ if the entire program is translated into machine ● Applets
language before any of the program is executed; ○ def: programs that are downloaded from a Web
● Interpreter server and run on your browser.;
○ def: 3 GLs (and for 4 GLs), the language ● Servlets
translator ○ def: programs that reside in and are run on a
○ if each source program statement is executed as Web server.;
soon as that single statement is translated.; ● Database Management Systems (DBMS)
● COBOL ○ def: third type of support software
○ def: COmmon Business-Oriented Language ○ used to create, manage, and protect
○ a procedural language organizational data;
○ divided into four distinct divisions;
 ● Database
○ def: shared collection of logically related data
that is organized to meet the needs of an
organization.;
● data warehouse
○ def: very large database or collection of
databases;
● database architecture
○ def: way in which the data are structured and
stored in the database.;
● 5 Basic Data Architectures
○ def: Hierarchical (top-down)
○ Network (cities on a highway system)
○ Relational (simple tables)
○ Object-oriented (graphics, video, and sound)
○ Object-relational (hybrid approach);
● query language
○ def: nonprocedural special-purpose language for
posing queries to the database;
● American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
○ def: Create standards such as American
National Standards Institute;
● data dictionary/directory (DD/D)
○ def: software tool for managing the data
resource;
● Computer-aided software engineering (CASE)
○ def: collection of software tools to help
automate all phases of the software
development life cycle.;
● Unified Modeling Language (UML)
○ def: general-purpose notational language for
specifying and visualizing complex software;
● File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
○ def: designed to transfer files from one
computer system to another;
+++++++
● Provide the full names for the following acronyms or
abbreviations used in this chapter
Chapter 3: Telecommunications and Networking
● distributed data processing
○ def: processing power is distributed to multiple ● simplex transmission
computers at multiple sites, which are then tied ○ def: data can travel only in one direction.;
together via telecommunications lines; ● half-duplex transmission
● Client/server systems ○ def: data can travel in both directions but not
○ def: variant of distributed systems in which simultaneously.;
the processing power is distributed between a ● Full-duplex transmission
central server system; ○ def: data travel in both directions at once, and,
● Networking therefore, provides greater capacity.;
○ def: electronic linking of geographically ● 5 Primary Transmission Media
dispersed devices; ○ def: twisted pair of wires
● Tele ○ coaxial cable
○ def: means operating at a distance; ○ Wireless
● Telecommunications ○ satellite (which is a special form of wireless)
○ def: communications at a distance; ○ fiber-optic cable.;
● 7 Functions of a Telecommunications Network ● twisted pair of wires
(Table p.86) ○ def: consists of two insulated copper wires,
○ def: Transmission (Movement of voice and/or typically about 1 millimeter thick, twisted
data) together in a long helix.;
○ Processing (error-free communication to right ● Coaxial cable (coax)
destination) ○ def: heavy copper wire at the center, surrounded
○ Editorial (Checking for errors) by insulating material.;
○ Conversion (Changing coding system) ● 2 Kinds of coaxial cable
○ Routing (Choosing most efficient path) ○ def: baseband coax: used for digital
○ Network control (Keeping track of status of transmission
network elements) ○ broadband coax: used for analog transmission
○ Interface (Handling interactions between users but which is now used for digital transmission
and the network); as well.;
● analog network ● Wireless
○ def: voice messages sent over the network by ○ def: broadcast technology in which radio signals
having some physical quantity (e.g., voltage) are sent out into the air.;
continuously vary as a function of time.; ● cordless telephone
● 2 solutions for Transmission of Computer Data ○ def: portable device which may be used up to
○ def: Modem about 1,000 feet from its wired telephone base
○ digital networks; unit.;
● Modem ● cellular telephone
○ def: abbreviation for a modulator/ ○ def: used anywhere as long as it is within
demodulator. range—about eight to ten miles—of a cellular
○ convert the data from digital form to analog switching station.;
form before sending it over the analog telephone ● smartphones
network; ○ def: combine a cell phone with a handheld
● digital networks computer and have the ability to access the
○ def: second and longer-term solution Internet over the so-called 2G (second
○ designed to directly transmit a digital signal generation) or 3G (third generation) networks
consisting of zeros and ones. operated by the cellular carriers.;
○ lower error rates and higher transmission speeds, ● Wireless LANs
and modems are no longer necessary.; ○ def: permits users of mobile devices such as
● Bandwidth handheld or laptop computers to connect to the
○ def: circuit capacity; LAN (and thus the Internet) whenever they are
● Hertz within range of a wireless access point (WAP).;
○ def: cycles per second; ● Microwave
● Baud ○ def: use for long-distance wireless
○ def: number of signals sent per second; communication.;

● The Use of Modems in an Analog Network ● satellite communication

 ○ def: special variation of wireless transmission ● CSMA/CD Protocol
that relay signals over very long distances. a big ○ def: Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
microwave repeater in the sky.; Collision Detection.;
● fiber-optic cabling
○ def: a true medium, not broadcast technology.
transmit data by pulses of light through a thin
fiber of glass or fused silica. much faster than ● shared Ethernet
other media and require much less space because ○ def: employs a contention bus as its logical
the fiber-optic cable is very small in diameter.; topology but it is usually implemented as a
● 5 Basic Topology of Networks (Figure p.94) physical star arrangement.;
○ def: bus topology ● hub
○ ring topology ○ def: junction box containing some number of
○ star topology ports.;
○ tree topology ● Switched Ethernet
○ mesh topology; ○ def: newer variation of Ethernet providing
● bus topology better performance at a higher price. similar to
○ def: a single length of cable (coax, fiber, or shared Ethernet, but a switch is substituted for
twisted pair) is shared by all network devices; the hub and the LAN operates as a logical star as
● ring topology well as a physical star.;
○ def: similar to the bus except that the two ends ● token bus
of the cable are connected.; ○ def: employs a bus topology with coaxial cable
● star topology or twisted pair wiring, but it does not rely on
○ def: has a mainframe or midrange computer, a contention. a single token (a special
file server (usually a microcomputer), or a communication or message) is passed around
networking device at its center, with cables (or the bus to all devices in a specified order, and a
media of some type) radiating from the central device can only transmit when it has the token.;
device to all the other network devices.; ● Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP)
● Tree topology ○ def: factory automation protocol (or set of
○ def: sometimes called a hierarchical star because standards) designed to connect robots and other
with some rearrangement (spreading the machines on the assembly line by a LAN.;
branches out around the central device), it looks ● token ring
like an extension of the star.; ○ def: combines a ring topology with the use of a
● mesh topology token as described for the token bus.;
○ def: most devices are connected to two, three, or ● Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN)
more other devices in a seemingly irregular ○ def: Wireless LANs. Wi-Fi (short for wireless
pattern that resembles a woven net or a mesh.; fidelity) variety.;
● 6 Types of Networks ● wireless network interface card (NIC)
1. computer telecommunications networks ○ def: short-range radio transceiver that can send
2. local area network (LAN) and receive radio signals.;
3. backbone networks ● wireless access point (WAP)
4. Wide Area Networks (WANs) ○ def: a radio transceiver that plays the same role
5. Internet as a hub in a wired Ethernet LAN. receives the
6. Internet2 signals of all computers within its range and
● computer telecommunications network repeats them to ensure that all other computers
○ def: network emanating from a single medium, within the range can hear them.;
large, or very large computer or a group of ● WiMAX
closely linked computers. ○ def: worldwide interoperability for microwave
○ Tree topology; access. ;
● local area network (LAN) ● Fast Ethernet
○ def: completely owned by a single organization ○ def: operating at 100 mbps, is now the most
and generally operates within an area no more common form of Ethernet in new LANs.;
than 2 or 3 miles in diameter.; ● Gigabit Ethernet
● contention bus ○ def: speeds of 1 billion bps and higher. used in
○ def: design was originally developed by Xerox backbone networks.;
and subsequently adopted by Digital ● 2 Varieties of Gigabit Ethernet
Equipment Corporation; ○ def: 1-gbps Ethernet, commonly called 1 GbE;
● Ethernet and 10-gbps Ethernet, or 10 GbE.;
○ def: named after the original Xerox version of ● Long Term Evolution (LTE)
the design. obviously a bus topology.;
 ○ def: 4G networks based on a cellular ○ def: network of networks that use the TCP/IP
technology.; protocol with gateways (connections) to even
● Backbone networks more networks that do not use the TCP/IP
○ def: in-between networks—the middle distance protocol.;
networks that interconnect LANs in a single Internet Applications (Table p. 104)
organization with each other and with the ● Electronic mail
organization’s WAN and the Internet.; ○ def: the first “killer app” of the Internet.
● bridge provides an easy-to-use, inexpensive,
○ def: connects two LANs, or LAN segments, asynchronous means of communication with
when the LANs use the same protocols.; other Internet users anywhere in the world.;
● Router (gateway) ● instant messaging (IM)
○ def: sophisticated router. connects two or more ○ def: synchronous communication system that
LANs and forwards only messages that need to enables the user to establish a private “chat
be forwarded but can connect LANs that use room” with another individual to carry out
different protocols.; text-based communication in real time over the
● switch Internet.;
○ def: connects more than two LANs, or LAN ● Remote login
segments, that use the same protocols.; ○ def: permits a user to log into another machine
● wide area networks (WANs) on which she has an account in using a software
○ def: also called long-haul networks, to program.;
communicate both voice and data across their ● Usenet newsgroups
far-flung operations.; ○ def: Internet discussion groups.;
● Direct Distance Dialing (DDD) ● Listserv
○ def: ordinary public telephone service. used for ○ def: Mailing list such that members of a group
voice and data communications between any can send a single email message.;
two spots served by the telephone network.; ● File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
● Wide Area Telephone Service (WATS) ○ def: Permits users to send and receive files.;
○ def: organization pays a monthly fee for ● World Wide Web, or the Web
(typically) unlimited long-distance telephone ○ def: Hypertext-based tool that allows the user to
service using the ordinary voice circuits.; traverse, or surf, the Internet.;
● Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) ● Search engine
○ def: American National Standards Institute ○ def: An information retrieval program that
(ANSI)–approved standard for connecting permits the user to search for content.;
fiber-optic transmission systems.; ● Blog
● Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) ○ def: A user-generated Web site where entries are
○ def: set of international standards by which the made in journal style.;
public telephone network is offering additional ● Wiki
telecommunications capabilities (including ○ def: A Website that permits users to add,
simultaneous transmission of voice and data remove, or modify the content of the site.;
over the same line) to telephone users ● Social networking application
worldwide.; ○ def: An application that permits users to post
● Packet-switched network information about themselves.;
○ def: quite different from the switched-circuit ● Twitter
(DDD and WATS, ISDN) and dedicated-circuit ○ def: A social networking and microblogging
(leased lines, satellite) networks. application that enables its users to send and
store-and-forward data transmission technique.; read messages up to 140 characters.;
● packet assembly/disassembly device (PAD) ● Web 2.0
○ def: used to connect the user organization’s ○ def: a phrase which refers to a perceived second
internal networks (at each of its locations) to the generation of Web-based services that emphasize
common carrier network.; online collaboration and sharing among users.;
● value added network (VAN) ● 5 Ways to Access the Internet
○ def: user organization might contract with a 1. def: Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
firm that manages and operates the entire WAN 2. cable modem connection
for the user organization, including the PADs 3. satellite connection
needed at each location.; 4. wireless to the home
● virtual private network (VPN) 5. fiber to the home;
○ def: private packet-switched network using the
public Internet.;
● Internet ● Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
 ○ def: service offered by telephone companies networks, including Internet2, as well as in the
using the copper wires already installed in UNIX and Linux operating systems and in
homes and offices; Microsoft Windows.;
● Intranets ● Electronic data interchange (EDI)
○ def: a network operating within an ○ def: set of standards and hardware and software
organization that employs the TCP/IP technology that permits business documents
protocol.; (e.g., purchase orders, invoices, and price lists)
● Internet telephony (Voice over Internet Protocol to be transferred electronically between
(VoIP)) computers in separate organizations.;
○ def: allows the user to make voice calls using a ● Electronic commerce (e-business)
broadband Internet connection instead of a ○ def: broad term that incorporates any use of
regular (analog) telephone line.; telecommunications and networking to
● Internet2 conduct commercial activities.;
○ def: not a network type, although it does run a ● cloud computing
leading-edge, very high-bandwidth network. ○ def: obtaining IT capabilities (i.e., hardware,
hopes to accelerate the creation of tomorrow’s software, or services) from an outside vendor
Internet, a true “information superhighway.”; over a network, usually the Internet.;
● 3 primary goals of Internet2
○ def: (1) create a leading-edge network capability
for the national research community
○ (2) enable revolutionary Internet applications
based on a much higher-performance Internet
than we have today
○ (3) ensure the rapid transfer of new network
services and applications to the broader Internet
community;
● Network Protocols
○ def: an agreed-upon set of rules or conventions
governing communication among elements of a
network or among layers or levels of a network.;
● Systems Network Architecture (SNA)
○ def: IBM’s set of protocols.;
● Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference
Model
○ def: developed by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO). The
standard set of protocols.;
● 7 Layers of the OSI Reference Model
1. def: Application Layer (directly visible to the
user)
2. Presentation Layer (accepts as input the
communication)
3. Session Layer (users on different machines may
establish sessions between them)
4. Transport Layer (receives the communication
from the session layer, splits it into smaller
blocks (called packets))
5. Network Layer (receives a packet of data from
the transport layer and adds special header data)
6. Data Link Layer (data frames of a few
hundred bytes)
7. Physical Layer (transmitting bits (a string of
zeros and ones) over a physical communication
channel);
● Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP)
○ def: protocol used on the worldwide Internet
and on numerous intranets operating within
organizations. used in many non-Internet
 ● SQL (Structured Query Language, often
Chapter 4: The Data Resource pronounced sequel)
● data model ○ def: most common database 4 GL standardized
○ def: an overall map for business data; by International Organization for
● entity-relationship diagram (ERD) Standardization (ISO).;
○ def: sample data model that captures entities ● 3 Scope of Influence for Data
(i.e., customer, order, product) and their ○ def: 1. Local data: have relevance to only a
relationships (i.e., submits, includes).; single user or small group of organization
members.
○ 2. Shared data: exchanged between different
user groups.
○ 3. Core data: require an organization wide
● entity-relationship diagram (ERD) is consist of definition and sourcing (in other words, core
○ def: entities: things about which data are data is enterprise-shared data).;
collected ● 3 differences between data and metadata
○ Attributes: actual elements of data that are to ○ def: 1. Physical data: exist in databases and
be collected other file systems.
○ Relationships: relevant associations between ○ 2. Logical data: view or understanding of data
organizational entities; needed to use data.
● metadata ○ 3. Semantic data: metadata that describe
○ def: data about data.; organizational data.;
● 2 Approaches of Data Modeling ● application independence
○ def: enterprise modeling (top-down) ○ def: One goal of data management. the
○ view integration (bottom-up); separation, or decoupling, of data from
● enterprise modeling approach applications systems.;
○ def: describing the organization and its data ● 3 process of transforming data into information
requirements at a very high level, independent ○ def: 1. Data capture application: gather data
of particular reports, screens, or detailed and populate the database. They store and
descriptions of data processing requirements. maintain data in the data pyramid.
○ Advantage: not being biased by a lot of details, ○ 2. Data transfer and integration
current databases and files, or how the business applications: move data from one database to
actually operates today. another or otherwise bring together data from
○ Disadvantage: it can be incomplete or various databases to meet some processing need.
inaccurate because it might ignore some ○ 3. Data analysis and presentation
important details.; applications: provide data and information to
● view integration authorized persons.;
○ def: each report, computer screen, form, ● disposable applications
document, and so on to be produced from ○ def: A significant result of application
organizational databases is identified (usually independence.;
starting from what is done today).; ● 5 types of data standards
● Normalization ○ def: 1. Identifier: Unique value for each
○ def: process of creating simple data structures business entity
from more complex ones, consists of a set of ○ 2. Naming: Unique name or label for each type
rules that yields a data structure that is very of data
stable and useful across many different ○ 3. Definition: Unambiguous description for
requirements.; each type of data
● Data modeling Guidelines ○ 4. Integrity Rule: Specification of legitimate
○ def: (1) Objective: justified by some clear values for a type of data
overriding need ○ 5. Usage Rights: Security clearances for a type
○ (2) Scope: coverage for a data model must be of data.;
carefully considered ● metadata repository
○ (3) Outcome: Choices here include a subject ○ def: aka. data dictionary/directory (DD/D).
area database definition central repository of data about data helps users
○ (4) Timing: Few organizations can put all learn more about organizational databases.;
systems development on hold while a complete ● Master data management (MDM)
data model is developed; ○ def: disciplines, technologies, and methods to
ensure the currency, meaning, and quality of
reference data within and across various subject
areas.;
● 11 Asset Management Functions (p.129)
○ def: 1. Plan
○ 2. Source
○ 3. Acquire and Maintain
○ 4. Define/Describe and Inventory
○ 5. Organize and Make Accessible
○ 6. Control Quality and Integrity
○ 7. Protect and Secure
○ 8. Account for Use
○ 9. Recover/Restore and Upgrade
○ 10. Determine Retention and Dispose
○ 11. Train and Consult for Effective Use;
● data governance
○ def: organizational process for establishing
strategy, objectives, and policies for
organizational data. subset of IT governance.;
● corporate information policy
○ def: foundation for managing the ownership of
data.;
● Transborder data flows
○ def: electronic movements of data that cross a
country’s national boundary for processing,
storage, or retrieval of that data in a foreign
country;
● data administration
○ def: a unit to lead the efforts in data
management.;
● 7 Key functions of the data administration group
○ def: 1. Promote and control data sharing
○ 2. Analyze the impact of changes to application
systems when data definitions change.
○ 3. Maintain metadata.
○ 4. Reduce redundant data and processing.
○ 5. Reduce system maintenance costs and
improve systems development productivity.
○ 6. Improve quality and security of data.
○ 7. Insure data integrity.;
● database administrator (DBA)
○ def: primary person responsible for the
management of computer databases.;
 ● Distributed systems (distributed data processing)
Chapter 5: Enterprise System ○ def: a mode of delivery rather than a traditional
● 2 Categories of IT Applications class of applications like transaction processing
○ def: 1. interorganizational systems: systems or decision support systems. processing power is
that span organizational boundaries. (ex. (EDI) distributed to multiple sites.;
systems) ● Client/Server System
○ 2. intraorganizational systems: enterprise ○ def: type of distributed system. processing
systems and managerial support systems.; power is distributed between a central server
● enterprise systems computer, such as a midrange computer or a
○ def: designed to support the entire enterprise powerful workstation, and a number of client
(organization) or large portions of it; computers, which are usually desktop
● managerial support systems microcomputers.;
○ def: designed to provide support to a specific ● middleware
manager or a small group of managers.; ○ def: vague term that covers all of the software
● 9 Types of Enterprise Systems needed to support interactions between clients
○ def: 1. Transaction Processing Systems and servers.;
○ 2. Enterprise Resource Planning Systems ● two tiers of Client/Server System (originally)
○ 3. Data Warehousing ○ def: client tier and a server tier.;
○ 4. Customer Relationship Management ● three-tier client/server systems
Systems ○ def: application server that is separate from the
○ 6. Office Automation Groupware and database server is employed.
Collaboration ○ user interface is housed on the client, usually a
○ 7. Intranets and Portals PC (tier 1)
○ 8. Factory Automation ○ processing is performed on a midrange system
○ 9. Supply Chain Management Systems; (tier 2)
● 10 Types of Managerial Support Systems ○ data are stored on a large machine that operates
○ def: 1. Decision Support Systems as the database server (tier 3);
○ 2. Data Mining ● virtualization
○ 3. Group Support Systems ○ def: popular way of delivering IT services.;
○ 4. Geographic Information Systems ● server virtualization
○ 5. Executive Information Systems ○ def: physical server is split into multiple virtual
○ 6. Business Intelligence Systems servers. Each virtual server can run its own
○ 7. Knowledge Management Systems full-fledged operating system, and these
○ 8. Expert Systems operating systems can be different from one
○ 9. Neural Networks virtual server to the next.;
○ 10. Virtual Reality; ● desktop virtualization
● Batch Processing vs. Online Processing ○ def: desktop environment, everything the user
○ def: batch processing: organization sees and uses on a PC desktop, is separated from
accumulated a batch of transactions and then the physical desktop machine and accessed
processed the entire batch at one time. through a client/server computing model.;
○ online processing: each transaction is entered ● Service-oriented architecture (SOA)
directly into the computer when it occurs.; ○ def: application architecture based on a
● interactive system collection of functions, or services, where these
○ def: A fully implemented online system. user is services can communicate (or be connected)
directly interacting with the computer.; with one another.;
● in-line systems ● transaction processing systems
○ def: online data entry, but the actual processing ○ def: “grand daddy” applications, the ones that
of the transaction is deferred until a batch of started it all. process the thousands of
transactions has been accumulated.; transactions that occur every day in most
● functional information systems organizations, including sales; payments made
○ def: framework based strictly on the and received; inventory shipped and received;
organization’s primary business functions.; hiring, firing, and paying employees; and paying
● business process dividends.;
○ def: chain of activities required to achieve an ● Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems
outcome such as order fulfillment or materials ○ def: transaction processing systems, but they go
acquisition—rather than on functions.; well beyond traditional transaction processing
● vertically integrated information system system functionality. set of integrated business
○ def: system that serves more than one vertical applications, or modules, that carry out
level in an organization or an industry.; common business functions such as general
 ledger accounting, accounts payable, accounts ● hosted or on-demand solution (also called Software
receivable, material requirements planning, as a Service, or SaaS)
order management, inventory control, and ○ def: software runs on the vendor’s hardware,
human resources management.; and the customer pays a subscription fee on a
● Year 2000 (Y2K) problem per user, per month basis to use the application.;
○ def: added to the demand for ERP systems; ● Office automation
● 6 Key Functional Areas of SAP ERP ○ def: far-reaching set of office-related
○ def: 1. Financials applications, including telephony (including
○ 2. Human Capital Management Internet telephony), voicemail,
○ 3. Operations videoconferencing, electronic mail (and its
○ 4. Corporate Services variants), word processing, copying, desktop
○ 5. End-User Service Delivery publishing, electronic calendaring, and
○ 6. Analytics; document imaging, along with document
● 5 SAP Business Suite Applications preparation, storage, and sharing.;
○ def: 1. Customer Relationship Management ● unified communications (UC)
(CRM) ○ def: newest buzzword in office automation.
○ 2. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) integration of real-time communication
○ 3. Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) services, such as telephony and IM, with
○ 4. Supply Chain Management (SCM) non–real-time communication services, such as
○ 5. Supplier Relationship Management (SRM); e-mail, voicemail, and facsimile.;
● data warehousing ● Videoconferencing
○ def: establishment and maintenance of a large ○ def: permits face-to-face, or, more properly,
data storage facility containing data on all (or at image-to-image meetings and conferences
least many) aspects of the enterprise.; without the need for costly and time-consuming
● Key Elements of Data Warehousing travel.;
○ def: Operational Databases, Operational Data, ● Electronic mail (e-mail)
Data Warehouse, Warehouse Operation ○ def: rapid, asynchronous communication
Software, Warehouse Construction Software, between workstations on a network, eliminating
Warehouse Access and Analysis Software, telephone tag.;
Query Results / Reports, Managers (Users); ● Groupware
○ def: industry term that refers to software
designed to support groups by facilitating
collaboration, communication, and
coordination.;
● Collaboration or collaborative environment
○ def: often used as a synonym for groupware;
● Intranet
○ def: network operating within an organization
that employs the TCP/IP protocol, the same
● data warehousing appliance protocol used on the Internet.;
○ def: packaged solution consisting of hardware ● Internet vs Intranet
(i.e., server, storage) and software (i.e., operating ○ def: Similar: protocol is the same, the
system, database management system, other organization may use the same Web browser,
data warehousing software), where the software Web search engine, and Web server software use
has been specifically pre-installed and on the Internet.
pre-optimized for data warehousing.; ○ Difference: intranet, however, is not accessible
● column-store databases from outside the organization.;
○ def: traditional, row-store database, all the ● RSS (“Really Simple Syndication” or “Rich Site
attributes for the first customer (or row) are Summary”)
serialized together, followed by all the attributes ○ def: de facto standard for the syndication, or
for the second customer, and so on.; distribution, of Web content.;
● customer relationship management (CRM) ● portal
○ def: type of application that often pulls much of ○ def: software that provided a structure and thus
its data from the organization’s data warehouse. easier access to internal information via a Web
provide an integrated approach to all aspects of browser.;
interaction a company has with its customers,
including marketing, sales, and support.;
● 2 Roots of factory automation ● Supply chain management (SCM) systems
○ def: 1. numerically controlled machines, which ○ def: deal with the procurement of the
use a computer program components a company needs to make a
○ 2. material requirements planning (MRP) product or service and the movement and
systems; distribution of components and finished
● material requirements planning (MRP) systems products throughout the supply chain.
○ def: rely on extensive data input to produce a
production schedule for the factory and a
schedule of needed raw materials.;
● computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM)
○ def: combines the ideas of roots of Factory
Automation, not only to let the computer set
up the schedules (as with MRP) but also to
carry them out through control of the various
machines involved (as with numerically
controlled machines).;
● Computer-aided design (CAD)
○ def: use of computer graphics to create and
modify engineering designs.;
● Computer-aided engineering (CAE)
○ def: system designed to analyze the functional
characteristics of a design and simulate the
product performance.;
● Group technology (GT) systems
○ def: group parts according to physical
characteristics, machine routings through the
factory, and similar machine operations.;
● Computer-aided process planning (CAPP) systems
○ def: plan the sequence of processes that produce
or assemble a part;
● 3 Major Components Manufacturing resources
planning (MRP II) System
○ def: 1. master production schedule: sets the
overall production goals based on forecasts of
demand.
○ 2. material requirements planning: develops
a detailed production schedule to accomplish
the master schedule, using parts explosion,
production capacity, inventory, and lead-time
data
○ 3. shop floor control: releases orders to the
shop floor based on the detailed production
schedule and the actual production
accomplished thus far.;
● computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)
○ def: use of computers to control manufacturing
processes.;
● Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP)
○ def: pioneered by General Motors.
communications protocol (a set of rules) to
ensure an open manufacturing system.;
● shop floor control (SFC) systems
○ def: less ambitious than CAM. provide online,
real-time control and monitoring of machines
on the shop floor.;
● Robotics
○ def: one branch of the artificial intelligence tree.
Machines to accomplish coordinated physical
tasks in the manner of humans.;
 ● Neural Networks
Chapter 6: Managerial Support System ○ def: A branch of artificial intelligence is
● Decision Support Systems (DSS) incorporated in most of the high-end products.
○ def: A computer-based system, almost always ○ Uses statistical analysis to recognize patterns
interactive, designed to assist a manager (or from vast amounts of information by a process
another decision maker) in making decisions.; of adaptive learning.
● DSS requires 3 primary components ○ The key characteristic is that they learn;
○ def: 1. Model Management to apply the ● Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) vs. Data
appropriate model Mining
○ 2. Data Management to select and handle the ○ def: OLAP is considered human-driven analysis.
appropriate data Data mining is technique-driven analysis.
○ 3. Dialog Management to facilitate the user ○ OLAP involves querying a database using
interface to the DSS; OLAP software to ask complex questions across
various dimensions like time, organizational
● DSS Process
unit, or geography. Data mining employs
○ def: 1. The user interacts with the DSS through techniques such as decision trees, neural
the dialog management component, identifying networks, and genetic algorithms to uncover
the particular model and data set to be used. patterns and relationships in data.;
○ 2. DSS presents the results to the user through ● Group Support System
this same dialog management component. ○ def: A specialized type of groupware. A
○ model management and data management collaboration tool that is specifically aimed at
components operate behind the scenes; supporting meetings. A specialized type of
● Specific DSS vs. DSS Generator Decision Support System (DSS) designed to
○ def: Specific DSS: actual applications that aid support groups rather than individuals.
in decision-making ○ aka. group DSSs or electronic meeting
○ DSS generator: software package that offers systems;
tools to create specific DSSs quickly and easily.; ● GroupSystems
● data warehouse vs. data analysis ○ def: A leading provider of Group Support
○ def: data warehouse: an enterprise system by System (GSS) software.;
making data accessible to the entire organization ● Group Support System Layout
○ data analysis: typically carried out by a single
manager or a small group.;
● Data Mining
○ def: It employs various technologies like
decision trees and neural networks to extract
valuable information from extensive data stored
in an organization's data warehouse.;
● Decision Techniques/Approaches in Data Mining
○ def: 1. Decision Trees
○ 2. Neural Networks
○ 3. linear and logistic regression
○ 4. association rules for finding patterns of
● ThinkTank
co-occurring events
○ def: A group support system (GSS) software
○ 5. clustering for market segmentation
that can be used to support traditional group
○ 6. rule induction, the extraction of if-then
sessions or virtual team meetings.;
rules based on statistical significance
● Virtual Team
○ 7. nearest neighbor, the classification of a
○ def: The work team is in a “different time,
record based on those most similar to it in the
different place”;
database
● Geographic information system (GIS)
○ 8. genetic algorithms, optimization
○ def: A spatial decision support system (SDSS),
techniques based on the concepts of genetic
location intelligence, geodemographics,
combination, mutation, and natural selection.;
computer mapping, and automated routing are
● Decision Trees
names for a family of applications based on
○ def: tree-shaped structure that is derived from
manipulation of relationships in space.;
the data to represent sets of decisions that result
● Geographic technologies
in various outcomes— the tree’s various end
○ def: (such as GIS) capture, store, manipulate,
points.
display, and analyze data spatially referenced to
○ They are used to predict outcomes when
the Earth.;
presented with new sets of decisions.;
● 2 Approaches To Representing Spatial Data ● 2 Recent KMS Initiatives within a Pharmaceutical
○ def: 1. Raster-based GISs Firm
○ 2. Vector-based GISs; ○ def: 1. Corporate KMS
● Raster-based GISs ○ 2. Field Sales KMS
○ def: It relies on dividing space into small, ● Corporate KMS
equal-sized cells arranged in a grid.; ○ def: A KM team formed to develop an
● Vector-based GISs organization-wide KMS serving multiple
○ def: It associates features in the landscape with communities of practice;
either a point, a line, or a polygon.; ● Field Sales KMS
● 3 Features of Vector-based GISs ○ def: This KMS team’s mission was to design and
○ def: 1. Points - used to represent small features build both the content and the structure of the
(ATMs, customer addresses, power poles) or KMS;
items in motions (trucks) ● 3 most commonly used tools in Corporate KMS
○ 2. Lines - used for linear features (roads, rivers) ○ def: 1. discussion forum: enables
and can be connected to form routes and question-and-answer discussions among
networks members of the community.
○ 3. Polygons - represent areas and surfaces (lakes, ○ 2. tips tool: enables any member of the
land parcels, and regions—such as sales community to write a short entry that
territories, countries, and zip codes); documents some best practice advice.
● Coverage model ○ 3. calendar items; include face-to-face meetings
○ def: most common data model for both vector held by part or all of the community, seminars
and raster data in which different layers or and workshops.;
themes represent similar types of geographic ● Coordinator
features in the same area and are stacked on top ○ def: tasked to ensure that the community
of each other; thrives.;
● Executive Information Systems/Business ● Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Intelligence Systems (EIS) ○ def: The study of how to make computers do
○ def: a hands-on tool that focuses, filters, and things that are currently done better by people.
organizes an executive’s information so that they 50 years old, but only in the last 30 years have
can make more effective use of it. computers become powerful enough;
○ replaced with the broader term performance ● 6 Areas of AI Research
management (PM) software; ○ def: 1. Natural Languages
● Knowledge Management Systems ○ 2. Robotics
○ def: Systems that enable individuals and ○ 3. Perceptive Systems (Vision and Hearing)
organizations to enhance learning, improve ○ 4. Genetic Programming
performance, and produce long-term ○ 5. Expert Systems
sustainable competitive advantage.; ○ 6. Neural Networks;
● 3 Connection Strategies supported by Knowledge ● Natural Languages
Management Systems ○ def: Aims at producing systems that translate
○ def: 1. Connections from people to people (e.g., ordinary human instructions into a language
expert directories) that computers can understand and execute.;
○ 2. Connections from people to knowledge (e.g., ● Robotics
knowledge repositories) ○ def: Aims at building machines to accomplish
○ 3. Connections from people to tools (e.g., coordinated physical tasks in the manner of
community calendars, discussion forums); humans.;
● Knowledge management ● Perceptive Systems (Vision and Hearing)
○ def: a set of management practices that is ○ def: Aims at creating robots that can “see” or
practical and action-oriented.; “hear” and react to what they see or hear.;
● 4 Reasons Why Organizations Invest in KMSs ● Genetic Programming
○ def: 1. The value derived by the individuals ○ def: Also called “Evolutionary Design”. With
using the system will exceed its cost this area the problem is divided into multiple
○ 2. Firm valuation segments, and solutions to these segments are
○ 3. “Knowledge assets,” when thought of as an linked together in different ways to breed new
organizational resource, can be a source of “child” solutions.;
competitive advantage ● Expert Systems
○ 4. Tangible benefits accrue from implementing ○ def: Concerned with building systems that
KM and KMS initiatives; incorporate the decision-making logic of a
human expert;
● 2 Branches of AI that are most relevant for ● Virtual Reality (VR)
Managerial Support ○ def: use of computer-based systems to create an
○ def: 1. Expert Systems environment that seems real to one or more
○ 2. Neural Networks; senses (usually including sight) of the human
● Knowledge Engineer user or users.;
○ def: A specially trained systems analyst that ● Uses of VR in Non-Entertainment Settings
designs an expert system through working very ○ def: 1. Training
closely with one or more experts in the area ○ 2. Design
under study; ○ 3. Marketing
● Knowledge Base ○ 4. Second Life (online 3-D virtual world) and
○ def: A module within the computer system Business;
where the information that the knowledge
engineer has learned is loaded in a specialized
format;
● Inference Engine
○ def: A logical framework that automatically
executes a line of reasoning when supplied with
the inference rules and parameters involved in
the decision;
● User Interface
○ def: The module used by the end user. Ideally,
the interface is very user-friendly;
● Explanation Subsystem
○ def: explain the reasoning that the system
followed in arriving at a decision;
● Knowledge Acquisition Subsystem
○ def: assist the knowledge engineer in recording
inference rules and parameters in the knowledge
base.;
● Workspace
○ def: for the computer to use as the decision is
being made.;
● 3 General Approaches to Obtaining an Expert
System
○ def: 1. Buy a fully developed system that has
been created for a specific application
○ 2. Develop an expert system itself using an
artificial intelligence shell (also called an expert
systems shell)
○ 3. Have internal or external knowledge
engineers custom-build the expert system;
● MYCIN
○ def: Developed at Stanford University in the
mid-1970s to diagnose and prescribe treatment
for meningitis and blood diseases;
● Dipmeter
○ def: Developed by Schlumberger, Ltd., an
international oil company, to give advice when a
drill bit gets stuck while drilling a well;
● Market Surveillance
○ def: Developed by the American Stock
Exchange to support analysts in making
recommendations on whether to open an
investigation of suspected insider trading.;
● 2 difficult part of building a neural network
application
○ def: 1. data collection
○ 2. data maintenance;
 ● Potential B2C Benefits to Sellers
Chapter 7: E-Business Systems ○ def: 24/7 access to customer for sales and
● E-business systems support
○ def: enable the electronic transmission of ○ Lower costs from online channel
business transactions or other related ○ Multimedia opportunities for marketing
information between a buyer and seller; ○ New ways to research potential markets
● Metcalfe’s Law ○ New ways to distribute (if product/service can
○ def: the value of a network is proportional to be digitized)
the square of the number of connected users in ○ Global reach to buyers;
the network (n^2); ● Dot-Com Retailers
● Brief History of Internet ○ def: Internet only companies. a business that
○ def: roots in ARPANET, a network that sells its products and services online. had the
initially included only U.S. government online advantage (Ex. Amazon & Netflix);
organizations and a select group of research and ● Traditional Catalog Retailers
development firms in the private sector.; ○ def: business that sells its products and services
● Internet vs Intranet vs Extranet through printed catalogs. (Ex. Dell and Lands’
○ def: Internet: A worldwide network of End);
networks accessible to the public that employs ● Traditional Store Retailers
the TCP/IP protocol. ○ def: businesses that sell their products and
○ Intranet: A private network operating within services in physical stores. (Ex. Staples and
an organization that employs the TCP/IP Tesco);
protocol to provide information, applications, ● Dot-Com Intermediaries
and other tools for use by the organization’s ○ def: organization or business that serves as an
employees. intermediary in online business transactions.
○ Extranet: A portion of a company’s private (ex. Expedia, Travelocity, Orbitz);
intranet that is accessible via the Internet to ● 3 Dot-Com Examples
authorized organizations that are business ○ def: 1. eBay: pioneer in C2C e-business that was
partners (such as customers or suppliers).; one of the first dot-com companies to achieve
● m-commerce profitability
○ def: e-business applications designed for these ○ 2. Google: fast-growing dot-com with a
mobile devices.; superior Web search algorithm that currently
● privacy policy supports more than half of the Internet searches
○ def: discloses how the company collects and uses submitted daily around the world
personal data and also gives users the ○ 3. Facebook: social networking dot-com that
opportunity to exercise some control over the grew from a software tool;
use of their information.; ● 7Cs model for Web site designs
● competitive forces model ○ def: developed by marketing educators Rayport
○ def: well-established, pre-Internet framework and Jaworski (2004)
for assessing a firm’s strategic opportunities and ○ 1. Context—the site’s layout and design, which
threats by Michael E. Porter.; includes functionality and aesthetic appearance
● Porter’s 5 competitive forces ○ 2. Content—usage of text, pictures, sound, and
○ def: 1. firm’s suppliers video
○ 2. its customers ○ 3. Commerce—the site’s capabilities to
○ 3. new market entrants (same products/services) conduct commercial transactions
○ 4. substitute products brought to market ○ 4. Customization—the site’s ability to tailor
○ 5. firm’s competitors within the same industry; itself to a specific user
● reverse auctions ○ 5. Community—ways that the site enables
○ def: suppliers could bid for a client contract.; feelings of membership and shared interests
● 3 Situations of Dominant Players in B2B ○ 6. Communication—availability of site-to-user
Marketplaces and user-to-site communications
○ def: 1. If Buyers and Sellers are Fragmented, ○ 7. Connection—handling of Web links to
Independent Intermediaries are likely to be other external sites;
successful.
○ 2. If Sellers are Concentrated, Sellers are likely
to dominate.
○ 3. If Buyers are Concentrated, Buyers are likely
to dominate.;