Chapter 4 Lighting Design and Applications 1- Ceiling cavity

Zonal cavity method for general lighting design, determination for zonal cavities and different
shaped ceilings using COU (coefficient of utilization), beam angles and polar diagrams. Factors to It is the distance from bottom of luminaires to the ceiling.
be considered for design of indoor illumination scheme . Indoor illumination design for following
installations: Residential (Numerical), Educational institute, Commercial installation, Hospitals, Ceiling cavity = zero if luminaires are surface mounted or recessed as indicated in (fig.1).
Industrial lighting, Special purpose lighting schemes Decorative lighting, Theatre lighting,
Aquarium, swimming pool lighting. 2- Room cavity
The following factors have a positive impact on the reduction of energy consumption – Sensible It is the distance from bottom of luminaire to the work surface.
control of lighting – Use of daylight – Use of presence detectors – Intelligent consideration of hours
of use – Energy-efficient lamps – Need-based use of luminaires and lighting solutions, specified for The height of work surface for different activities will be assumed as follows:
the respective application – Constant lighting control (maintenance control)
Zonal Cavity (Lumen) method  30" for offices.
 36 to 38" for counters, drafting, etc.
 The zonal cavity, or lumen, method is used to calculate average illuminance.  40 to 48" for stores, shops.
 It is used when there is uniform lighting with either incandescent, fluorescent, or HID  Zero (floor level) for corridors, carpet stores.
lighting systems.
 The illuminance at the center of the room can be assumed to be uniform, as indicated by the
average illuminance values derived from the zonal cavity formula. 3- Floor cavity
 The method is based on the assumption that you can divide the room into three cavities as
follows:
It is the distance from bottom of work surface to floor. there is no floor cavity if room cavity is to
the floor).

INTRODUCTION (Guide book 3-Energy efficiency in electrical utilities)

The Zonal Cavity Method (sometimes called the Lumen Method) is the currently accepted method
for calculating average minance levels for indoor areas, unless the light distribution is radically
asymmetric. It is an accurate hand method for indoor applications because it takes into consideration
the effect that inter-reflectance has on the level of illuminance.

Figure1
Typical Room Space
The basis of the Zonal Cavity Method is that a room is made up of three spaces or cavities. The
space between the ceiling and the fixtures, if they are suspended, is defined as the "ceiling cavity";
the space between the work plane and the floor, the "floor cavity", and the space between the fixtures
and the work plane, the "room cavity".

LIGHT LOSS FACTOR(Guide book 3-Energy efficiency in electrical utilities)

Light loss factors (LLF) are the factors that need to be considered when calculating the Lumen
Method. The most important factors to be considered are:
STEP-3: Calculate room index
1. Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD): Lamp lumen depreciation values reflect the overall
performance of a lamp over its life. LLD = (mean lumens/rated lumens) Those values can be found
Room Index = Length X Width
from the lamp manufacturer data
Mounting Height X (Length +Width)
2. Ballast Factor (BF): Compares the ratio of light output of a lamp working by a specific ballast LI X L2 = 10x10 = 2.5
to the light output of the same lamp working by a standard reference ballast. The BF is given in the (L9-L8)X(L1+L2) 2x(10+10)
ballast manufacturer data.
3. Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LDD): It is the light loss prior to cleaning dust. LDD is estimated STEP-4: Calculate the utilisation factor
from tables in IESNA Lighting handbook. Utilisation factor is defined as the percent of rated bare-lamp lumens that exit the luminaire and
4. Room Surface Dirt Depreciation (RSDD): This value accounts for dirt or dust that accumulates reach the work plane. It accounts for light directly from the luminaire as well as light reflected off
on all of the room surfaces — especially on the upper walls and ceiling. RSDD is also estimated the room surfaces Manufacturers will supply each luminaire with its own CU table derived from a
from handbook tables. photometric test report
Using tables available from manufacturers, it is possible to determine the utilisation factor for
The product of all these factors is the light loss factor (LLF) which then is used in the Average different light fittings if the reflectance of both the walls and ceiling is known, the room index has
Illuminance equation. been determined and the type of luminaire is known. For twin tube fixture, utilisation factor is 0.66
STEP-2: Collect the room data in the format given below corresponding to room index of 2.5.

STEP-5: To calculate the number of fittings required, the following formula is used
N=ExA
F x UF x LLF
Where, N = Number of Fittings For a sample of arrangement of fittings, refer FiG. The luminaire closer to a wall should be one half
E = Lux Level Required on Working Plane of spacing or less.
A = Area of Room (L x W)
F = Total Flux ( Lumens) from all the lamps in one fittings Luminaire Spacing
UF = Utilisation Factor Spacing between luminaires = 10/3 = 3.33 m
LLF = Light loss factor Mounting height (L9-L8) = 2.0m
Light output = 3050 lumens Space to height ratio (SHR) =3.33/2.0 = 1.66
LLF = Lamp lumen MF x Luminaire MF x Room Surface MF
SPACEING OF HEIGHT RATIO ( SHR ):The Spacing to Mounting Height Ratio (SHR) is the
spacing between luminaires divided by their height above the horizontal reference plane.
This is close to the limits specified and hence accepted.
It is better to choose luminaires with larger SHR. This can reduce the number of fittings and
connected lighting load.

Beam Angle and Polar Curves

Anything that produces light has a beam angle.

N = 200 X 100 = 6.2
2 X 3050 X 0.66 X 0.8 A beam angle, sometimes referred to as “beam spread”, measures how light is distributed from the
So, 6 Numbers of Twin Tube Fixtures are required. Total number of 36 W lamp is 12. source of illumination onto a target area. The beam angle specifically refers to any light that falls
within 50% of the maximum intensity the bulb is capable of producing. Any light outside of this
STEP-6: Space the luminaires to achieve desired uniformity angle is referred to as the “beam field” or “spill light”, which extends until the light has decreased
to 10% of the maximum intensity.
Every luminaire will have a recommended space to height ratio. In earlier design methodologies, the
uniformity ratio, which is the ratio of minimum illuminance to average illuminance, was kept at 0.8 Regardless of the size of the beam angle you select, it is only the intensity of the beam (measured in
and suitable space to height ratio is specified to achieve the uniformity. In modern designs candelas) that changes. The level of brightness, or lumens, stays the same.
incorporating energy efficiency and task lighting. The emerging concept is to provide a uniformity
of 1/3 to 1/10 depending on the tasks. For example, if you take a torch and move it closer or farther away from a wall, the light changes.
The closer you get, the more focused or intense the beam of light becomes. When you move the
torch farther away from the wall the beam becomes wider, but the level of brightness it produces
hasn’t changed. It’s still just as bright, it’s simply dispersing the light differently. So, if you wanted
a brighter torch, you would need one with a higher lumen value, not a narrower beam angle.

How to Determine Beam Angle

The beam angle of a light bulb is often visible on the package. In most cases, it is visible as a
numerical value (in this instance, 200˚) located within something that looks similar to a triangle, but
is an angle symbol topped by a line with two arrows on either end that indicates beam spread.

How to Select Beam Angle

FIG : Arrangement of Fittings There are a few things you should keep in mind when you’re selecting a beam angle:

Recommended value for the above luminaire is 1.5. If the actual ratio is more than the recommended  The room you’re illuminating
values, the uniformity of lighting will be less  The number and distribution of light fixtures
 Ceiling or fixture height
  The light bulb itself In areas with higher ceilings, such as in stairwells, a narrower beam angle will likely be necessary
 Your desired ambience: to properly illuminate the target area. For ceilings 3 metres or higher, a beam angle of 25 degrees or
narrower is recommended.
The Number and Distribution of Light Fixtures
When selecting beam angle, it’s important to note how many different fixtures you have to work When it comes to commercial lighting, efficiency, effective task lighting, and aesthetics are often
with, as well as the distance between these light sources. Think about whether you want overlapping the most important factors when selecting beam angle. Narrower beam angles are the most popular
beams to create general lighting and ambience, or whether you’d prefer isolated pockets of light. for commercial use because businesses typically have different lighting needs and higher ceilings
This is especially important if you are working with overhead recessed lighting. than residential buildings.

Ceiling or Fixture Height Choosing a Beam Angle for Commercial Settings

The right beam angle for your space will be determined by the distance between the light and the Like choosing a beam angle for residential use, ceiling height, room dimensions, and the number of
object or area it is illuminating. fixtures are the most important considerations when choosing a beam angle for commercial settings.
But when you’re choosing a beam angle for commercial use, you also need to consider what exactly
If you have very high ceilings, you will need a narrower beam angle for both recessed and overhead you will be lighting.
lighting in order to successfully illuminate the area. A wider beam angle is not as intense as a narrow
beam and the beam will not reach down as far, but the light will spread out farther. Here are a few examples:

The Light Bulb 1. In a retail setting, showcasing the merchandise with flattering light is key. This means using a
variety of beam angles to decrease shadows and limit glare so consumers can easily see the
The type of light bulb you select impacts which beam angles you are capable of achieving. This is merchandise, while also drawing attention to displays and sales. For example, a jewelry store might
because different bulbs have different strengths. For example, an old fashioned incandescent GLS choose a narrow beam angle, around 8-10°, for the inside of their display case to make their products
bulb would have a 360° omnidirectional beam angle, but since most LED GLS bulb are comprised pop. This narrow beam angle will add a dazzling sparkle and attract customer attention. Meanwhile,
of 50% glass and 50% plastic, they only emit about a 200° angle. a clothing retailer might opt for a 20-30° beam angle, or even 36-60° for shop windows.
2. In an office setting, a wide beam angle that disperses light evenly combined with narrow beam
LEDs work well for for a number of applications because they are available in a range of designs. angles for personal task lighting is necessary for reducing glare and creating an ideal workspace for
They are excellent for task lighting and targeting certain areas because they are capable of emitting employees.
light in one direction, which decreases the number of wasted lumens. 3. A warehouse or distribution centre, again, has different needs, with high ceilings and aisle width
dictating the beam angle required to effectively light the area and create a safe work environment.
On the other hand, incandescents and CFLs work well for general illumination because they send Specific beam angles are not necessarily limited to residential or commercial applications. Often,
light out in all directions. But, if you favour incandescents or halogens over LEDs and want to limit they can be effective and important in both types of locations.
wasted light, reflector lamps provide more light control and help produce a narrower beam.
Factors to be considered while choosing a lamp for indoor apllications
Choosing a Beam Angle for Residential Use
1. Purpose and Functionality:
Deciding where you require light is a key factor when choosing a beam angle. Ceiling height, the
dimensions of the room, and the number of fittings can help you determine the a beam angle that
 Task Requirements: Understand the specific tasks performed in the space (reading, working on a
will direct light precisely where it’s needed. Using a combination of beam angles can also help to computer, cooking, etc.) to determine the appropriate light levels and color temperatures.
build layers of light by adding visual interest and creating pockets designed for specific tasks, such
as reading areas.
2. Space Planning:
In a typical home, a standard, medium-sized beam angle of around 40 degrees for ceiling fixtures is
 Room Size and Layout: Consider the dimensions, shape, and layout of the space to determine the
generally all that is needed to properly light a room. This number will fluctuate based on ceiling
number and placement of luminaires.
height and the number of other fixtures in a given area.
3. User Needs:
For living rooms and lounge areas that don’t require as much light, a wider beam angle of around
60 degrees might be all that you need for your overhead lamps.
 Occupant Preferences: Consider user preferences and comfort to create a pleasant and visually  Local Codes and Standards: Adhere to building codes and lighting standards applicable to the
comfortable environment. region to ensure compliance and safety.

4. Architectural Features: 13. Cost Considerations:

 Highlighting Features: Use lighting to accentuate architectural features, artwork, or focal points  Budget Constraints: Consider budget constraints while selecting fixtures and lighting systems.
within the space.
14. Adaptability:
5. Color Rendering:
 Adaptable Design: Design lighting schemes that can adapt to changing needs or functions of the
 Color Rendering Index (CRI): Choose light sources with high CRI to accurately render colors, space.
especially in spaces where color discrimination is critical (e.g., retail or art galleries).
15. Lighting Zones:
6. Lighting Control:
 Zoning: Divide the space into lighting zones with separate controls to allow for flexibility in lighting
 Dimming and Control Systems: Incorporate dimming controls and automation to adjust lighting levels.
levels based on the time of day, task, or user preferences.
16. Security and Safety:
7. Energy Efficiency:
 Emergency Lighting: Include emergency lighting systems to ensure safety during power outages.
 LED Technology: Opt for energy-efficient lighting technologies, such as LEDs, to minimize energy
consumption and reduce environmental impact. 17. Sustainability:

8. Glare Control:  Environmental Impact: Consider sustainable practices, such as using recycled materials or fixtures
with minimal environmental impact.
 Direct and Indirect Lighting: Use a combination of direct and indirect lighting to minimize glare
and provide a comfortable visual environment. 18. Human Centric Lighting:

9. Light Distribution:  Circadian Rhythms: Explore lighting solutions that support circadian rhythms and promote well-
being.
 Uniformity: Aim for uniform light distribution to avoid dark spots or areas with excessive
brightness. 19. Aesthetic Considerations:

10. Daylight Integration:  Fixture Design: Consider the aesthetics of lighting fixtures to complement the overall design and
style of the space.
 Natural Light: Integrate natural light where possible and supplement it with artificial lighting to
create a balanced and dynamic lighting environment. 20. Future Expansion:

11. Maintenance:  Scalability: Design the lighting scheme with scalability in mind, allowing for easy expansion or
modification.
 Luminaire Accessibility: Consider ease of maintenance and lamp replacement when selecting
luminaires.

12. Regulatory Compliance:

  Focuses on specific areas where activities occur.
The factors which designer should consider in choosing a lamp are:  Examples: Under-cabinet lighting, desk lamps, pendant lights.
 Accent Lighting:
1. Consideration of luminous efficacy. Luminous efficacy is ratio of lumen output from the  Highlights architectural features, artwork, or decorative elements.
lamp to the electrical power (in watt) input to the lamp. The required Illuminance must be  Examples: Track lighting, wall sconces, picture lights.
provided by the lamp in conjunction with the lighting economically.
2. Consideration of the life of the lamp must be done by the designers. They should think what 3. Color Temperature:
may be the difficulties to replace burned out lamps and whether group replacement of the
lamps is the better choice economically or not.  Warm vs. Cool Light:
3. The lumen maintenance of the lamp is an important factor. Question can arise if it is  Choose color temperatures based on the room's function.
important to have a certain minimum level of Illuminance at all time.  Warm tones (2700K-3000K) for bedrooms and living areas.
4. Again another important consideration is color, the factor of appearance. Although all the  Cool tones (3500K-5000K) for task-oriented areas like kitchens and workspaces.
lamps listed produce “white” light, their CCT and CRIs differ.
5. Designers should consider the importance of the colors of the seeing task and its surroundings 4. Fixture Selection:
to be faithfully reproduce.
6. Auxiliary equipments required along with the lamps make a big question. As we have seen,  Aesthetic Considerations:
all gas discharge light sources require ballast, where as incandescent lamps do not. The types  Choose fixtures that complement the home's interior design style.
of ballast used can affect lamp output, life, starting reliability, system efficiency and occupant  Consider the scale of fixtures in relation to the room size.
comfort.  Energy Efficiency:
7. Designers should think about what may be the other miscellaneous, i.e. whether any other  Opt for energy-efficient LED fixtures to reduce electricity consumption and maintenance.
factors are present in the particular environment or not, temperature is a problem or not and
whether the area must be free from stroboscopic effects or not, electromagnetic interference 5. Zoning and Controls:
disturb the activities going on in the space, the fumes are present which could produce
corrosion or an explosive atmosphere etc  Create Zones:
 Divide the space into lighting zones with separate controls for flexibility.
 Examples: Dimmers, smart lighting controls.

Residential Lighting: 6. Natural Light Integration:

 Window Treatments:
Residential lighting design involves creating a lighting scheme that enhances the functionality,  Use curtains or blinds that allow for natural light control.
aesthetics, and comfort of a home. Here are key considerations and steps for residential lighting  Consider the orientation of windows for maximizing daylight.
design:
7. Specialized Rooms:
1. Understand User Needs:
 Kitchen:
 Task Analysis:  Task lighting for countertops and preparation areas.
 Identify the activities that take place in each room (e.g., reading, cooking, relaxing) to  Pendant lights over islands.
determine the appropriate lighting levels.  Under-cabinet lighting for task illumination.
 Living Room:
2. Layered Lighting:  Ambient lighting for general illumination.
 Floor and table lamps for task and accent lighting.
 Ambient Lighting:  Wall sconces or picture lights for artwork.
 Provides overall illumination for a room.  Bedroom:
 Examples: Ceiling fixtures, recessed lights, chandeliers.  Soft ambient lighting for a relaxed atmosphere.
 Task Lighting:  Bedside reading lamps or wall-mounted fixtures.
 Bathroom: facilities. However, among all these, one of the most influential aspects is the lighting design of the
 Bright task lighting for grooming activities. space.
 Dimmable ambient lighting for a spa-like atmosphere.
The installation of lighting fixtures is done in a way to ensure that the students, teachers, and other
8. Outdoor Lighting: occupants feel comfortable while encouraging health and performance. Apparently, achieving the
right intensity of illumination in institutional facilities isn’t as easy as it sounds. Various
 Safety and Security: considerations are required to create ideal lighting conditions that foster a learning experience. For
 Illuminate pathways, entrances, and driveways for safety. example, considering the space design, understanding the purpose and requirement of illumination
 Use motion-sensor lights for added security. in a particular area like a classroom, entrance hall, etc. Similarly, the choice of the luminaire, such
 Aesthetic Appeal: as different types of LED lighting solutions, also impacts the look and feel of the space.
 Highlight landscaping features or architectural elements with outdoor lighting.
Important Considerations for Lighting Design in Educational institutes
9. Smart Lighting: Lighting design considerations that help lighting professionals achieve the desired illumination.

 Home Automation: Consider the Space Functionality

 Integrate smart lighting systems for remote control and automation. The first and foremost step in implementing lighting design is to carefully examine the lighting
 Program lighting scenes for different activities or times of day. requirements in the different spaces. For instance, areas like entrance halls will require brighter
lighting to help occupants have smoother in-and-out movements. Classrooms are the places where
10. Adaptability: students will spend most of their time throughout the day; thus, they must be lit with luminaires that
prevent exhaustion and eye strain while studying. Evaluating lighting requirements area-wise will
 Flexible Design: help to choose the right kind of fixture as well as optimise energy consumption.
 Plan for adaptability as needs and preferences change over time.
 Consider movable fixtures or outlets for flexible lighting arrangements. Choose the Right Type of Luminaire
There are plenty of lighting fixtures available in the market and thus choosing the one to meet
11. Regulations and Codes: illumination requirements in educational facilities can be a tough call. In fact, the real challenge is
to choose a lighting source that not only provides optimal lighting conditions but also helps to save
 Compliance: on electricity expenditures. For this purpose, most lighting professionals recommend the use of
 Ensure compliance with local building codes and regulations. modern LED commercial lights, as they are quite reliable options when it comes to efficiency and
 Use certified fixtures to meet safety standards. performance. From recessed luminaires to suspended ceiling lights, choosing LED fixtures create
a comfortable and vibrant environment in schools, colleges, and other institutions.
12. Maintenance:
Incorporate Natural Lighting
 Accessible Fixtures:
The use of natural light is always a recommendation from experts, especially when it comes to
 Choose fixtures that are easy to access for maintenance, especially in areas with high ceilings.
ensuring the well-being of the occupants. According to various studies, it has been proven that
A designer must consider a variety of key characteristics when developing their lighting plan
exposure to daylight contributes to the higher academic performance of children. It also keeps
including lamp life, system efficiency, lumen maintenance, color rendering and appearance, daylight
children attentive and engaged during sessions. Thus, a balance between both natural and artificial
integration and control, light distribution, points of interest, cost, system control and flexibility
sources of lighting must be maintained while designing the layout of educational centres.

Color Temperature

Colour temperature is an essential characteristic of lighting fixtures that affects the visual experience
Lighting Design Considerations for the Educational Spaces of the occupants The choice of colour temperature largely depends on the type of environment and
mood to be created. Such as warmer colour temperatures (around 1700 - 2700 Kelvin) are suitable
For educational facilities, creating an environment that encourages enthusiasm, alertness, and visual for installation in places where a cosy environment is needed. However, for institutional centres,
comfort is a necessity to provide students with a quality learning experience. There are many factors cool white light (around 4000 Kelvin) is preferred to ensure that students stay active, alert and
that affect the overall ambience of the space, like location, infrastructural design, and available focused.
The above-mentioned are some of the major considerations that must not be overlooked to improve Required Illuminance Levels for Hospital Lighting
the productivity and concentration of the students. Besides, certain other factors, like flickers in
fixtures and glare from bright areas, must be minimized to prevent visual discomfort and its adverse Illuminance is a measure of how much light falls on a surface. It is expressed in lux (lx), which is
effect on the well-being of children. equal to one lumen per square meter.

Hospital Lighting

Hospital lighting is an essential aspect of healthcare facilities that affect the well-being and
performance of patients, staff, and visitors. Hospital lighting design should consider the specific
needs and preferences of different spaces and users, as well as the energy efficiency and
sustainability of the lighting system

Hospital lighting is defined as the artificial illumination of healthcare facilities, such as hospitals,
clinics, nursing homes, etc. Hospital lighting can be divided into two main categories: interior
lighting and exterior lighting.

Interior lighting refers to the lighting of indoor spaces where medical activities and services are
performed or provided, such as patient rooms, operating rooms, examination rooms, waiting areas,
corridors, etc. Interior lighting should create a comfortable, safe, and functional environment for
patients and staff, as well as a welcoming and pleasant atmosphere for visitors.

Exterior lighting refers to the lighting of outdoor spaces around the healthcare facility, such as
parking lots, entrances, facades, etc. Exterior lighting should enhance the visibility, security, and
aesthetics of the facility, as well as comply with local codes and regulations Lumen is a measure of how much light is emitted by a light source. Different hospital areas require
different illuminance levels depending on their function and usage. The following table shows some
examples of recommended illuminance levels for various hospital areas according to international
Main Purpose and Objectives of Hospital Lighting
standards.

The main purpose of hospital lighting is to support the delivery of quality healthcare by improving
both the patient experience and the staff’s ability to provide the required level of care. Some of the Hospital Area Recommended Illuminance Level (lx)
specific objectives of hospital lighting are:
Operating room 1000 – 3000
 To provide adequate and appropriate illumination for various tasks and activities performed
by medical staff and patients;
Examination room 500 – 1000
 To simulate natural daylight and circadian rhythms to support patients’ sleep, mood, and
recovery;
 To use ambient lighting to relax and reassure patients and visitors; Patient room 100 – 300
 To create a healing environment that promotes well-being and comfort for patients and staff;
 To reduce energy consumption and maintenance costs by using energy-efficient and durable
Waiting area 200 – 300
lighting solutions;
 To comply with energy legislation and support sustainability targets;
 To enhance the architectural design and identity of the healthcare facility. Corridor 100 – 200
 Hospital Area Recommended Illuminance Level (lx)

Reception 300 – 500

Parking lot 20 – 50

 They are suitable for spaces where a decorative or accent effect is desired or where direct
Types of Luminaires for Hospital Lighting illumination is needed over a specific area, such as waiting areas, entrance halls, dining areas,
etc.
A luminaire is a device that distributes light from one or more light sources. It consists of a housing,  Track luminaires: These are luminaires that are mounted on a track system that allows them
a lamp holder, a reflector, a diffuser, a ballast, a driver, etc. Different types of luminaires are used
for different hospital areas depending on their characteristics and performance. Some of the common to be moved or adjusted along the track.
types of luminaires for hospital lighting are:

 Recessed luminaires: These are luminaires that are mounted into a ceiling or wall cavity so
that only the light-emitting part is visible.

 They are suitable for spaces where flexible and directional illumination is needed or where
multiple tasks or activities are performed, such as examination rooms, operating rooms,
 They are suitable for spaces where a clean and unobtrusive appearance is desired, such as laboratories, etc.
patient rooms, corridors, waiting areas, etc.  Mobile luminaires: These are luminaires that are mounted on a movable base or stand that
 Surface-mounted luminaires: These are luminaires that are attached directly to a ceiling or
allows them to be moved or adjusted around a space.
wall surface.  They are suitable for spaces where temporary or additional illumination is needed or where
precise illumination is required over a specific area or object, such as examination rooms,
operating rooms, dentistry, etc.

Industrial Lighting

The Importance of Lighting Design in Industrial Spaces


Lighting is one of the most important elements of any industrial facility, whether it’s a warehousing
 They are suitable for spaces where recessed mounting is not possible or where additional or factory environment. At most industrial sites there are various high risk tasks that involve working
illumination is needed, such as examination rooms, operating rooms, reception areas, etc. with heavy machinery, raw materials, corrosive chemicals, and high spaces. A large number of
 Pendant luminaires: These are luminaires that are suspended from a ceiling by a cord or workers are often working on different tasks at the same industrial site. Thus, proper industrial
chain. lighting application design in an industrial space is vital to enhance visibility, safety, and overall
productivity.
 Amount of Light Needed - Lighting in any space can be measured in “foot-candles,” or the number
of lumens per square foot. In order to determine the number of lumens per square foot you must
factor in the height of the ceiling where the lights will be installed and the type of work being done
in the facility. Working with large items requires less precise lighting while working with small
items requires a brighter setup. Many warehouse or distribution facilities should require an average
of 30 foot-candles.

Visual Comfort - To provide visual comfort within an industrial space it is important to consider
the luminance ratios, color rendering, and color temperature (CCT). Luminance ratio is the ability
to see detail due to the contrast between the task detail and its background. The greater the contrast,
the easier it is to see the task. Color rendering impacts the accuracy of contrast and visual clarity. In
order to read labels clearly and properly identify safety colors used to highlight possible hazardous
situations in a warehouse the Color Rendering Index (CRI) should be above 80 for optimal light
color. The right color temperature of industrial lighting can heavily impact the overall atmosphere
of a space, as well as increase worker productivity. Color temperature is measured in Kelvin and
gauges how “white” emitted from an LED light appears. The lower the number of Kelvin degrees,
the yellower and warmer the color of the lighting appears. The higher the number of Kelvin degrees,
the bluer and cooler the lighting appears.
Light Fixtures for industrial lighting application facilities typically require higher lumen outputs,
occupancy controls, and environmental durability. Previously, the most common lighting fixtures in Lighting Fixture Consideration - It is important to understand the application of each type of
industrial settings have been fluorescent and high intensity discharge (HID) lights. Recently, light- lighting fixture in order to select the correct fixture for the space. In classified areas of an industrial
emitting diode (LED) fixtures have arrived as a more cost-effective and energy efficient lighting space, where there is exposure to flammable vapors, combustible dust, or ignitable fibers, the correct
source for both low bay and high bay applications. The benefits of industrial led lighting include hazardous location lighting is crucial. In general, industrial high-intensity-discharge (HID) light
being highly efficient, using over 50% less energy, and longer lasting. LED lighting in industrial fixtures are generally divided into two categories, high-bay and low-bay areas.
spaces can reduce operational costs and energy saving.
In a high-bay area, the spacing-to-mounting-height ratio is 1.0 or less, and the mounting height
Analyzing the importance of industrial led lighting and how to achieve it through identifying: is not less than 25 feet.

1. Considerations for Lighting Designs In a low-bay area, the spacing-to-mounting-height ratio is more than 1.0, and the mounting
2. Common Lighting Design Mistakes height is less than 25 feet.

It is important to note that every industrial facility is different so there is no one-size-fits-all solution. Lighting Audit - It is crucial before installing any new lighting design to perform a lighting audit
assessment of the industrial space. A lighting audit assessment will be able to determine the energy
Considerations for Lighting Designs currently being used from the facility’s existing lighting and where there is need for improvement.
Through the audit we can determine if parts of the building require more lighting, which parts must
The best lighting for any space is integrated into the architecture of the space to enhance and be lit at the same time, and efficient lighting options that can be installed throughout the space.
highlight the prominent areas of the space for activity to occur. When you are creating a lighting
design for an industrial space, you should keep it simple and consider five factors: Utilization of Lighting Controls - Natural light can also help boost workers’ energy and overall
mood which can enhance production. Daylight Harvesting Sensors work to retain the same level of
1. Foot Candle Requirements (Amount of Light Needed) brightness in an area by decreasing the LED light output and augmenting it with natural light.
2. Visual Comfort Daylight Harvesting Sensors can be combined with Occupancy Sensors, which use infrared light to
3. Fixture Classifications detect if a space is unoccupied and accordingly automatically turn off or dim the lights. Occupancy
4. Lighting Audit Sensors can even turn the lights on automatically upon detecting an occupant in the space, providing
5. Utilization of Lighting Controls additional convenience and security. By using these devices to detect more daylight, the less
electricity you will use ultimately saving you both energy and money.
Common Lighting Design Mistakes Manufacturing Floors: High-bay lighting, task lighting for workstations

Poor lighting in an industrial space can lead to poor working performance, headaches, errors, or even Warehouses: High-bay lighting, aisle lighting
injury. Some common lighting design mistakes that can result in poor lighting include:
Types of lighting schemes
1. Under-Illuminating
2. Glares and Shadows
3. Improperly Mounted Lighting Fixtures

Under-Illuminating - Poor lighting in an industrial space can be a safety hazard and lead to
incidents and injuries. When there is insufficient lighting in an industrial space, the light is not being
dispersed evenly and can make parts of the building appear darker, causing workers’ eyes to over
compensate. This is considered a health hazard as too little light strains the workers’ eyes which can
lead to headaches and negatively affect the quality of work, specifically where precision is required,
and overall productivity. Under-illuminating an industrial space can also give it a “cave appearance”
if all lighting fixtures are facing directly downward, leaving ceilings and high walls in the dark.

Glares and Shadows - Glare and shadow are one of the most common mistakes in lighting design
for industrial lighting performance. Glares are a result of improper direct lighting or reflections that
can lead to eye-strain, headache, decreased visibility and other discomforts that can negatively
impact the workers.

Improperly Mounted Lighting Fixtures - Lighting fixtures must be properly secured so that they
do not give way or fall over at any point. Improperly installed lighting can also create issues
regarding uneven light, which ultimately alters your original design. It is also important to mount
lighting fixtures far enough apart to prevent overcrowding and a higher energy bill.

Good lighting design is crucial for creating a functional, comfortable, and attractive commercial
space. The right lighting can improve visibility and safety, enhance productivity, create atmosphere,
and highlight key features.

Industrial Lighting:

Manufacturing Floors:

Illuminance: Varies based on tasks, e.g., 500 lux

Color Temperature: 4000K-5000K

Warehouses:

Illuminance: 150-300 lux

Color Temperature: 4000K-5000K

Fixture Types:
 Theater Lighting

Just like sound, the waves can be chaotic or ordered, random or thoughtful. And with creative
forethought, those wavelengths and their combinations can be creatively arranged to enhance moods.
The performance of light, just like music and sound, can be an art form.

Importance of Stage Lighting

 Lights allow us to see. Visible wavelengths of light are required for us to see.
Fresnel— These stage light fixtures are the happy medium between a PAR and an ERS. They have
 Lights, especially stage lights, allow us to create a mood or craft an atmosphere for a concert or
a zoom function but not a focus and usually cast a much “softer” light than ERS light fixtures. This
performance. There are no hard-and-fast rules to create mood. It’s a creative process that hopefully
type of light also comes in handy when you cannot hang a fixture in an optimum location and need
supports a story or song.
adjustable optics to help achieve the look you want.
 Lights need to enhance and balance all the components of a stage performance. Where is the focus
on the stage? What should be highlighted? What should be de-emphasized? Consider all the pieces
and their priorities when creating a composition and painting the stage with light.
 Stage lighting design can create plausibility or reality to draw an audience into a time period and out
of the hall or auditorium where they presently reside. A play or performance set in the distant past
can use dim stage lighting to mimic the time period when interiors were illuminated by candles.
 Light systems can reinforce the mood or action of a performance. Whether it’s music, a story, a
dramatic interpretation — good stage lighting can elevate the performance through the use of color,
angles, intensity, and effects.
 Light effects can sculpt actors and musicians and make them seem larger-than-life, drawing them
into the foreground and setting them apart from a two-dimensional stage.

Stage Lighting Fixtures: Moving Head— These light fixtures come in a variety of different flavors and designs, such as a
spot, wash, beam, and hybrid. Each of these names refers to the beam angle range of the light fixture.
Ellipsoidal — Ellipsoidal Reflector Spotlight (ERS), is a light used to highlight certain subjects or Beam is the narrowest, spot is a little wider, wash is the widest, and hybrid could be any combination
stage pieces with a relatively narrow beam angle. This light is best used for when you want to draw of those three. These lighting units also have color capability, movement, gobo patterns, and a long
attention to a person by using multiple units. ERS stage lights always have adjustable focus and can list of other functions. As the most versatile stage lighting option, they allow you to really take a
have gobos placed in them to project patterns or logos. show or performance to a whole new level.

Swimming pool Lighting

PAR — Short for parabolic reflectors, these are lights used as wash fixtures. These lights can cover
large parts of the stage to fill in gaps that the spotlights do not cover or to wash the entire stage. Swimming is a fun and healthy activity that many people enjoy in the summer. However, to have a
These light fixtures typically do not have any sort of zoom or focus option, but come in a variety of comfortable and safe swimming experience, you need to have a good lighting environment for your
lens types to get different beam angles. This is the most common type of stage light fixture you will pool. Lighting can affect your mood, visibility, and well-being when swimming. Therefore, you
see, because it is generally the most cost effective while providing the most coverage.
should choose the best lighting devices for your pool that have high lighting efficacy, excellent glare Excellent glare control
control, strong anti-corrosion, and safe installation solution.
This means that the lighting device can reduce or eliminate the glare caused by the reflection and
Why Lighting Matters for Swimming Pools refraction of light by water. Glare can make your eyes uncomfortable and even affect your balance
Lighting is an essential factor that affects your swimming pool experience. It can create different and coordination. A low glare device can also create a more pleasant and relaxing atmosphere for
atmospheres, enhance safety, and improve visibility. However, not all lighting is suitable for your pool.
swimming pools. You need to consider several aspects when choosing the right lighting for your
pool, such as: Strong anti-corrosion

The time of day you swim This means that the lighting device can resist the corrosion caused by the chlorine and humidity in
the air. Corrosion can damage the performance and appearance of the lighting device and shorten its
Many swimmers may not have time to swim during the day due to work or school commitments. lifespan. An anti-corrosive device can also ensure the safety and durability of your lighting device.
Therefore, they need adequate lighting at night to enjoy their swimming activity.
Safe installation solution
The humidity and chlorine levels in the air
This means that the lighting device can be installed securely and safely on the ceiling or walls of
The swimming pool environment is more humid than other indoor spaces, which can damage some your pool. A safe installation solution can prevent the lighting device from falling or breaking and
lighting devices. Moreover, the chlorine used to disinfect the pool water can evaporate into the air injuring swimmers or damaging the pool. A safe installation solution can also include safety chains
and corrode some metal components of the lighting devices. Therefore, you need to choose lighting or ropes to provide extra protection.
devices that are waterproof and anti-corrosive.

The reflection and refraction of light by water

Water can bend and bounce light in different directions, which can cause glare and discomfort for
swimmers. Therefore, you need to choose lighting devices that have low glare and can direct light
to the main area of the pool.

The architectural design and structure of the pool

Some pools may not have strong walls around them to support lighting devices, so you need to install
them on the ceiling. However, this can pose a risk of falling or breaking if the lighting devices are
too heavy or made of glass. Therefore, you need to choose lighting devices that are lightweight and
durable, and provide safety chains or ropes to prevent accidents.

How to Choose the Best Lighting Devices for Your Swimming Pool
There are many types and brands of lighting devices available in the market, but not all of them are
suitable for your pool. Here are some features that you should look for when choosing lighting
devices for your pool:

High lighting efficacy

This means that the lighting device can produce more light with less energy consumption. This can
help you save money on electricity bills and reduce environmental impact. A high lighting efficacy
device can also provide enough brightness and uniformity for your pool.