Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

Chapter 1 7. (a) x(m)

1. 2.15 ⫻104 kg/m3

3. 184 g
5. (a) 7.10 cm3 (b) 1.18 ⫻ 10⫺29 m3 (c) 0.228 nm
(d) 12.7 cm3, 2.11 ⫻ 10⫺29 m3, 0.277 nm 4
7. (a) 4.00 u ⫽ 6.64 ⫻ 10⫺24 g (b) 55.9 u ⫽
9.29 ⫻ 10⫺23 g (c) 207 u ⫽ 3.44 ⫻ 10⫺22 g
9. (a) 9.83 ⫻ 10⫺16 g (b) 1.06 ⫻ 107 atoms 2
11. (a) 4.01 ⫻ 1025 molecules (b) 3.65 ⫻ 104 molecules
13. no
15. (b) only
17. 0.579t ft 3/s ⫹ 1.19 ⫻ 10 ⫺9t 2 ft 3/s2 0
t(s)
19. 1.39 ⫻ 103 m2 2 4 6
21. (a) 0.071 4 gal/s (b) 2.70 ⫻ 10⫺4 m3/s (c) 1.03 h
23. 4.05 ⫻ 103 m2
–2
25. 11.4 ⫻ 103 kg/m3
27. 1.19 ⫻ 1057 atoms
29. (a) 190 y (b) 2.32 ⫻ 104 times
31. 151 ␮m
33. 1.00 ⫻ 1010 lb (b) 1.60 m/s
35. 3.08 ⫻ 104 m3 9. (a) ⫺ 2.4 m/s (b) ⫺ 3.8 m/s (c) 4.0 s
37. 5.0 m 11. (a) 5.0 m/s (b) ⫺ 2.5 m/s (c) 0 (d) 5.0 m/s
39. 2.86 cm 13. 1.34 ⫻ 104 m/s2
41. ⬃ 106 balls 15. (a) ax(m/s2)
43. ⬃ 107 or 108 rev
45. ⬃ 107 or 108 blades
47. ⬃ 102 kg; ⬃ 103 kg
49. ⬃ 102 tuners 1.6
51. (a) (346 ⫾ 13) m2 (b) (66.0 ⫾ 1.3) m
53. (1.61 ⫾ 0.17) ⫻ 103 kg/m3
55. 115.9 m
57. 316 m
59. 4.50 m2
t(s)
61. 3.41 m 0
10 20
63. 0.449%
65. (a) 0.529 cm/s (b) 11.5 cm/s (b) 1.6 m/s2 and 0.80 m/s2
67. 1 ⫻ 1010 gal/yr 17. (a) 2.00 m (b) ⫺ 3.00 m/s (c) ⫺ 2.00 m/s2
69. ⬃ 1011 stars 19. (a) 1.3 m/s2 (b) 2.0 m/s2 at 3 s (c) at t ⫽ 6 s and for
t ⬎ 10 s (d) ⫺ 1.5 m/s2 at 8 s
21. 2.74 ⫻ 105 m/s2, which is 2.79 ⫻ 104 g
23. (a) 6.61 m/s (b) ⫺ 0.448 m/s2
Chapter 2
25. ⫺ 16.0 cm/s2
1. (a) 2.30 m/s (b) 16.1 m/s (c) 11.5 m/s 27. (a) 2.56 m (b) ⫺ 3.00 m/s
3. (a) 5 m/s (b) 1.2 m/s (c) ⫺ 2.5 m/s (d) ⫺ 3.3 m/s 29. (a) 8.94 s (b) 89.4 m/s
(e) 0 31. (a) 20.0 s (b) no
5. (a) 3.75 m/s (b) 0 33. x f ⫺ x i ⫽ vx f t ⫺ ax t 2/2; vx f ⫽ 3.10 m/s
A.41
A.42 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

35. (a) 35.0 s (b) 15.7 m/s v(m/s)

37. (a) ⫺ 202 m/s2 (b) 198 m
2
39. (a) 3.00 m/s (b) 6.00 s (c) ⫺ 0.300 m/s2
(d) 2.05 m/s
41. (a) ⫺ 4.90 m, ⫺ 19.6 m, ⫺ 44.1 m (b) ⫺ 9.80 m/s,
⫺ 19.6 m/s, ⫺ 29.4 m/s
43. (a) 10.0 m/s up (b) 4.68 m/s down
45. No. In 0.2 s the bill falls out from between David’s fin- 1
gers.
47. (a) 29.4 m/s (b) 44.1 m
49. (a) 7.82 m (b) 0.782 s
51. (a) 1.53 s (b) 11.5 m (c) ⫺ 4.60 m/s, ⫺ 9.80 m/s2
53. (a) a x ⫽ a xi ⫹ Jt, v x ⫽ v xi ⫹ a xi t ⫹ 12 Jt 2,
x ⫽ x i ⫹ v xi t ⫹ 12a xi t 2 ⫹ 16 Jt 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 t(s)
55. 0.222 s
57. 0.509 s
59. (a) 41.0 s (b) 1.73 km (c) ⫺ 184 m/s
61. vxi t ⫹ at 2/2, in agreement with Equation 2.11 Chapter 2, Problem 71(a)
63. (a) 5.43 m/s2 and 3.83 m/s2 (b) 10.9 m/s and 11.5 m/s
(c) Maggie by 2.62 m
65. (a) 45.7 s (b) 574 m (c) 12.6 m/s (d) 765 s a(m/s2)
67. (a) 2.99 s (b) ⫺ 15.4 m/s (c) 31.3 m/s down and
34.9 m/s down 0.6
69. (a) 5.46 s (b) 73.0 m (c) vStan ⫽ 22.6 m/s, v Kathy ⫽
26.7 m/s
71. (a) See top of next column.
(b) See top of next column. 0.4
73. 0.577v

Chapter 3 0.2

1. (⫺ 2.75, ⫺ 4.76) m
3. 1.15; 2.31
5. (a) 2.24 m (b) 2.24 m at 26.6° from the positive x axis. t(s)
7. (a) 484 m (b) 18.1° north of west 0 1 2 3 4 5
9. 70.0 m
11. (a) approximately 6.1 units at 112° (b) approximately
14.8 units at 22°
Chapter 2, Problem 71(b)
13. (a) 10.0 m (b) 15.7 m (c) 0
15. (a) 5.2 m at 60° (b) 3.0 m at 330° (c) 3.0 m at 150°
(d) 5.2 m at 300° 41. 196 cm at ⫺ 14.7° from the positive x axis.
17. approximately 420 ft at ⫺ 3° 43. (a) 8.00i ⫹ 12.0j ⫺ 4.00k (b) 2.00i ⫹ 3.00j ⫺ 1.00k
19. 5.83 m at 59.0° to the right of his initial direction (c) ⫺ 24.0i ⫺ 36.0j ⫹ 12.0k
21. 1.31 km north and 2.81 km east 45. (a) 5.92 m is the magnitude of (5.00i ⫺ 1.00j ⫺ 3.00k) m
23. (a) 10.4 cm (b) 35.5° (b) 19.0 m is the magnitude of (4.00i ⫺ 11.0j ⫹ 15.0k) m
25. 47.2 units at 122° from the positive x axis. 47. 157 km
27. (⫺ 25.0i)m ⫹ (43.3j)m 49. (a) ⫺ 3.00i ⫹ 2.00j (b) 3.61 at 146° from the positive
29. 7.21 m at 56.3° from the positive x axis. x axis. (c) 3.00i ⫺ 6.00j
31. (a) 2.00i ⫺ 6.00j (b) 4.00i ⫹ 2.00j (c) 6.32 (d) 4.47 51. (a) 49.5i ⫹ 27.1j (b) 56.4 units at 28.7° from the posi-
(e) 288°; 26.6° from the positive x axis. tive x axis.
33. (a) (⫺ 11.1i ⫹ 6.40j) m (b) (1.65i ⫹ 2.86j) cm 53. 1.15°
(c) (⫺ 18.0i ⫺ 12.6j) in. 55. (a) 2.00, 1.00, 3.00 (b) 3.74 (c) ␪x ⫽ 57.7°, ␪y ⫽ 74.5°,
35. 9.48 m at 166° ␪z ⫽ 36.7°
37. (a) 185 N at 77.8° from the positive x axis 57. 240 m at 237°
(b) (⫺ 39.3i ⫺ 181j) N 59. 390 mi/h at 7.37° north of east
39. A ⫹ B ⫽ (2.60i ⫹ 4.50j) m 61. R1 ⫽ ai ⫹ b j; R 1 ⫽ !a 2 ⫹ b 2 (b) R2 ⫽ ai ⫹ bj ⫹ ck
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems A.43

Chapter 4 (c) 26.8 m/s2 inward at 21.4° below the horizontal

53. 8.94 m/s at ⫺ 63.4° relative to the positive x axis.
1. (a) 4.87 km at 209° from east (b) 23.3 m/s
55. 20.0 m
(c) 13.5 m/s at 209°
57. (a) 0.600 m (b) 0.402 m (c) 1.87 m/s2 toward center
3. (a) (18.0t)i ⫹ (4.00t ⫺ 4.90t 2)j
(d) 9.80 m/s2 down
(b) 18.0i ⫹ (4.00 ⫺ 9.80t)j (c) ⫺ 9.80j
59. (a) 6.80 km (b) 3.00 km vertically above the impact
(d) (54.0i ⫺ 32.1j) m
point (c) 66.2°
(e) (18.0i ⫺ 25.4j) m/s (f) (⫺ 9.80j) m/s2
61. (a) 46.5 m/s (b) ⫺ 77.6° (c) 6.34 s
5. (a) (2.00i ⫹ 3.00j) m/s2
63. (a) 1.53 km (b) 36.2 s (c) 4.04 km
(b) (3.00t ⫹ t 2)i m, (1.50 t 2 ⫺ 2.00t)j m
65. (a) 20.0 m/s, 5.00 s (b) (16.0i ⫺ 27.1j) m/s (c) 6.54 s
7. (a) (0.800i ⫺ 0.300j) m/s2 (b) 339°
(d) (24.6i) m
(c) (360i ⫺ 72.7j) m, ⫺ 15.2°
67. (a) 43.2 m (b) (9.66i ⫺ 25.5j) m/s
9. (a) (3.34i) m/s (b) ⫺ 50.9°
69. Imagine you are shaking down the mercury in a fever
11. (a) 20.0° (b) 3.05 s
thermometer. Starting with your hand at the level of your
13. x ⫽ 7.23 km y ⫽ 1.68 km
shoulder, move your hand down as fast as you can and
15. 53.1°
snap it around an arc at the bottom. ⬃ 100 m/s2 ⬇ 10 g
17. 22.4° or 89.4°
19. (a) The ball clears by 0.889 m (b) while descending
21. d tan ␪i ⫺ gd 2/(2vi2 cos2␪i )
23. (a) 0.852 s (b) 3.29 m/s (c) 4.03 m/s (d) 50.8° Chapter 5
(e) 1.12 s
1. (a) 1/3 (b) 0.750 m/s2
25. 377 m/s2
3. (6.00i ⫹ 15.0 j) N; 16.2 N
27. 10.5 m/s, 219 m/s2
5. 312 N
29. (a) 6.00 rev/s (b) 1.52 km/s2 (c) 1.28 km/s2
7. (a) x ⫽ vt/2 (b) Fg v i/gt ⫹ Fg j
31. 1.48 m/s2 inward at 29.9° behind the radius
9. (a) (2.50i ⫹ 5.00j) N (b) 5.59 N
33. (a) 13.0 m/s2 (b) 5.70 m/s (c) 7.50 m/s2
11. (a) 3.64 ⫻ 10⫺18 N (b) 8.93 ⫻ 10 ⫺30 N is 408 billion
35. (a)
times smaller.
13. 2.38 kN
15. (a) 5.00 m/s2 at 36.9° (b) 6.08 m/s2 at 25.3°
17. (a) ⬃ 10 ⫺22 m/s2 (b) ⬃ 10 ⫺23 m
36.9° 19. (a) 0.200 m/s2 forward (b) 10.0 m (c) 2.00 m/s
21. (a) 15.0 lb up (b) 5.00 lb up (c) 0
23. 613 N
20.2 m/s 2

22.5 m/s 2 T1 T2

(b) 29.7 m/s2 (c) 6.67 m/s at 36.9° above the

horizontal
37. 2.02 ⫻ 103 s; 21.0% longer
9.80 N
39. 153 km/h at 11.3° north of west
41. (a) 36.9° (b) 41.6° (c) 3.00 min
43. 15.3 m
45. 2 vi t cos ␪i 27. (a) 49.0 N (b) 98.0 N (c) 24.5 N
47. (b) 45° ⫹ ␾/2; vi2(1 ⫺ sin ␾)/g cos2␾ 29. 8.66 N east
49. (a) 41.7 m/s (b) 3.81 s (c) (34.1i ⫺ 13.4j) m/s; 36.6 m/s 31. 100 N and 204 N
51. (a) 25.0 m/s2 (radial); 9.80 m/s2 (tangential) 33. 3.73 m
(b) 35. a ⫽ F/(m 1 ⫹ m 2); T ⫽ F m 1/(m 1 ⫹ m 2)
37. (a) Fx ⬎ 19.6 N (b) Fx ⱕ ⫺ 78.4 N
(c) See top of next page.
25.0 m/s 2 39. (a) 706 N (b) 814 N (c) 706 N (d) 648 N
41. ␮s ⫽ 0.306; ␮k ⫽ 0.245
9.80 m/s 2 a 43. (a) 256 m (b) 42.7 m
45. (a) 1.78 m/s2 (b) 0.368 (c) 9.37 N (d) 2.67 m/s
47. (a) 0.161 (b) 1.01 m/s2
49. 37.8 N
A.44 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

2
a x , m/s
+10
250 N 250 N 250 N

250 N
Fx , N
–100 +100

n 160 N
320 N
n 480 N
–10

Chapter 5, Problem 37(c) Chapter 5, Problem 55(a)

51. (a) n2
n2

19.6 N
n 1 = 19.6 N fs
n1

2.00 kg 5.00 kg F
fs
fk
m2 68 N 19.6 N
m1 T T 49.0 N
f k1 f k2
Chapter 5, Problem 67(a)
71. (a) 14.7 N 49.0 N

118 N n = 49.0 N

5.00 kg P 15.0 kg

176 N fs 1 = 14.7 N
49.0 N fs 2 = 98.0 N 147 N
196 N
(b) 27.2 N, 1.29 m/s2
53. Any value between 31.7 N and 48.6 N
55. (a) See top of next column.
(b) 0.408 m/s2 (c) 83.3 N
57. 1.18 kN
59. (a) Mg/2, Mg/2, Mg/2, 3Mg/2, Mg (b) Mg/2 (b) 113 N (c) 0.980 m/s2 and 1.96 m/s2
73. (a) 0.087 1 (b) 27.4 N
61. (b) ␪ 0 15.0° 30.0° 45.0° 60.0° 75. (a) 30.7° (b) 0.843 N
77. (a) 3.34 (b) Either the car would flip over backwards, or
P(N) 40.0 46.4 60.1 94.3 260
the wheels would skid, spinning in place, and the time
63. (a) 19.3° (b) 4.21 N would increase.
65. (a) 2.13 s (b) 1.67 m
67. (a) See next column.
Static friction between the two blocks accelerates the up-
Chapter 6
per block. (b) 34.7 N (c) 0.306 1. (a) 8.00 m/s (b) 3.02 N
69. (M ⫹ m 1 ⫹ m 2)(m 2 g/m 1) 3. Any speed up to 8.08 m/s
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems A.45

5. 6.22 ⫻ 10⫺12 N 61. (a) 5.19 m/s (b) Child ⫹ seat:

7. (a) 1.52 m/s2 (b) 1.66 km/s (c) 6 820 s
9. (a) static friction (b) 0.085 0 T cos 28.0°
11. v ⱕ 14.3 m/s
13. (a) 68.6 N toward the center of the circle and 784 N up
(b) 0.857 m/s2
15. No. The jungle lord needs a vine of tensile strength T sin 28.0°
1.38 kN.
17. (a) 4.81 m/s (b) 700 N up
19. 3.13 m/s
21. (a) 2.49 ⫻ 104 N up (b) 12.1 m/s 490 N
23. (a) 0.822 m/s2 (b) 37.0 N (c) 0.0839
25. (a) 17.0° (b) 5.12 N T ⫽ 555 N
27. (a) 491 N (b) 50.1 kg (c) 2.00 m/s2 63. (b) 2.54 s; 23.6 rev/min
29. 0.0927° 65. 215 N horizontally inward
31. (a) 32.7 s⫺1 (b) 9.80 m/s2 (c) 4.90 m/s2 67. (a) either 70.4° or 0° (b) 0°
33. 3.01 N 69. 12.8 N
35. (a) 1.47 N⭈s/m (b) 2.04 ⫻ 10⫺3 s (c) 2.94 ⫻ 10⫺2 N 71. (a) t (s) d (m)
37. (a) 0.0347 s⫺1 (b) 2.50 m/s (c) a ⫽ ⫺ cv
39. ⬃ 101 N 0 0
41. (a) 13.7 m/s down 1 4.9
(b) t (s) x (m) v (m/s) 2 18.9
. . . 5 112.6
0 0 0 . . . 10 347.0
0.2 0 ⫺ 1.96 11 399.1
0.4 ⫺ 0.392 ⫺ 3.88 . . . 15 611.3
. . . . . . . . . . . . 20 876.5
1.0 ⫺ 3.77 ⫺ 8.71
. . . 2.0 ⫺ 14.4 ⫺ 12.56
. . . 4.0 ⫺ 41.0 ⫺ 13.67 (b) 1000

800

43. (a) 49.5 m/s and 4.95 m/s

Distance (m)

600
(b) t (s) y (m) v (m/s)

0 1 000 0 400
. . . 1 995 ⫺ 9.7
. . . 2 980 ⫺ 18.6
. . . 10 674 ⫺ 47.7 200
. . . 10.1 671 ⫺ 16.7
. . . 12 659 ⫺ 4.95
. . . 145 0 ⫺ 4.95 0 5 10 15 20
Time elapsed (s)

45. (a) 2.33 ⫻ 10⫺4 kg/m (b) 53 m/s (c) 42 m/s. The (c) The graph is straight for 11 s ⬍ t ⬍ 20 s, with slope
second trajectory is higher and shorter. In both, the ball 53.0 m/s.
attains maximum height when it has covered about 57% of
its horizontal range, and it attains minimum speed some-
what later. The impact speeds also are both about 30 m/s. Chapter 7
47. (a) mg ⫺ mv 2/R (b) !gR 1. 15.0 MJ
49. (a) 2.63 m/s2 (b) 201 m (c) 17.7 m/s 3. (a) 32.8 mJ (b) ⫺ 32.8 mJ
51. (a) 9.80 N (b) 9.80 N (c) 6.26 m/s 5. (a) 31.9 J (b) 0 (c) 0 (d) 31.9 J
53. (b) 732 N down at the equator and 735 N down at the 7. 4.70 kJ
poles 9. 14.0
59. (a) 1.58 m/s2 (b) 455 N (c) 329 N (d) 397 N up- 11. (a) 16.0 J (b) 36.9°
ward and 9.15° inward 13. (a) 11.3° (b) 156° (c) 82.3°
A.46 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

15. (a) 24.0 J (b) ⫺ 3.00 J (c) 21.0 J 29. 2.00 m/s, 2.79 m/s, 3.19 m/s
17. (a) 7.50 J (b) 15.0 J (c) 7.50 J (d) 30.0 J 31. 3.74 m/s
19. (a) 0.938 cm (b) 1.25 J 33. (a) ⫺ 160 J (b) 73.5 J (c) 28.8 N (d) 0.679
21. 0.299 m/s 35. 489 kJ
23. 12.0 J 37. (a) 1.40 m/s (b) 4.60 cm after release (c) 1.79 m/s
25. (b) mgR 39. 1.96 m
27. (a) 1.20 J (b) 5.00 m/s (c) 6.30 J 41. (A/r 2) away from the other particle
29. (a) 60.0 J (b) 60.0 J 43. (a) r ⫽ 1.5 mm, stable; 2.3 mm, unstable; 3.2 mm, stable;
31. (a) !2W/m (b) W/d r : ⬁ neutral (b) ⫺ 5.6 J ⬍ E ⬍ 1 J
33. (a) 650 J (b) ⫺ 588 J (c) 0 (d) 0 (e) 62.0 J (c) 0.6 mm ⬍ r ⬍ 3.6 mm (d) 2.6 J (e) 1.5 mm
(f) 1.76 m/s (f) 4 J
35. (a) ⫺ 168 J (b) ⫺ 184 J (c) 500 J (d) 148 J 45. (a) ⫹ at 훾, ⫺ at , 0 at 훽, 훿, and  (b) 훿 stable;
(e) 5.64 m/s 훽 and  unstable
37. 2.04 m (c)
39. (a) 22 500 N (b) 1.33 ⫻ 10⫺4 s Fx
41. (a) 0.791 m/s (b) 0.531 m/s
43. 875 W 훾
45. 830 N
47. (a) 5 910 W (b) It is 53.0% of 11 100 W
49. (a) 0.013 5 gal (b) 73.8 (c) 8.08 kW 훿 
51. 5.90 km/L 훽 2 4 6 8 x(m)
53. (a) 5.37 ⫻ 10⫺11 J (b) 1.33 ⫻ 10⫺9 J
55. 90.0 J
59. (a) (2 ⫹ 24t 2 ⫹ 72t 4) J (b) 12t m/s2; 48t N 
(c) (48t ⫹ 288t 3) W (d) 1 250 J
61. ⫺ 0.047 5 J
63. 878 kN 47. (b) U( J)
65. (b) 240 W 100
67. (a)F1 ⫽ (20.5i ⫹ 14.3j) N; F2 ⫽ (⫺ 36.4i ⫹ 21.0j) N
(b) (⫺ 15.9i ⫹ 35.3j) N (c) (⫺ 3.18i ⫹ 7.07j) m/s2
(d) (⫺ 5.54i ⫹ 23.7j) m/s (e) (⫺ 2.30i ⫹ 39.3j) m
(f) 1 480 J (g) 1 480 J
69. (a) 4.12 m (b) 3.35 m
71. 1.68 m/s
50
73. (a) 14.5 m/s (b) 1.75 kg (c) 0.350 kg
75. 0.799 J

Chapter 8
1. (a) 259 kJ, 0, ⫺ 259 kJ (b) 0, ⫺ 259 kJ, ⫺ 259 kJ
3. (a) ⫺ 196 J (b) ⫺ 196 J (c) ⫺ 196 J. The force is con- –2 0 2 x(m)
servative.
5. (a) 125 J (b) 50.0 J (c) 66.7 J (d) Nonconservative.
The results differ. Equilibrium at x ⫽ 0 (c) v ⫽ !0.800 J/m
7. (a) 40.0 J (b) ⫺ 40.0 J (c) 62.5 J 49. (a) 1.50 ⫻ 10⫺10 J (b) 1.07 ⫻ 10⫺9 J (c) 9.15 ⫻ 10⫺10 J
9. (a) Ax 2/2 ⫺ Bx 3/3 (b) ⌬U ⫽ 5A/2 ⫺ 19B/3; 51. 48.2° Note that the answer is independent of the pump-
⌬K ⫽ ⫺ 5A/2 ⫹ 19B/3 kin’s mass and of the radius of the dome.
11. 0.344 m 53. (a) 0.225 J (b) ⌬E f ⫽ ⫺ 0.363 J (c) No; the normal
13. (a) v B ⫽ 5.94 m/s; v C ⫽ 7.67 m/s (b) 147 J force changes in a complicated way.
15. v ⫽ (3gR)1/2, 0.098 0 N down 55. ⬃ 102 W sustainable power
17. 10.2 m 57. 0.327
19. (a) 19.8 m/s (b) 78.4 J (c) 1.00 59. (a) 23.6 cm (b) 5.90 m/s2 up the incline; no.
21. (a) 4.43 m/s (b) 5.00 m (c) Gravitational potential energy turns into kinetic en-
23. (a) 18.5 km, 51.0 km (b) 10.0 MJ ergy plus elastic potential energy and then entirely into
25. (b) 60.0° elastic potential energy.
27. 5.49 m/s 61. 1.25 m/s
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems A.47

63. (a) 0.400 m (b) 4.10 m/s (c) The block stays on the 67. (a) 3.75 kg⭈ m/s2 (b) 3.75 N (c) 3.75 N (d) 2.81 J
track. (e) 1.41 J (f) Friction between sand and belt converts
65. (b) 2.06 m/s half of the input work into internal energy.
67. (b) 1.44 m (c) 0.400 m (d) No. A very strong wind 69. (a) As the child walks to the right, the boat moves to the
pulls the string out horizontally (parallel to the ground). left and the center of mass remains fixed. (b) 5.55 m
The largest possible equilibrium height is equal to L. from the pier (c) No, since 6.55 m is less than 7.00 m.
71. (a) 6.15 m/s (b) 9.87 m/s 71. (a) 100 m/s (b) 374 J
73. 0.923 m/s 73. (a) !2 v i for m and !2/3 v i for 3m (b) 35.3°
75. (a) 3.73 km/s (b) 153 km

Chapter 9
1. (a) (9.00i ⫺ 12.0j) kgⴢ m/s (b) 15.0 kgⴢ m/s at 307°
Chapter 10
3. 6.25 cm/s west 1. (a) 4.00 rad/s2 (b) 18.0 rad
5. ⬃ 10⫺23 m/s 3. (a) 1 200 rad/s (b) 25.0 s
7. (b) p ⫽ !2mK 5. (a) 5.24 s (b) 27.4 rad
9. (a) 13.5 N⭈ s (b) 9.00 kN (c) 18.0 kN 7. (a) 5.00 rad, 10.0 rad/s, 4.00 rad/s2 (b) 53.0 rad,
11. 260 N normal to the wall 22.0 rad/s, 4.00 rad/s2
13. 15.0 N in the direction of the initial velocity of the exiting 9. 13.7 rad/s2
water stream 11. ⬃ 107 rev/y
15. 65.2 m/s 13. (a) 0.180 rad/s (b) 8.10 m/s2 toward the center of the
17. 301 m/s track
19. (a) vgx ⫽ 1.15 m/s (b) vpx ⫽ ⫺ 0.346 m/s 15. (a) 8.00 rad/s (b) 8.00 m/s, ar ⫽ ⫺ 64.0 m/s2,
21. (a) 20.9 m/s east (b) 8.68 kJ into internal energy at ⫽ 4.00 m/s2 (c) 9.00 rad
23. (a) 2.50 m/s (b) 37.5 kJ (c) Each process is the time- 17. (a) 54.3 rev (b) 12.1 rev/s
reversal of the other. The same momentum conservation 19. (a) 126 rad/s (b) 3.78 m/s (c) 1.27 km/s2
equation describes both. (d) 20.2 m
25. (a) 0.284 (b) 115 fJ and 45.4 fJ 21. (a)⫺ 2.73i m ⫹ 1.24j m (b) second quadrant, 156°
27. 91.2 m/s (c) ⫺ 1.85i m/s ⫺ 4.10j m/s
29. (a) 2.88 m/s at 32.3° north of east (b) 783 J into inter- (d) into the third quadrant at 246°
nal energy
31. No; his speed was 41.5 mi/h. y
33. 2.50 m/s at ⫺ 60.0°
35. (3.00i ⫺ 1.20j) m/s
37. Orange: vi cos ␪ ; yellow: vi sin ␪
39. (a) (⫺ 9.33i ⫺ 8.33j) Mm/s (b) 439 fJ
41. rCM ⫽ (11.7i ⫹ 13.3j) cm
43. 0.006 73 nm from the oxygen nucleus along the bisector x
of the angle
45. (a) 15.9 g (b) 0.153 m
47. 0.700 m
49. (a) (1.40i ⫹ 2.40j) m/s (b) (7.00i ⫹ 12.0j) kg⭈ m/s
51. (a) 39.0 MN up (b) 3.20 m/s2 up
53. (a) 442 metric tons (b) 19.2 metric tons
55. (a) (1.33i) m/s (b) (⫺ 235i) N (c) 0.680 s
(d) (⫺ 160i) N⭈ s and (⫹ 160i) N⭈ s (e) 1.81 m (e) 6.15i m/s2 ⫺ 2.78j m/s2
(f) 0.454 m (g) ⫺ 427 J (h) ⫹ 107 J (f) 24.6i N ⫺ 11.1j N
(i) Equal friction forces act through different distances 23. (a) 92.0 kg⭈ m2, 184 J (b) 6.00 m/s, 4.00 m/s, 8.00 m/s,
on person and cart to do different amounts of work on 184 J
them. The total work on both together, ⫺ 320 J, becomes 25. (a) 143 kg⭈ m2 (b) 2.57 kJ
⫹ 320 J of internal energy in this perfectly inelastic 29. 1.28 kg⭈ m2
collision. 31. ⬃ 100 ⫽ 1 kg⭈ m2
57. 1.39 km/s 33. ⫺ 3.55 N⭈ m
59. 240 s 35. 882 N⭈ m
61. 0.980 m 37. (a) 24.0 N⭈ m (b) 0.035 6 rad/s2 (c) 1.07 m/s2
63. (a) 6.81 m/s (b) 1.00 m 39. (a) 0.309 m/s2 (b) 7.67 N and 9.22 N
65. (3Mgx/L)j 41. (a) 872 N (b) 1.40 kN
A.48 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

43. 2.36 m/s 67. (a) 0.800 m/s2, 0.400 m/s2 (b) 0.600 N backward on
45. (a) 11.4 N, 7.57 m/s2, 9.53 m/s down (b) 9.53 m/s the plank and forward on the roller, at the top of each
49. (a) 2(Rg/3)1/2 (b) 4(Rg/3)1/2 (c) (Rg)1/2 roller; 0.200 N forward on each roller and backward on
3ᐍ
1
51. the floor, at the bottom of each roller.
53. (a) 1.03 s (b) 10.3 rev
55. (a) 4.00 J (b) 1.60 s (c) yes
57. (a) 12.5 rad/s (b) 128 rad Chapter 12
59. (a) (3g/L)1/2 (b) 3g/2L (c) ⫺ 23 g i ⫺ 34g j
(d) ⫺ 23 Mg i ⫹ 14Mg j 1. 10.0 N up; 6.00 N⭈ m counterclockwise
61. ␣ ⫽ g(h 2 ⫺ h1 )/2␲R 2 3. [(m1 ⫹ mb)d ⫹ m1ᐍ/2]/m 2
63. (b) 2gM(sin ␪ ⫺ ␮ cos ␪)(m ⫹ 2M)⫺1 5. ⫺ 0.429 m
65. 139 m/s 7. (3.85 cm, 6.85 cm)
67. 5.80 kg⭈ m2; the height makes no difference. 9. (⫺ 1.50 m, ⫺ 1.50 m)
69. (a) 2 160 N⭈ m (b) 439 W 11. (a) 859 N (b) 1 040 N left and upward at 36.9°
71. (a) 118 N and 156 N (b) 1.19 kg⭈ m2 13. (a) fs ⫽ 268 N, n ⫽ 1 300 N (b) 0.324
73. (a) ␣ ⫽ ⫺ 0.176 rad/s2 (b) 1.29 rev (c) 9.26 rev 15. (a) 1.04 kN at 60.0° (b) (370i ⫹ 900j) N
17. 2.94 kN on each rear wheel and 4.41 kN on each front
wheel
Chapter 11 19. (a) 29.9 N (b) 22.2 N
21. (a) 35.5 kN (b) 11.5 kN (c) ⫺ 4.19 kN
1. (a) 500 J (b) 250 J (c) 750 J
7 23. 88.2 N and 58.8 N
3. 10 Mv 2
25. 4.90 mm
5. (a) 23g sin ␪ for the disk, larger than 12g sin ␪ for the hoop
27. 0.023 8 mm
(b) 13 tan ␪ 29. 0.912 mm
7. 1.21 ⫻ 10⫺4 kg⭈ m2. The height is unnecessary. 8m 1m 2gL i
9. ⫺ 7.00i ⫹ 16.0j ⫺ 10.0k 31.
␲d 2Y(m 1 ⫹ m 2)
11. (a) ⫺ 17.0k (b) 70.5°
13. (a) 2.00 N ⭈ m (b) k 33. (a) 3.14 ⫻ 104 N (b) 6.28 ⫻ 104 N
15. (a) negative z direction (b) positive z direction 35. 1.80 ⫻ 108 N/m2
17. 45.0° 37. nA ⫽ 5.98 ⫻ 105 N, nB ⫽ 4.80 ⫻ 105 N
19. (17.5k) kg ⭈ m2/s 39. (a) 0.400 mm (b) 40.0 kN (c) 2.00 mm (d) 2.40 mm
21. (60.0k) kg ⭈ m2/s (e) 48.0 kN
n wall
23. mvR[cos(vt/R) ⫹ 1]k 41. (a)
25. (a) zero (b) (⫺ mv i3 sin2 ␪ cos ␪/2g)k
(c) (⫺ 2mv i3 sin2 ␪ cos ␪/g)k (d) The downward force
of gravity exerts a torque in the ⫺ z direction.
27. ⫺ mᐍ gt cos ␪ k
29. 4.50 kg⭈ m2/s up
31. (a) 0.433 kg⭈ m2/s (b) 1.73 kg⭈ m2/s
33. (a) ␻f ⫽ ␻i I1/(I1 ⫹ I2 ) (b) I1 /(I1 ⫹ I2 )
35. (a) 1.91 rad/s (b) 2.53 J, 6.44 J
37. (a) 0.360 rad/s counterclockwise (b) 99.9 J
39. (a) mvᐍ down (b) M/(M ⫹ m) n floor
120 N
41. (a) ␻ ⫽ 2mvi d/(M ⫹ 2m)R 2 (b) No; some mechanical 98 N
energy changes into internal energy.
43. (a) 2.19 ⫻ 106 m/s (b) 2.18 ⫻ 10⫺18 J T
(c) 4.13 ⫻ 1016 rad/s
45. [10Rg(1 ⫺ cos ␪)/7r 2 ]1/2 (b) 69.8 N (c) 0.877L
51. (a) 2.70R (b) Fx ⫽ ⫺ 20 7 mg, Fy ⫽ ⫺ mg 43. (a) 160 N right (b) 13.2 N right (c) 292 N up
53. 0.632 (d) 192 N
55. (a) vi ri /r (b) T ⫽ (mv i2ri2)r ⫺3 (c) 12mv i2(ri2/r 2 ⫺ 1) 45. (a) T ⫽ Fg (L ⫹ d)/sin ␪ (2L ⫹ d)
(d) 4.50 m/s, 10.1 N, 0.450 J (b) R x ⫽ Fg (L ⫹ d)cot ␪/(2L ⫹ d); R y ⫽ Fg L/(2L ⫹ d)
57. 54.0° 47. 0.789 L
59. (a) 3 750 kg⭈ m2/s (b) 1.88 kJ (c) 3 750 kg⭈ m2/s 49. 5.08 kN, R x ⫽ 4.77 kN, R y ⫽ 8.26 kN
(d) 10.0 m/s (e) 7.50 kJ (f) 5.62 kJ 51. T ⫽ 2.71 kN, R x ⫽ 2.65 kN
61. (M/m)[3ga (!2 ⫺ 1)]1/2 53. (a) ␮ k ⫽ 0.571; the normal force acts 20.1 cm to the left
63. (c) (8Fd/3M)1/2 of the front edge of the sliding cabinet. (b) 0.501 m
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems A.49

55. (b) 60.0° 27. ⬃ 100 s

57. (a) M ⫽ (m/2)(2 ␮ s sin ␪ ⫺ cos ␪ )(cos ␪ ⫺ ␮ s sin ␪ )⫺1 29. (a) 0.817 m/s (b) 2.54 rad/s2 (c) 0.634 N
(b) R ⫽ (m ⫹ M)g(1 ⫹ ␮ s2)1/2, 33. 0.944 kg⭈ m2
F ⫽ g[M 2 ⫹ ␮ s2(m ⫹ M)2]1/2 37. (a) 5.00 ⫻ 10⫺7 kg⭈ m2 (b) 3.16 ⫻ 10⫺4 N⭈ m/rad
59. (a) 133 N (b) nA ⫽ 429 N and nB ⫽ 257 N 39. The x coordinate of the crank pin is A cos ␻ t.
(c) R x ⫽ 133 N and R y ⫽ ⫺ 257 N 41. 1.00 ⫻ 10⫺3 s⫺1
61. 66.7 N 43. (a) 2.95 Hz (b) 2.85 cm
65. 1.09 m 47. Either 1.31 Hz or 0.641 Hz
67. (a) 4 500 N (b) 4.50 ⫻ 106 N/m2 (c) yes. 49. 6.58 kN/m
69. (a) Py ⫽ (Fg /L)(d ⫺ ah/g) (b) 0.306 m 51. (a) 2Mg ; Mg (1 ⫹ y/L) (b) T ⫽ (4␲/3)(2L/g)1/2; 2.68 s
(c) P ⫽ (⫺ 306i ⫹ 553j) N 53. 6.62 cm
71. nA ⫽ nE ⫽ 6.66 kN; FAB ⫽ 10.4 kN ⫽ FBC ⫽ FDC ⫽ FDE ; 55. 9.19 ⫻ 1013 Hz
FAC ⫽ 7.94 kN ⫽ FCE ; FBD ⫽ 15.9 kN 57. (a) See bottom of preceding column.
dT ␲(dM/dt)
(b) ⫽
dt 2␳a 2g 1/2[L i ⫹ (dM/dt)t/2␳a 2]1/2
Chapter 13 (c) T ⫽ 2␲g ⫺1/2 [L i ⫹ (dM/dt)t/2␳a 2]1/2
1. (a) 1.50 Hz, 0.667 s (b) 4.00 m (c) ␲ rad (d) 2.83 m 59. f ⫽ (2␲L)⫺1 (gL ⫹ kh 2/M)1/2
3. (a) 20.0 cm (b) 94.2 cm/s as the particle passes through 61. (a) 3.56 Hz (b) 2.79 Hz (c) 2.10 Hz
equilibrium (c) 17.8 m/s2 at the maximum displace- 63. (a) 3.00 s (b) 14.3 J (c) 25.5°
ment from equilibrium 65. 0.224 rad/s
5. (b) 18.8 cm/s, 0.333 s (c) 178 cm/s2, 0.500 s
(d) 12.0 cm
7. 0.627 s Chapter 14
9. (a) 40.0 cm/s, 160 cm/s2 (b) 32.0 cm/s, ⫺ 96.0 cm/s2
1. ⬃ 10⫺7 N toward you
(c) 0.232 s
3. g ⫽ (Gm/ᐉ2)(12 ⫹ !2) toward the opposite corner
11. 40.9 N/m
5. (⫺ 100i ⫹ 59.3j) pN
13. (a) 0.750 m (b) x ⫽ ⫺ (0.750 m) sin(2.00t/s)
7. (a) 4.39 ⫻ 1020 N (b) 1.99 ⫻ 1020 N (c) 3.55 ⫻ 1022 N
15. 0.628 m/s
9. 0.613 m/s2 toward the Earth
17. 2.23 m/s
11.
19. (a) 28.0 mJ (b) 1.02 m/s (c) 12.2 mJ (d) 15.8 mJ
21. (a) 2.61 m/s (b) 2.38 m/s
23. 2.60 cm and ⫺ 2.60 cm T
25. (a) 35.7 m (b) 29.1 s

Fg

mg

Li Either (1.000 m ⫺ 61.3 nm) or, if the objects have very

L
high density, 247 mm.
15. 12.6 ⫻ 1031 kg
17. 1.27
19. 1.90 ⫻ 1027 kg
21. 8.92 ⫻ 107 m
25. g ⫽ 2MGr(r 2 ⫹ a 2)⫺3/2 toward the center of mass
a 27. (a) ⫺ 4.77 ⫻ 109 J (b) 569 N (c) 569 N up
h 29. (a) 1.84 ⫻ 109 kg/m3 (b) 3.27 ⫻ 106 m/s2
(c) ⫺ 2.08 ⫻ 1013 J
31. (a) ⫺ 1.67 ⫻ 10⫺14 J (b) At the center
33. 1.58 ⫻ 1010 J
Chapter 13, Problem 57(a) 35. (a) 1.48 h (b) 7.79 km/s (c) 6.43 ⫻ 109 J
A.50 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

37. 1.66 ⫻ 104 m/s 5. 5.27 ⫻ 1018 kg

41. 15.6 km/s 7. 1.62 m
43. GME m/12RE 9. 7.74 ⫻ 10⫺3 m2
45. 2GmM/␲R 2 straight up in the picture 11. 271 kN horizontally backward
47. (a) 7.41 ⫻ 10⫺10 N (b) 1.04 ⫻ 10⫺8 N 13. P0 ⫹ (␳d/2)(g 2 ⫹ a 2)1/2
(c) 5.21 ⫻ 10⫺9 N 15. 0.722 mm
49. 2.26 ⫻ 10⫺7 17. 10.5 m; no, some alcohol and water evaporate.
51. (b) 1.10 ⫻ 1032 kg 19. 12.6 cm
53. (b) GMm/2R 21. 1.07 m2
55. 7.79 ⫻ 1014 kg 23. (a) 9.80 N (b) 6.17 N
57. 7.41 ⫻ 10⫺10 N 25. (a) 7.00 cm (b) 2.80 kg
59. v esc ⫽ (8␲G␳/3)1/2 R 27. ␳oil ⫽ 1 250 kg/m3; ␳sphere ⫽ 500 kg/m3
61. (a) v 1 ⫽ m 2(2G/d )1/2(m 1 ⫹ m 2)⫺1/2 29. 1 430 m3
v 2 ⫽ m 1(2G/d )1/2(m 1 ⫹ m 2)⫺1/2 31. 2.67 ⫻ 103 kg
v rel ⫽ (2G/d )1/2(m 1 ⫹ m 2)1/2 33. (a) 1.06 m/s (b) 4.24 m/s
(b) K 1 ⫽ 1.07 ⫻ 10 32 J, K 2 ⫽ 2.67 ⫻ 10 31 J 35. (a) 17.7 m/s (b) 1.73 mm
63. (a) A ⫽ M/␲R 4 (b) F ⫽ GmM/r 2 toward the center 37. 31.6 m/s
(c) F ⫽ GmMr 2/R 4 toward the center 39. 68.0 kPa
65. 119 km 41. 103 m/s
67. (a) ⫺ 36.7 MJ (b) 9.24 ⫻ 1010 kg⭈ m2/s 43. (a) 4.43 m/s (b) The siphon can be no higher than
(c) 5.58 km/s, 10.4 Mm (d) 8.69 Mm (e) 134 min 10.3 m.
71. 45. 2 !h(h 0 ⫺ h)
t (s) x (m) y (m) vx (m/s) vy (m/s) 47. 0.258 N
49. 1.91 m
0 0 12 740 000 5 000 0
53. 709 kg/m3
10 50 000 12 740 000 4 999.9 ⫺ 24.6
55. top scale 17.3 N; bottom scale 31.7 N
20 99 999 12 739 754 4 999.7 ⫺ 49.1
59. 90.04%
30 149 996 12 739 263 4 999.4 ⫺ 73.7 . . .
61. 4.43 m/s
The object does not hit the Earth; its minimum radius is 63. (a) 10.3 m (b) 0
1.33RE . Its period is 1.09 ⫻ 104 s. A circular orbit would 65. (a) 18.3 mm (b) 14.3 mm (c) 8.56 mm
require speed 5.60 km/s. 67. (a) 2.65 m/s (b) 2.31 ⫻ 104 Pa
69. (a) 1.25 cm (b) 13.8 m/s
y

Chapter 16
1. y ⫽ 6 [(x ⫺ 4.5t )2 ⫹ 3]⫺1
3. (a) left (b) 5.00 m/s
5. (a) longitudinal (b) 665 s
7. (a) 156° (b) 0.058 4 cm
9. (a) y 1 in ⫹x direction, y 2 in ⫺x direction (b) 0.750 s
(c) 1.00 m
x 11. 30.0 N
13. 1.64 m/s2
15. 13.5 N
17. 586 m/s
19. 32.9 ms
21. 0.329 s
23. (a) See top of next page (b) 0.125 s
25. 0.319 m
27. 2.40 m/s
29. (a) 0.250 m (b) 40.0 rad/s (c) 0.300 rad/m
(d) 20.9 m (e) 133 m/s (f) ⫹ x
31. (a) y ⫽ (8.00 cm) sin(7.85x ⫹ 6␲t )
Chapter 15 (b) y ⫽ (8.00 cm) sin(7.85x ⫹ 6␲t ⫺ 0.785)
1. 0.111 kg 33. (a) 0.500 Hz, 3.14 rad/s (b) 3.14 rad/m
3. 6.24 MPa (c) (0.100 m) sin(3.14x/m ⫺ 3.14t/s)
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems A.51

y (cm) 11. ⌬P ⫽ (0.2 Pa) sin(62.8x/m ⫺ 2.16 ⫻ 104 t/s)

13. (a) 6.52 mm (b) 20.5 m/s
15. 5.81 m
17. 66.0 dB
10
19. (a) 3.75 W/m2 (b) 0.600 W/m2
21. (a) 1.32 ⫻ 10⫺4 W/m2 (b) 81.2 dB
23. 65.6 dB
t (s) 25. (a) 65.0 dB (b) 67.8 dB (c) 69.6 dB
0
0 0.1 0.2 27. 1.13 ␮W
29. (a) 30.0 m (b) 9.49 ⫻ 105 m
31. (a) 332 J (b) 46.4 dB
33. (a) 75.7-Hz drop (b) 0.948 m
–10
35. 26.4 m/s
37. 19.3 m
39. (a) 338 Hz (b) 483 Hz
41. 56.4°
Chapter 16, Problem 23(a) 43. (a) 56.3 s (b) 56.6 km farther along
45. 400 m; 27.5%
(d) (0.100 m) sin(⫺ 3.14t/s) 47. (a) 23.2 cm (b) 8.41 ⫻ 10⫺8 m (c) 1.38 cm
(e) (0.100 m) sin(4.71 rad ⫺ 3.14t/s) (f) 0.314 m/s 49. (a) 0.515/min (b) 0.614/min
35. 2.00 cm, 2.98 m, 0.576 Hz, 1.72 m/s 51. 7.94 km
37. (b) 3.18 Hz 53. (a) 55.8 m/s (b) 2 500 Hz
41. 55.1 Hz 55. Bat is gaining on the insect at the rate of 1.69 m/s.
43. (a) 62.5 m/s (b) 7.85 m (c) 7.96 Hz (d) 21.1 W 57. (a)
45. (a) A ⫽ 40.0 (b) A ⫽ 7.00, B ⫽ 0, C ⫽ 3.00. One can
take the dot product of the given equation with each one
of i, j, and k. (c) By inspection, A ⫽ 0, B ⫽ 7.00 mm,
C ⫽ 3.00/m, D ⫽ 4.00/s, E ⫽ 2.00. Consider the average
value of both sides of the given equation to find A. Then
consider the maximum value of both sides to find B. You
can evaluate the partial derivative of both sides of the
(b) 0.343 m (c) 0.303 m (d) 0.383 m
given equation with respect to x and separately with re-
(e) 1.03 kHz
spect to t to obtain equations yielding C and D upon cho-
59. (a) 0.691 m (b) 691 km
sen substitutions for x and t. Then substitute x ⫽ 0
61. 1204.2 Hz
and t ⫽ 0 to obtain E.
63. (a) 0.948° (b) 4.40°
47. It is if v ⫽ (T/␮)1/2
65. 1.34 ⫻ 104 N
49. ⬃ 1 min
67. 95.5 s
51. (a) 3.33i m/s (b) ⫺ 5.48 cm (c) 0.667 m, 5.00 Hz
69. (b) 531 Hz
(d) 11.0 m/s
71. (a) 6.45 (b) 0
53. (Lm/Mg sin ␪ )1/2
73. ⬃ 1011 Hz
55. (a) 39.2 N (b) 0.892 m (c) 83.6 m/s
57. 14.7 kg
61. (a) (0.707)2(L/g)1/2 (b) L/4
63. 3.86 ⫻ 10⫺4 Chapter 18
65. (a) v ⫽ (2T0/␮0)1/2 ⫽ v 02 1/2
1. (a) 9.24 m (b) 600 Hz
v⬘ ⫽ (2T0/3␮0)1/2 ⫽ v 0 (2/3)1/2
3. 5.66 cm
(b) 0.966t 0
5. 91.3°
67. 130 m/s, 1.73 km
7. (a) 2 (b) 9.28 m and 1.99 m
9. 15.7 m, 31.8 Hz, 500 m/s
Chapter 17 11. At 0.089 1 m, 0.303 m, 0.518 m, 0.732 m, 0.947 m, and
1. 5.56 km 1.16 m from one speaker
3. 7.82 m 13. (a) 4.24 cm (b) 6.00 cm (c) 6.00 cm (d) 0.500 cm,
5. (a) 27.2 s (b) 25.7 s; the interval in (a) is longer 1.50 cm, and 2.50 cm
7. (a) 153 m/s (b) 614 m 17. 0.786 Hz, 1.57 Hz, 2.36 Hz, and 3.14 Hz
9. (a) amplitude 2.00 ␮m, wavelength 40.0 cm, 19. (a) 163 N (b) 660 Hz
speed 54.6 m/s (b) ⫺ 0.433 ␮m (c) 1.72 mm/s 21. 19.976 kHz
A.52 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

23. 31.2 cm from the bridge; 3.84% 45. 208°C

25. (a) 350 Hz (b) 400 kg 47. 3.55 cm
27. 0.352 Hz 49. (a) Expansion makes density drop. (b) 5 ⫻ 10⫺5 (°C)⫺1
29. (a) 3.66 m/s (b) 0.200 Hz 51. (a) h ⫽ nRT/(mg ⫹ P0A) (b) 0.661 m
31. (a) 0.357 m (b) 0.715 m 53. ␣ ⌬T is much less than 1.
33. (a) 531 Hz (b) 42.5 mm 55. (a) 9.49 ⫻ 10⫺5 s (b) 57.4 s lost
35. around 3 kHz 57. (a) ␳g P0Vi(P0 ⫹ ␳gd )⫺1 (b) decrease (c) 10.3 m
37. n(206 Hz) for n ⫽ 1 to 9, and n(84.5 Hz) for n ⫽ 2 to 23 61. (a) 5.00 MPa (b) 9.58 ⫻ 10⫺3
39. 239 s 63. 2.74 m
41. 0.502 m and 0.837 m 65. L c ⫽ 9.17 cm, L s ⫽ 14.2 cm
43. (a) 350 m/s (b) 1.14 m 67. (a) L f ⫽ L i e ␣⌬T (b) 2.00 ⫻ 10⫺4%; 59.4%
45. (a) 19.5 cm (b) 841 Hz 69. (a) 6.17 ⫻ 10⫺3 kg/m (b) 632 N (c) 580 N; 192 Hz
47. (a) 1.59 kHz (b) odd-numbered harmonics
(c) 1.11 kHz
49. 5.64 beats/s Chapter 20
51. (a) 1.99 beats/s (b) 3.38 m/s
1. (10.0 ⫹ 0.117)°C
53. The second harmonic of E is close to the third harmonic
3. 0.234 kJ/kg ⭈ °C
of A, and the fourth harmonic of CⲆ is close to the fifth
5. 29.6°C
harmonic of A.
7. (a) 0.435 cal/g ⭈ °C (b) beryllium
55. (a) 3.33 rad (b) 283 Hz
9. (a) 25.8°C (b) No
57. 3.85 m/s away from the station or 3.77 m/s toward the
11. 50.7 ks
station
13. 0.294 g
59. 85.7 Hz
15. 0.414 kg
61. 31.1 N
17. (a) 0°C (b) 114 g
63. (a) 59.9 Hz (b) 20.0 cm
19. 59.4°C
65. (a) 1/2 (b) [n/(n ⫹ 1)]2 T (c) 9/16
21. 1.18 MJ
67. 50.0 Hz, 1.70 m
23. (a) 4PiVi (b) T ⫽ (Pi /nRVi )V 2
69. (a) 2A sin(2␲x/␭) cos(2␲vt/␭)
25. 466 J
(b) 2A sin(␲x/L) cos(␲vt/L)
27. 810 J, 506 J, 203 J
(c) 2A sin(2␲x/L) cos(2␲vt/L)
29. Q ⫽ ⫺ 720 J
(d) 2A sin(n␲x/L) cos(n␲vt/L)
31. Q W ⌬E int

BC ⫺ 0 ⫺
Chapter 19
CA ⫺ ⫺ ⫺
1. (a) 37.0°C ⫽ 310 K (b) ⫺ 20.6°C ⫽ 253 K
3. (a) ⫺ 274°C (b) 1.27 atm (c) 1.74 atm AB ⫹ ⫹ ⫹
5. (a) ⫺ 320°F (b) 77.3 K
7. (a) 810°F (b) 450 K 33. (a) 7.50 kJ (b) 900 K
9. 3.27 cm 35. 3.10 kJ; 37.6 kJ
11. (a) 3.005 8 m (b) 2.998 6 m 37. (a) 0.041 0 m3 (b) ⫺ 5.48 kJ (c) ⫺ 5.48 kJ
13. 55.0°C 41. 2.40 ⫻ 106 cal/s
15. (a) 0.109 cm2 (b) increase 43. 10.0 kW
17. (a) 0.176 mm (b) 8.78 ␮m (c) 0.093 0 cm3 45. 51.2°C
19. (a) 2.52 MN/m2 (b) It will not break. 47. (a) 0.89 ft2 ⭈ °F ⭈ h/Btu (b) 1.85 ft2 ⭈ °F ⭈ h/Btu (c) 2.08
21. 1.14°C 49. (a) ⬃ 103 W (b) decreasing at ⬃ 10⫺1 K/s
23. (a) 99.4 cm3 (b) 0.943 cm 51. 364 K
25. (a) 3.00 mol (b) 1.80 ⫻ 1024 molecules 53. 47.7 g
27. 1.50 ⫻ 1029 molecules 55. (a) 16.8 L (b) 0.351 L/s
29. 472 K 57. 2.00 kJ/kg ⭈ °C
31. (a) 41.6 mol (b) 1.20 kg, in agreement with the 59. 1.87 kJ
tabulated density 61. (a) 4PiVi (b) 4PiVi (c) 9.08 kJ
33. (a) 400 kPa (b) 449 kPa 63. 5.31 h
35. 2.27 kg 65. 872 g
37. 3.67 cm3 67. (a) 15.0 mg. Block: Q ⫽ 0, W ⫽ ⫹5.00 J, ⌬E int ⫽ 0,
39. 4.39 kg ⌬K ⫽ ⫺ 5.00 J; Ice: Q ⫽ 0, W ⫽ ⫺ 5.00 J, ⌬E int ⫽ 5.00 J,
43. (a) 94.97 cm (b) 95.03 cm ⌬K ⫽ 0.
 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems A.53

(b) 15.0 mg. Block: Q ⫽ 0, W ⫽ 0, ⌬E int ⫽ 5.00 J, (b) 133 kPa, 49.9 L, 400 K, 5.82 kJ, 5.82 kJ, 0
⌬K ⫽ ⫺ 5.00 J; Metal: Q ⫽ 0, W ⫽ 0, ⌬E int ⫽ 0, ⌬K ⫽ 0. (c) 120 kPa, 41.6 L, 300 K, 0, ⫺ 910 J, ⫺ 910 J
(c) 0.004 04°C. Moving slab: Q ⫽ 0, W ⫽ ⫹ 2.50 J, (d) 120 kPa, 43.3 L, 312 K, 722 J, 0, ⫺ 722 J
⌬E int ⫽ 2.50 J, ⌬K ⫽ ⫺ 5.00 J; Stationary slab: Q ⫽ 0, 55. 0.625
W ⫽ ⫺2.50 J, ⌬E int ⫽ 2.50 J, ⌬K ⫽ 0 57. (a) Pressure increases as volume decreases.
69. 10.2 h (d) 0.500 atm⫺1, 0.300 atm⫺1
71. 9.32 kW 59. 1.09 ⫻ 10⫺3; 2.69 ⫻ 10⫺2; 0.529; 1.00; 0.199;
1.01 ⫻ 10⫺41; 1.25 ⫻ 10⫺1082
61. (a) Larger-mass molecules settle to the outside.
Chapter 21 63. (a) 0.203 mol (b) TB ⫽ TC ⫽ 900 K; VC ⫽ 15.0 L
1. 6.64 ⫻ 10⫺27 kg (c, d) P (atm) V (L) T (K) E int (kJ)
3. 0.943 N; 1.57 Pa A 1 5 300 0.760
5. 17.6 kPa B 3 5 900 2.28
7. 3.32 mol C 1 15 900 2.28
9. (a) 3.53 ⫻ 1023 atoms (b) 6.07 ⫻ 10⫺21 J
(c) 1.35 km/s
11. (a) 8.76 ⫻ 10⫺21 J for both (b) 1.62 km/s for helium; (e) For A : B, lock the piston in place and put the cylin-
514 m/s for argon der into an oven at 900 K. For B : C, keep the gas in the
13. 75.0 J oven while gradually letting the gas expand to lift a load
15. (a) 3.46 kJ (b) 2.45 kJ (c) 1.01 kJ on the piston as far as it can. For C : A, move the cylin-
17. (a) 118 kJ (b) 6.03 ⫻ 103 kg der from the oven back to the 300-K room and let the gas
19. Between 10⫺2°C and 10⫺3°C cool and contract.
21. (a) 316 K (b) 200 J (f, g) Q (kJ) W (kJ) ⌬E int (kJ)
23. 9 PiV i A:B 1.52 0 1.52
25. (a) 1.39 atm (b) 366 K, 253 K (c) 0, 4.66 kJ, ⫺ 4.66 kJ B:C 1.67 1.67 0
27. 227 K C:A ⫺ 2.53 ⫺ 1.01 ⫺ 1.52
29. (a) P ABCA 0.656 0.656 0

3Pi B
65. (a) 3.34 ⫻ 1026 molecules (b) during the 27th day
(c) 2.53 ⫻ 106
67. (a) 0.510 m/s (b) 20 ms

2Pi
Chapter 22
1. (a) 6.94% (b) 335 J
3. (a) 10.7 kJ (b) 0.533 s
Pi A C 5. (a) 1.00 kJ (b) 0
7. (a) 67.2% (b) 58.8 kW
9. (a) 869 MJ (b) 330 MJ
11. (a) 741 J (b) 459 J
13. 0.330 or 33.0%
0 4 8 V(L) 15. (a) 5.12% (b) 5.27 TJ/h (c) As conventional energy
sources become more expensive, or as their true costs are
(b) 8.79 L (c) 900 K (d) 300 K (e) 336 J recognized, alternative sources become economically vi-
31. 25.0 kW able.
33. (a) 9.95 cal/K, 13.9 cal/K (b) 13.9 cal/K, 17.9 cal/K 17. (a) 214 J, 64.3 J
35. 2.33 ⫻ 10⫺21 J (b) ⫺ 35.7 J, ⫺ 35.7 J. The net effect is the transport of
37. The ratio of oxygen to nitrogen molecules decreases to energy from the cold to the hot reservoir without expen-
85.5% of its sea-level value. diture of external work.
39. (a) 6.80 m/s (b) 7.41 m/s (c) 7.00 m/s (c) 333 J, 233 J
43. 819°C (d) 83.3 J, 83.3 J, 0. The net effect is the expulsion of the
45. (a) 3.21 ⫻ 1012 molecules (b) 778 km energy entering the system by heat, entirely by work, in a
(c) 6.42 ⫻ 10⫺4 s⫺1 cyclic process.
49. (a) 9.36 ⫻ 10⫺8 m (b) 9.36 ⫻ 10⫺8 atm (c) 302 atm (e) ⫺ 0.111 J/K. The entropy of the Universe has
51. (a) 100 kPa, 66.5 L, 400 K, 5.82 kJ, 7.48 kJ, 1.66 kJ decreased.
A.54 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems

19. (a) 244 kPa (b) 192 J 49. 1.86

21. 146 kW, 70.8 kW 51. (a) 5.00 kW (b) 763 W
23. 9.00 53. (a) 2nRTi ln 2 (b) 0.273
27. 72.2 J 55. 23.1 mW
29. (a) 24.0 J (b) 144 J 57. 5.97 ⫻ 104 kg/s
31. ⫺ 610 J/K 59. (a) 3.19 cal/K (b) 98.19°F, 2.59 cal/K
33. 195 J/K 61. 1.18 J/K
35. 3.27 J/K 63. (a) 10.5nRTi (b) 8.50nRTi (c) 0.190 (d) 0.833
37. 1.02 kJ/K 65. nCP ln 3
39. 5.76 J/K. Temperature is constant if the gas is ideal. 69. (a) 96.9 W ⫽ 8.33 ⫻ 104 cal/hr
41. 0.507 J/K (b) 1.19°C/h ⫽ 2.14°F/h
43. 18.4 J/K
45. (a) 1 (b) 6
47. (a)
Total Number
Macrostate Possible Microstates of Microstates

All R RRR 1
2R, 1G RRG, RGR, GRR 3
1R, 2G GRR, GRG, RGG 3
All G GGG 1

(b)
Total Number
Macrostate Possible Microstates of Microstates

All R RRRRR 1

4R, 1G RRRRG, RRRGR, RRGRR,

RGRRR, GRRRR 5

3R, 2G RRRGG, RRGRG, RGRRG,

GRRRG, RRGGR, RGRGR,
GRRGR, RGGRR, GRGRR,
GGRRR 10

2R, 3G GGGRR, GGRGR, GRGGR,

RGGGR, GGRRG, GRGRG,
RGGRG, GRRGG, RGRGG,
RRGGG 10

1R, 4G GGGGR, GGGRG, GGRGG,

GRGGG, RGGGG 5

All G GGGGG 1