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Illuminating Design Principle

Chapter - 7

Syllabus
1. Basic Consideration for Illuminating Design
i. Space Function
ii. Provision of Quality and Quantity of illumination
iii. Selection of Lighting Systems, Sources, Luminaries, and Controls
iv. Definitions of Terminology
2. Lumen Method of Lighting Computations
3. Point-to-point Lighting Computation
4. Design Procedures

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Space Function
 The function of a space greatly influences the way in which lighting is applied.
 The same type of visual task may be encountered, regardless of location, in a factory,
store, or home.
 But factors such as economics, appearance, and quality of lighting results desired can
influence the lighting design developed for the task.
 Thus application techniques generally designated as industrial lighting, store lighting, and
so on, have developed based on lighting solutions for the types of visual tasks encountered
in each type of occupancy.
 It is necessary to relate the design of a lighting installation to the particular occupancy of
the space it is to serve.

Provision of Quality and Quantity of illumination

Required Illumination must be met
Uniformity
No Glare
Uniform
Good Color Rendering

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Selection of Lighting Systems

 Illuminating engineers have at their disposal a wide range of types and sizes of light
sources, luminaires, and lighting equipment.
 They should exercise their professional judgment to make choices based on economic
analyses and application requirements.

Selection of Control System

Manual Control:
(i) On /Off from single or multiple positions
using fixed switches.
(ii) On /Off using infra red remote controller.
(iii) On /Off / dimming from fixed switch
position.
(iv) Multiple lighting scene control using infra
red remote controller.
Automatic Control:
(i) Time switch
(ii) Occupancy sensors
(iii) Daylight sensor
(iv) Dimming
(v) Reduced voltage
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Control Systems

Control Systems

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Control Systems

Control Systems

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Syllabus
1. Basic Consideration for Illuminating Design
i. Space Function
ii. Provision of Quality and Quantity of illumination
iii. Selection of Lighting Systems, Sources, Luminaries, and Controls
iv. Definitions of Terminology
2. Lumen Method of Lighting Computations
3. Point-to-point Lighting Computation
4. Design Procedures

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Lumen Method of Lighting Computations

 The Lumen Method of design is an arithmetical procedure for determining for any
desired illuminance in an interior: the number of luminaires of a type; the required
lumen output, and hence the power and number of lamps per luminaire.
 Thus, a lighting layout may be prepared which uses the luminaires correctly (viz at
correct mounting height and spacing-to-mounting-height ratio).
 A further calculation enables the designer to confirm that the resulting Glare Index will
not exceed the Limiting Glare Index specified for that application in the CIBS
(Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers)/IES(Illuminating Engineering
Society) Code.

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Basic assumptions underlying the lumen method

 Rectangular room
 Ratio of length to width = 1.6 : 1, with a max. of 4 : 1
 Completely empty room
 Uniform reflectance and completely diffuse reflection properties of the perimeter
surfaces
 Uniform distribution of luminous flux over all areas
 Regular luminaire configuration throughout the room
 In the case of fluorescent lamps, luminaire axis=room axis

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Lumen Method of Lighting Computations

The Formula is,
𝑙 𝑛 𝑁 𝑈𝐹 𝑀𝐹 𝐴𝑏𝑠
𝐸
𝐴
 where Eh is the illuminance (lux) on a plane, e.g. the floor or a working plane. If not
otherwise specified, the working plane is assumed to be 0.85 m above the floor.
 𝑙 is the number of lumens per lamp. Unless otherwise specified, this will be the Lighting
Design Lumens
 n is the number of lamps per luminaire.
 N is the number of luminaires.
 UF is the Utilization Factor
 MF is the Maintenance Factor
 Abs is the Absorption Factor
 The equation may be transposed to discover any required unknown

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Absorption Factor
In the Lumen Method of Lighting Calculation, the Absorption Factor refers to the
proportion of light absorbed by the surfaces within a space, such as walls, ceilings, and
floors. It is an essential parameter in determining the Utilization Factor (UF) and,
ultimately, the illuminance level in a given area.
• It accounts for the light lost due to absorption by room surfaces.
• It is the complement of the reflection factor (or reflectance) of surfaces.

Mathematical Relation:
Absorption Factor = 1 − Reflec on Factor

If a wall has a reflectance of 70% (0.70), the absorption factor will be 30% (0.30).

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Typical Reflection Factors (for reference)

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Placement

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Space Height Ratio of Luminaries

 The minimum number of luminaires which may be used to achieve satisfactory uniformity is
determined by the maximum spacing-to-mounting height ratio (S:Hm) specified by the
luminaire maker.
 For fluorescent tubes and HID lamps used up to around 6 m height, the maximum ratio is
usually 1.5:1, viz, if the mounting height above the working plane is 5 m, then the maximum
spacing between luminaires will be 7.5 m.
 For 'high bay' luminaires, typically for use above 5 m mounting height, the ratio is usually 1:1.
 As one cannot have a fraction of a row, and over-spacing is to be avoided, divide the width (m)
by the permitted spacing (m), and round the number up to determine the minimum number of
rows.
 Similarly, divide the length by the permitted spacing and round up the result to determine the
minimum number of luminaires per row.
 Subsequent calculation may reveal that a greater number is required, but there is no objection
to somewhat closer spacing; indeed, with fluorescent luminaires, a continuous line of
luminaires end-to-end (e.g. on trunking) is economical and good practice.

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Space Height Ratio of Luminaries

 In the case of fluorescent luminaires that do not have an axially-symmetrical intensity distribution,
maximum spacing information stated in the photometric data may indicate nature of SHR i.e SHR(max),
SHR(tr), SHR(ax).
 SHR(TR) and SHR(AX) should not exceeds SHR(max) i.e. 2.
 Usually we take the factor 1∕2 when the dimensions of the room are such that the ratio of the length to the
width is less than 1.6, otherwise we take the factor of 1∕3 .
SHR(tr) is the lateral spacing between luminaires in the
SHR(ax) is the longitudinal spacing between luminaires along
perpendicular direction (transverse direction)
the primary axis (e.g., a row of lights).

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Space Height Ratio of Luminaries

 For a rectangular arrangement of luminaires and by approximation,
1 𝐴
𝑆𝐻𝑅
𝐻 𝑁
where
 A = total floor area
 N = number of luminaires
 Hm = mounting height N

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Utilization Factor
 The result of performing the Lumen Method calculation is to determine the average
horizontal illuminance over the area.
 In practice, not all the lumens emitted by the lamps reach the working plane; some are
trapped in the luminaire; some will be emitted towards the walls or ceiling, and only a
proportion of these will be reflected back towards the working plane.
 The proportion of 'useful lumens' actually reaching the working plane is defined by the
utilization factor (UF):
𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒
𝑈𝐹
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑝 𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛
 The UF may be discovered by reference to tables quoted for actual products by the
luminaire makers, or for types of luminaires given in Interior Lighting Design Table. We
can use Room index to find the Utilization Factor.

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Improving Utilization Factor

 Use high‐reflectance ceiling and walls.
 Optimize luminaire placement (SHR values)
 Choose fixtures with high light output ratio (LOR).
 Ensure regular cleaning and maintenance of luminaires.

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Maintenance Factor
 Maintenance Factor (MF), which includes the Lamp Lumen Maintenance Factor (LLMF)
and the Luminaire Maintenance Factor (LMF).
 The Maintenance Factor (MF) used in the Lumen Method calculation provides an
allowance for the light lost due to dirt on the lamp and luminaire.
 It is defined as:
𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑑
𝑀𝐹
𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑛
 The light output per luminaire will decline from the time of installation due to the
gradual build-up of dirt, and will be substantially restored by thorough cleaning.
 The actual MF will depend upon the rate of soiling which must be estimated from tables,
or the estimate may be based on the soiling record of similar luminaires in the same
location or in a location having the same propensity for soiling, and the frequency of
cleaning.

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Rate of Depreciation of Lumens

 The economic value of a planned maintenance routine is often under-estimated.
 The annual average rate of depreciation of lumen output from luminaires (D) is found from
the formula
𝐸 𝐸
𝐷
𝐸 𝑇
 where E0 is the initial illuminance
 Ex is the illuminance after a period T, and
 T is the time in years.
 Luminaires do not all depreciate at the same rate; ventilated luminaires which have a
through-draught may have a D-factor as low as 0.05, while a nonventilated reflector or an
enclosed luminaire which aspirates soiled air might have a D-value around 1.00

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Total Light Loss

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Maintenance Factor

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Depreciation Factor
 This is merely the reverse of the maintenance factor.
 Its value is more than unity
 𝑴𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝟏 𝑪𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒍𝒆 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

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Waste Light Factor

 When a surface is illuminated by a number of lamps, there is certain amount of wastage
due to overlapping of light waves.
 Its value will be between 1.2 to 1.5

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Absorption Factor
 Absorption Factor is a factor used in Lumen Method calculations to allow for the light
loss due to absorption and scattering of light during its passage from the luminaires to the
working plane.
 This is a factor that is often completely omitted from calculations, or, if employed, is
often much under-estimated.

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Syllabus
1. Basic Consideration for Illuminating Design
i. Space Function
ii. Provision of Quality and Quantity of illumination
iii. Selection of Lighting Systems, Sources, Luminaries, and Controls
iv. Definitions of Terminology
2. Lumen Method of Lighting Computations
3. Point-to-point Lighting Computation
4. Design Procedures

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Example
A production area in a factory measures 60 metres x 24 metres. Find the number of lamps
required if each lamp has a Lighting Design Lumen (LDL) output of 18,000 lumens. The
illumination required for the factory area is 200 lux. Utilisation factor = 0.4 and Lamp
Maintenance Factor = 0.75
The mounting height (Hm) = 4 metres and The spacing to mounting height ratio is 3 : 2.

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Assignment
The average illuminance specified at floor level in a sports nail is 700 lux. The hall
dimensions are 100m by 50 m with an overall height of 23 m. The specified lamps are high
pressure sodium with a lumen output of 110,000. The maximum spacing to height ratio is
1.25. The light loss factor may be taken as 0.9. Give a dimensioned plan showing a suitable
arrangement of luminaires assuming 1 lamp per luminaire and the luminaires to be
effectively 1 m below the ceiling of the hall. The following table gives the utilization factors
as a function of room index.
RI 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5
UF 0.6 0.66 0.7 0.73 0.77 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.84

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Assignment
A factory measuring 50m x 10m has a lighting scheme consisting of 4 rows of 25 lighting
fittings each housing 2No. 65-Watt fluorescent lamps. For a 65-Watt fluorescent lamp the
Lighting Design Lumens (LDL) is 4400 lm.
(a) Find the installed flux in total. [880,000 lumens ]
(b) What is the installed flux per m2 of floor area. [1760 lm/m2. ]

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Assignment
A room measures 15m x 7m x 3.6m high and the design illumination is 200 lux on the
working plane (0.85 metres above the floor). The Utilisation factor is 0.5 and the
Maintenance factor is 0.8. If the LDL output of each fitting is 2720 lumens, calculate;
(a) the number of fittings required.
(b) the fittings layout
(c) If the spacing/mounting height ratio is 1 : 1 determine whether the current design is
acceptable.

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Spacing Linear Luminaries

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Steps to be followed for calculation of Number of Luminaries

1. Find required lux level
2. Select luminaire
3. Determine room index and then find UF
4. Determine Number of Fixtures

𝐸 𝐴
𝑁
𝑙 𝑛 𝑁 𝑈𝐹 𝑀𝐹 𝐴𝑏𝑠

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Steps to be followed for calculation of Number of Luminaries

5. Determine Minimum spacing between luminaire
Minimum spacing = SHR * Hm
Hm= Mounting height
SHR= Space to height ratio.
6. Determine Number of required rows of luminaire along width of the room
Number of required rows= width of the room/ Minimum spacing
7. Determine Number of luminaire in each row
Number of luminaire in each row= Total luminaire / Number of rows
8. Axial spacing along luminaire
Axial spacing= Length of the room/ Number of luminaire in each row
9. Transverse spacing between luminaire
Transverse spacing = Width of the room/ Number of row

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Example
An office has length of 20m, width=10m,height=3m.
1) Ceiling to desk height is 2m.
2) Area to be illuminated to a general is 250 lux using twin lamp 32 watt CFL Luminaire with
a SHR(Tr) of 1.25.
3) Each lamp has an initial output of 85 lumen per watt.
4) Maintenance factor is 0.63, Utilisation factor is 0.69
Design a lighting system for this office

Step 1: Total Flux Required

E=250 lux [Given]
Step 2: Select Luminaries
CFL Luminaries, Used as twins of size 32W
Total Wattage=2*32=64W
Step 3: Determine Room Index and UF
No Need to calculate Room Index as UF is given. UF=0.69
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Example
An office has length of 20m, width=10m,height=3m.
1) Ceiling to desk height is 2m.
2) Area to be illuminated to a general is 250 lux using twin lamp 32 watt CFL Luminaire with
a SHR(Tr) of 1.25.
3) Each lamp has an initial output of 85 lumen per watt.
4) Maintenance factor is 0.63, Utilisation factor is 0.69
Design a lighting system for this office

Step 4: Number of Luminaries

𝐸 𝐴
𝑁
𝑙 𝑛 𝑈𝐹 𝑀𝐹
𝐴𝑏𝑠
𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛
𝑙 ∗ 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑝 85 32 2720
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡
250 20 10
𝑁 21.14 21
2720 2 0.69 0.63 1
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Example
An office has length of 20m, width=10m,height=3m.
1) Ceiling to desk height is 2m.
2) Area to be illuminated to a general is 250 lux using twin lamp 32 watt CFL Luminaire with
a SHR(Tr) of 1.25.
3) Each lamp has an initial output of 85 lumen per watt.
4) Maintenance factor is 0.63, Utilisation factor is 0.69
Design a lighting system for this office

Step 5: Minimum Spacing between Lamps

Minimum spacing SHR ∗ Hm
1.25 2
2.5

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Example
An office has length of 20m, width=10m,height=3m.
1) Ceiling to desk height is 2m.
2) Area to be illuminated to a general is 250 lux using twin lamp 32 watt CFL Luminaire with
a SHR(Tr) of 1.25.
3) Each lamp has an initial output of 85 lumen per watt.
4) Maintenance factor is 0.63, Utilisation factor is 0.69
Design a lighting system for this office

Step 6: Determine Number of required rows of luminaire along width of the room
𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑠
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
10
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑠 4
2.5

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Example
An office has length of 20m, width=10m,height=3m.
1) Ceiling to desk height is 2m.
2) Area to be illuminated to a general is 250 lux using twin lamp 32 watt CFL Luminaire with
a SHR(Tr) of 1.25.
3) Each lamp has an initial output of 85 lumen per watt.
4) Maintenance factor is 0.63, Utilisation factor is 0.69
Design a lighting system for this office

Step 7: Determine Number of luminaire in each row

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑜𝑤
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑤𝑠
22
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑜𝑤 5.25 5
4

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Example
An office has length of 20m, width=10m,height=3m.
1) Ceiling to desk height is 2m.
2) Area to be illuminated to a general is 250 lux using twin lamp 32 watt CFL Luminaire with
a SHR(Tr) of 1.25.
3) Each lamp has an initial output of 85 lumen per watt.
4) Maintenance factor is 0.63, Utilisation factor is 0.69
Design a lighting system for this office

Step 8: Axial spacing along luminaire

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑜𝑤
20
𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 4𝑚
5

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Example
An office has length of 20m, width=10m,height=3m.
1) Ceiling to desk height is 2m.
2) Area to be illuminated to a general is 250 lux using twin lamp 32 watt CFL Luminaire with
a SHR(Tr) of 1.25.
3) Each lamp has an initial output of 85 lumen per watt.
4) Maintenance factor is 0.63, Utilisation factor is 0.69
Design a lighting system for this office

Step 9: Transverse spacing between luminaire

𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑚
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑤
10
𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 2.5𝑚
4

47

Example

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References: https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/an-example-of-calculating-the-number-of-indoor-lighting-fixtures

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Assignment
A factory area is 40m long, 20m wide. Calculate the minimum number of luminaires and
Design a suitable layout given a mounting height above the working plane of 5.5m and the
following SHR's apply.
Transverse 2.00 : 1 (spacing between rows)
Axial 1.75 : 1 (spacing in rows)

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Example
In a conference hall 20m × 40m × 5.5 m is to be illuminated using 72W rectangular CFL
lamps. Inside hall an average illumination of 108 lumen/m2 is to be provided on the working
plane. Calculate the number of lamp set required to be fitted in the hall. Draw layout
diagram showing arrangement of lamp set. Efficiency of lamp is 60Lum/W.

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Example

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Example

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Find the Number of Power Socket

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Sizing SDB
Connection load Demand Demand
Breaker
NO Phases Phases load [VA] factor Util. Fact load Remark
Load discription
Wire A B C Total [%] [VA] Type P
1L (72W*10) CFL 1PH2W 720 720 100% 100% 720 SP MCB 1
2L (72W*10) CFL 1PH2W 720 720 100% 100% 720 SP MCB 1
3L (72W*10) CFL 1PH2W 720 720 100% 100% 720 SP MCB 1
4L (72W*2) CFL 1PH2W 144 144 100% 100% 144 SP MCB 1
SP 0 1PH2W 0 100% 0% 0 SP MCB 1
Ampere
SP 0 1PH2W 0 100% 0% 0 SP MCB 1
=
1P Power socket 1PH2W 3,000 3,000 100% 66% 1,980 SP MCB 1
2P Power socket 1PH2W 3,000 3,000 100% 66% 1,980 SP MCB 1
3P Power socket 1PH2W 3,000 3,000 100% 66% 1,980 SP MCB 1
4P Power socket 1PH2W 3,000 3,000 100% 66% 1,980 SP MCB 1
SP Power socket 1PH2W 0 100% 66% 0 SP MCB 1
SP Power socket 1PH2W 0 100% 66% 0 SP MCB 1
Total 7,920 TP MCCB 3 12.03
TP MCCB
16.00
Ratings
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Sizing DB

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Sizing MDB

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Syllabus
1. Basic Consideration for Illuminating Design
i. Space Function
ii. Provision of Quality and Quantity of illumination
iii. Selection of Lighting Systems, Sources, Luminaries, and Controls
iv. Definitions of Terminology
2. Lumen Method of Lighting Computations
3. Point-to-point Lighting Computation
4. Design Procedures

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Point to Point Light Calculations

 Predict direct illuminance at each point on a plane, using measured data of luminous
intensity distribution of a source or a luminaire
 Based on the inverse square law and cosine law
 Three factors must be considered:
 Luminous intensity
 Distance
 Orientation of the surface

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References: The Installer’s Guide to Lighting Design, Good Practice 300

Inverse Square Law

 The area illuminated by the point light source
increases in proportion to the square of the distance.
 It follows that the average illuminance would
decrease by the same ratio.
𝐼
𝐸
𝑑
where d = the distance between the source and the
object.

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Cosine Law for Lighting Calculation

 When light does not fall normally on a surface, the area illuminated increases reducing
the average illuminance by the same ratio.
𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝐸
𝑑

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Relation Between Direct and Angled Average Illumination

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Example
A walkway is illuminated by Philip 250W lamps each having a luminous intensity of 4750
candela in all directions below the horizontal. Each lamp is installed at a height of 6m and the
distance between them is 16 metres. Calculate the illuminance contributed by each lamp:
a.
i. directly underneath,
ii. 8 metres from the base,
iii. 16 metres from the base,
iv. 32 metres from the base.
b. The total illuminance at:
i. the base of each lamp post,
ii. midway between the base of each lamp post.
c. Sketch an illuminance profile on a straight line joining the base of each lamp post.

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Example

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Example

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Example

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Example

67

Example

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Thank You
???
References
1. https://abs.cu.edu.tr/Dokumanlar/2016/EEE463/495694447_lightingdesignstudentsguide.pdf

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Student Work
.

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