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 Lecture No. 8-10

By;

Dr. M. Safar Korai

Associate Professor
Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, Mehran UET,
Jamshoro
Topics

CLO-2
1.Cleaner production implementation
TL-C4
2.Properly implemented CP (Outcomes/indicators)
PLO-11

3.Barriers to CP
CLO-1

4.CP motivators and drivers TL-C2

5.benefits of Cleaner Production PLO-5

 IMPLEMENTING CP
Cleaner Production categories
OPERATION

TECHNOLOGY

PRODUCTION PROCESS

INPUT MATERIALS PRODUCTS

Relationship with MEAs:

1- UNFCCC/Kyoto – Green House Gas emissions
2- Basel Convention – Waste minimisation
3- Stockholm Convention – Avoid unintentionally WASTE &
produced pollutats (PCB’s, dioxins and furans) EMISSIONS
 IMPLEMENTING CP
Option 1: Input material substitution
OPERATION

TECHNOLOGY

PRODUCTION PROCESS

Change INPUT MATERIALS PRODUCTS

1/ Change inputs materials, water and energy:

> Replacing toxic or harmful materials with less toxic
> Use of renewable materials
> Use materials with longer lifetime WASTES &
> Material purification EMISSIONS
 IMPLEMENTING CP
Option 2: Technology change
Improve New technology OPERATION
equipment and
process control
TECHNOLOGY

PRODUCTION PROCESS

Change INPUT MATERIALS PRODUCTS

2/ Technology > Replacing

change: > Equipment modification
> Optimal process conditions
> Increased automation
> Improved process control WASTES &
> Improved equipment lay-out EMISSIONS
 IMPLEMENTING CP
Option 3: Good operation practices
Improve New technology OPERATION
equipment and Improved
process control management
TECHNOLOGY
Workers skills &
process control

PRODUCTION PROCESS

Change INPUT MATERIALS PRODUCTS

3/ Improved > Production scheduling

operation > Energy management (peak shaving)
practices: > Maintenance programmes
> Working instructions and procedures
> Training and incentives program WASTES &
> Adequate process control operations EMISSIONS
> Proper maintenance and cleaning
 IMPLEMENTING CP
Option 4: Product modification
Improve New technology OPERATION
equipment and Improved
process control management
TECHNOLOGY
Workers skills &
process control

PRODUCTION PROCESS

Change INPUT MATERIALS PRODUCTS

modification
4/ Product modification:
> Recycling friendly design
> Product Life Extension
> More efficient, less material intensive packaging WASTES &
> Reduction of harmful substances. EMISSIONS
 IMPLEMENTING CP
Option 5: reuse and recycling
Improve New technology OPERATION
equipment and Improved
process control management
TECHNOLOGY
Workers skills &
process control

PRODUCTION PROCESS

Change INPUT MATERIALS PRODUCTS

modification
5/ On-site reuse and recycling:
> On site recovery and re-use of raw materials in the
process, waste water, waste heat and cooling water
> Transforming waste into useful by-products WASTES &
> Waste segregation and storage EMISSIONS
Re-use and recycling
 SO…
Cleaner Production is
• Better planning in operations & waste
disposal

• Material substitution

• More efficient – less polluting technologies

• Reduced energy and water consumption

• Cost reduction & marketing advantages

8/28/2024 10
Properly implemented CP
(Outcomes/indicators)

always
• reduces long-term liabilities which
companies can face many years
after pollution has been generated
or disposed at a given site

11
 Properly implemented CP
(Outcomes/indicators)
usually
• increases profitability
• lowers production costs

• enhances productivity
• provides a rapid return on any capital or
operating investments required

• increases product yield

• leads to the more efficient use of energy
and raw materials
12
 Properly implemented CP
(Outcomes/indicators)
usually (continuation)
• results in improved product quality
• increases staff motivation

• relies on active worker participation in idea

generation and implementation
• reduces consumer risks

• reduces the risk of environmental accidents

• is supported by employees, local
communities, customers and the public
13
 Properly implemented CP
(Outcomes/indicators)

often
• Decreases regulatory compliance costs and saves from
fines of non-compliance
➢ Cleaner Production will assist in maintaining or
improving compliance with relevant environmental
legislation.
➢ This can bring a number of benefits such as reduced
regulatory intervention, possible reduced licence
fees and charges and better control over business.

• Provides enhanced access to capital from financial

institutions

14
 Properly implemented CP
(Outcomes/indicators)
Often
• Is fast and easy to implement

• Requires little capital investment

• Increases the chances of exporting the products

to new/foreign markets as by confirming with
standards such as ISO 14000 companies can
broaden their market
15
 METHODOLOGY
Barriers to CP implementation
INTERNAL BARRIERS
➢ Traditional philosophy of CEOs (low awareness)
➢ Internal organization and communication (initial constraints)

➢ Limited information, data and expertise on waste and emissions

➢ Focus on end of pipe solutions and short term profits

➢ Inadequate cost/profit calculations CP options

➢ Missing, outdated or unreliable process instrumentation

➢ No or limited support of middle management

➢ No EMS to achieve continual improvement
 METHODOLOGY
Barriers to CP implementation

EXTERNAL BARRIERS

> Availability of investment capital

> Availability of CP technologies

To be solved by
an organised approach
Four types of barriers to CP
1 2
Systemic Technical

3 4
Economic Attitudinal

18
1
Systemic Barriers to CP

• Risk aversion (risk aversion is the tendency of

people to prefer outcomes with low uncertainty to
those outcomes with high uncertainty)

• Ordinary production concerns

taking priority

• Inadequate record-keeping and reporting

• Ineffective management systems

19
1
Systemic Barriers to CP

• Ad hoc production planning (used to describe

work that has been formed or used for a
special and immediate purpose, without
previous planning)

• Lack of employee training

• Turnover of technical staff

20
2
Technical Barriers to CP

• Limited availability of CP
technology

• Limited maintenance
capabilities
?
• Limited access to technical
information and success
stories 21
3
Economic Barriers to CP

• Lack of financing for CP e.g. poor understanding

about how to make the
case for a CP
investment to a
• Lack of “financing know-how” financing organization

• Preference for least capital-

intensive options

Capital investment is the expenditure of money

to fund a company's long-term growth.
22
3
Economic Barriers to CP

• Poor cash flow

Poor cash flow means that you are spending more money than you
are earning, or that your cash inflows are delayed or inconsistent. Low
or negative cash flow can result from various factors, such as poor
sales, high expenses, late payments, overstocking, etc.

• Poor investment planning

23
4
Attitudinal Barriers to CP
• Fear of failure

• Lack of culture of good housekeeping

• Resistance to change among

employees

• Lack of effective supervision/

positive leadership 24
 CP motivators and drivers
- Improvements in
Internal to the companies: productivity and
competitiveness

- Environmental management
systems and continuous
improvement

- Environmental leadership

- Corporate environmental
reports

- Environmental accounting
25
 CP motivators and drivers
External to the companies:

- Innovative - Soft loans

regulation from
Financial
- Economic institutions
incentives
- Community
- Education involvement
and training
- International
- Buyer – trade
supplier incentives
relations

26
 Team for CP success

1. Managers, engineers and finance people in industry and

commerce, in particular those responsible for business
strategy, product development, plant operations and finance

2. Government officials, both central and regional, who play an

important role in promoting CP

3. Media representatives who play an important role for

spreading information on good environmental practice

27
 CP attacks the problem at several levels at once.
The implementation of an industry/plant level
programme requires,

- The commitment of top management

- A systematic approach to CP in all aspects of the production
processes
- Total Involvement of Employees
- Organized Approach

•Be open Minded and Flexible to Change

•Be Creative and Innovative

28
 How can governments promote
CP?

Providing
Applying support
regulations measures

Using
economic Obtaining
instruments external
assistance

29
 CP applicability for local
governments
Corporate decision-making

Local environmental management strategies

Community and industry partnerships

Sustainable economic development

Public environmental education

Specific local environmental problems

Local environmental monitoring

30
What are the benefits of Cleaner Production?

Improving environmental
situation

Continuous
Increasing economical environmental
benefits
improvement

Gaining
Increasing competitive
productivity advantage

31
 What are the benefits of
Cleaner Production?

Financial advantages:
• Usually a short Payback Period of only months

Capital investment
_____________________________
Payback period =
Annual operating cost savings

- period of time (years) needed to generate enough

cash flow to recover the initial investment

32
 What are the benefits of
Cleaner Production?
1.Many low-cost options

2.Quick to implement

3.Improved cash flows

Financial
4.Greater shareholder value
advantages
5.Better access to capital and appeal to
financial institutions

6.Inherent preventive approach leads to

insurance savings
33
 What are the benefits of
Cleaner Production?

Cost effectiveness

Increased process efficiency

The economic
advantages
Improved product quality and enterprise
competitiveness

Cost of final treatment and disposal is

minimised

34
 What have we learned?
• The CP approach reduces pollutant generation at every stage of the
production process

• CP can be achieved through:

- Good operating practices

-Process modification

-Technology changes

-Raw material substitution

-Redesign and/or reformulation of product

35
 Broader Application of CP

CP is closely linked to:

• Environmental Management Systems

• Total Quality Management

• Health and Safety Management

36
CONCLUSION
End of session 2

Thank you for your attention…

Any questions?