Exercise 8E 3ab − a b 12 (a + b ) c 1 (3b − a )

˜ › ˜ ˜ ˜ › 3 6 ˜ ˜
4 a PA = 34 a b AQ = 7 (b − a )
c −3ĩ ˜ ˜ ˜

Answers 8E–9A
1a i b 2j
˜ ˜ 5 a 6i + 8j b 10 c 35 i + 45 j
2a2 b4 c 6√2 ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜

[ ]
2

c[
2a ]
3a [2] c[5]
4a
b 3j 6 a √5 a b √5
1 d 5a 2
0 ˜ 0 √5
4 a 3√3 b 6√3 7 a yes b no, unless x = 0

[ ] [ ]
3
2 − 21
5 8 137°44′
6a b 35 i − 1
j c
˜
3 28
2
5
˜ 5 9 c a rectangle

[ ]
7a 6
5˜i + 25 j b 27
i
10 ˜ + 9
10 j 3
2
˜ ˜ 10 a b 33
i + 11
j
6 3 10 ˜ 10
8a b 14
2 ˜
√13 √5
84
9 − 36 i + 24
13 ˜ 13 j
11
˜
√153
10 7√5 12 36°
› ›
11 λ = 40 3 or −10
13 a MA = 12 a b AN = 12 (b − a )
˜ ˜ ˜
› ›
13 a − 3
1
d MN = PB = 12 b, so a pair of opposite sides are
˜
b −3ĩ + j is one such vector. parallel and equal.
˜
d 23i − j e 7√10 f 2√10 14 a p = b − a, m = 12 (a + b )
˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜
15 a ∣ a ∣ 2 = ∣ c ∣ 2
› ›
Exercise 8F b ∣ AB ∣ 2 = ∣ CB ∣ 2
› ›
16 a AC = a + b, BD = b − a
1 10√3 m/s, 10 m/s ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜
b (a + b ) · (a + b ) = x 2 + y 2 + 2a · b and
2 25i − 9j ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜
˜ ˜ (b − a) · (b − a) = x 2 + y 2 − 2a · b
3 √10 N c If the parallelogram is a rectangle, then a · b = 0, so
˜ ˜
4 34 N at 28° to the 30 N force the diagonals are equal. Conversely, if the diagonals
5 a 1000 cos 15° ≑ 966 N are equal, then a · b = 0, so the parallelogram is a
˜ ˜
b 1000 sin 15° ≑ 259 N rectangle.
6 28.3 N ›
17 a OP = (37 cos 50°) i + (37 sin 50°) j,
› ˜ ˜
7 a 12 N b 12√3 N OQ = (23 cos 25°) i − (23 sin 25°) j
› ˜ ˜
8 a OP = (20 cos 25°) i + (20 sin 25°) j b 48.4 N, 22.7° above the horizontal
› ˜ ˜
OQ = (16 cos 50°) i + (16 sin 50°) j 18 7.08 km/h, 133°T
˜ ˜
b 35 N, 36° above the horizontal 19 14 N
9 F = 49 20 a 4.9 m/s2 b T = 14.7
10 37°
11 5.4 N, 5.2° north of east
12 5 m/s2 at an angle of tan−1 24
7
above the horizontal
Chapter 9
13 a 19i + 88j b −84ĩ + 288j
˜ ˜ ˜
14 a 49 N b 60 N c 6° Exercise 9A
15 a ( 3 − 2√2 ) i + ( 5 − 2√2 ) j
˜ ˜ 1a x = −4, −3, 0, 5
b 2.2 m/s, 4.5°T
b i 1 m/s c x
16 c 20 kg 5
ii 2 m/s
17 a T = 44.1 bm = 9
iii 3 m/s
18 2√3 and 4
iv 5 m/s
19 a 3a = T − 3g sin θ b 2a = 2g sin 2θ − T 1
2 3 t
Chapter 8 review exercise

1 211.5 km, 088°T −3

› › › › › −4
2 a AD b AC c DC d0 e CD f DB

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 2 a x = 0, 3, 4, 3, 0 e As t → ∞, x → 0, meaning that eventually it ends
c The total distance travelled is 8 metres. up at the surface.
Answers 9A

The average speed is 2 m/s. f i −1 m/s ii 12 m/s iii − 13 m/s

d i 2 m/s ii −2 m/s iii 0 m/s g i 4 metres ii 6 metres
e x iii 9 metres iv 10 metres
9
4 h i 1 m/s ii 34 m/s iii 17 m/s
3 9 b x = 3 and x = −3 c t = 4, t = 20
d t = 8, t = 16 e 8 < t < 16
f 12 cm, 34 cm/s
10 a amplitude: 4 metres, period: 12 seconds
b 10 times
2 4 t
c t = 3, 15, 27, 39, 51
3 a x = 0, 120, 72, 0 b 240 metres
d It travels 16 metres with average speed 1 13 m/s.
c 20 m/s
e x = 0, x = 2 and x = 4, 2 m/s and 1 m/s
d i 30 m/s ii −15 m/s iii 0 m/s
11 amplitude: 10 metres, period: 24 seconds
4 a i 6 minutes b x x
ii 2 minutes 1 km 10
5
c 15 km/hr 8 16 36
d 20 km/hr 4 24 t
–5
–10
2 4 6 8 t
c It is at x = 0 when t = 6, 18 and 30.
5 a x = 0, 3, 1, 4, 2, 5, 3, 6 b x
d When t = 0, x = 10. The maximum distance is
c 7 hours 6
5 20 metres, when t = 12 and 36.
d 18 metres, 2 7 m/hr
4
4 e 60 metres, 1 23 m/s
e 67 m/hr 3 f 10, 5, −5, −10, −5, 5, 10
f Those between 1 and 2
1 1 1
2 metres high or between 1 g −1 m/s, −2 m/s, −1 m/s
4 2 4
4 and 5 metres high 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 t h x = −5 when t = 8 or t = 16, x < −5 when
6 a t = 0, 1, 4, 9, 16 x 8 < t < 16.
b i 2 cm/s 6 12 a When t = 0, h = 0. As t → ∞, h → 8000.
ii 23 cm/s b 0, 3610, 5590, 6678
4
iii 25 cm/s c h
iv 23 cm/s 2
8000
c They are parallel.
1 4 9 t
7 a i −1 m/s
ii 4 m/s t
iii −2 m/s
d 361 m/ min , 198 m/ min , 109 m/ min
b 40 metres, 1 13 m/s
13 a x
c 0 metres, 0 m/s
d 2 192
m/s 300
8 a i once
ii three times
iii twice
b i when t = 4 and when t = 14 e−1 t
ii when 0 ≤ t < 4 and when 4 < t < 14 c The maximum distance is
300 (e − 2)
c It rises 2 metres, at t = 8. 300 log (e − 1) − ≑ 37 metres when
e − 1
d It sinks 1 metre, at t = 17. t = e − 2 ≑ 43″ .
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 Exercise 9B 7 a x = (t − 7) (t − 1) b x
x. = 2 (t − 4) 7
1 a v = −2t ‥

Answers 9B
x = 2
b a = −2 4
c x = 11 metres, v = −6 m/s, a = −2 m/s2 1 7 t

d distance from origin: 11 metres, speed: 6 m/s

2 a v = 2t − 10 −9
b displacement: −21 cm, distance from origin: 21 cm,
velocity: v = −4 cm/s, speed: ∣ v ∣ = 4 cm/s x
c When v = 0, t = 5 and x = −25.
3 a v = 3t 2 − 12t, a = 6t − 12 x
b When t = 0, x = 0 cm, ∣ v ∣ = 0 cm/s and 2
4 t
a = −12 cm/s2.
c left (x = −27 cm)
−8
d left (v = −9 cm/s) t
e right (a = 6 cm/s2 ) c i t = 1 and t = 7 ii t = 4
f When t = 4, v = 0 cm/s and x = −32 cm. d i 7 metres when t = 0
g When t = 6, x = 0, v = 36 cm/s and ∣ v ∣ = 36 cm/s. ii 9 metres when t = 4
4 a x = 5t (4 − t) x iii 27 metres when t = 10
v = 20 − 10t 20
e −1 m/s, t = 3 12, x = −8 34
a = −10 f 25 metres, 3 47 m/s
8 a x = t (6 − t), v = 2 (3 − t), a = −2
b

1 2 3 4 t
v
20
a

4 2 4 −

2 t t
c i When t = 2, it is moving upwards and
−20 −10 accelerating downwards.
ii When t = 4, it is moving downwards and
b20 m/s accelerating downwards.
cIt returns at t = 4; both speeds are 20 m/s. d v = 0 when t = 3. It is stationary for zero time,
d20 metres after 2 seconds 9 metres up the plane, and is accelerating
e−10 m/s2. Although the ball is stationary, its downwards at 2 m/s2.
velocity is changing, meaning that its acceleration is e 4 m/s. When v = 4, t = 1 and x = 5.
non-zero. f All three average speeds are 3 m/s.
. ‥
5 x = −4e −4t, x = 16e −4t 9 a 45 metres, 3 seconds,
v
.
a e −4t is positive, for all t, so x is always negative and 15 m/s
30
‥
x is always positive. b 30 m/s, 20, 10, 0,
6
b ix = 1 ii x = 0 −10, −20, −30
. ‥ . ‥ 3 t
c i x = −4, x = 16 ii x = 0, x = 0 c 0 seconds
6 v = 2π cos πt, a = −2π 2 sin πt d The acceleration was −30
a When t = 1, x = 0, v = −2π and a = 0. always negative.
b i right (v = π) ii left ( a = −π 2√3 ) e The velocity was decreasing at a constant rate of
10 m/s every second.

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 ‥
10 a 8 metres, when t = 3 b x = −4x
b i when t = 3 and t = 9 (because the gradient c i x = 0 when t = 0, π2 or π.
Answers 9B

is zero) ii v = 0 when t = π4 or 3π
4.
ii when 0 ≤ t < 3 and when t > 9 (because the iii same as i
gradient is positive) d i x < 0 when π2 < t < π.
iii when 3 < t < 9 (because the gradient is ii v < 0 when π4 < t < 3π4.
‥
negative) iii x < 0 when 0 < t < π2.
c x = 0 again when t = 9. Then v = 0 (because the e i t = 12 π

gradient is zero) and it is accelerating to the right π

ii t = 6
(because the concavity is upwards). 13 a i 0 ≤ t < 8
d at t = 6 (at the point of inflection the second ii 0 ≤ t < 4 and t > 12
derivative is zero), x = 4, moving to the left iii roughly 8 < t < 16
e0 ≤ t < 6 b roughly t = 8
f i t ≑ 4, 12 ii t ≑ 10 c i t ≑ 5, 11, 13 ii t ≑ 13, 20
g v a d twice e 17 units
f v

4 16
6 t t
8 12
3 9 t

‥
11 a x = 4 cos π4 t, v = −π sin π4 t, a = − 14 π 2 cos π4 t 14 a x. = 6e −0.5t, x = −3e −0.5t
b maximum displacement: x = 4 when t = 0 or v
6
t = 8, maximum velocity: π m/s when t = 6,
maximum acceleration: 14π 2 m/s2 when t = 4
c 40 metres, 2 m/s
t
d 1 13 < t < 6 23
e i t = 0, t = 4 and t = 8 ii 4 < t < 8 x
t
12 a x = 6 sin 2t x
v = 12 cos 2t −3
‥ 6
2π
x = −24 sin 2t π π t
−6 4
b i downwards (downwards is positive here.)
ii upwards
v
c The velocity and acceleration tend to zero and the
12
position tends to 12 metres below ground level.
d x = 6 when e −0.5t = 12, that is, t = 2 loge 2
π 2π t minutes. The speed then is 3 m/min (half the
−12 initial speed of 6 m/min) and the acceleration
is −1 12 m/min2 (half the initial acceleration of
x
24 −3 m/min2).
e 19 minutes. When t = 18, x ≑ 11.9985 metres.
When t = 19, x ≑ 11.9991 metres.
15 a 0 ≤ x ≤ 2r
π 2π t dx 2r sin θ
b i = . M is travelling upwards
dθ √5 − 4 cos θ
when 0 < θ < π.
−24 ii M is travelling downwards when π < θ < 2π.

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 dx 6 a 4 < t < 14 b 0 < t < 10 c t = 14
c The speed is maximum when θ = π3 (when = r)
dθ dt = 4 et≑8
dx

Answers 9B–9C
and when θ = 5π 3 (when = −r). f a x
dθ
d When θ = π3 or 5π 3 , ∠APC is a right angle, so AP is
a tangent to the circle. At these places, P is moving
4 10 14 t 4
directly towards A or directly away from A, and so 14 t
10
the distance AP is changing at the maximum rate.
dx
Again because AP is a tangent, at these points
dθ 7 a 20 m/s c a
must equal the rate of change of arc length with
2
respect to θ , which is r or −r when θ = π3 or 5π 3
respectively.
2 40 60
16 sin α = ≑ 0.204 08, α ≑ 11 ∘ 47′ t
g 10
−1
Exercise 9C
x
1 a x = t 3 − 3t 2 + 4 v
900
b When t = 2, x = 0 metres and v = 0 m/s. 20
700
c a = 6t − 6
d When t = 1, a = 0 m/s2 and x = 2 metres.
2 a v = 10t, x = 5t 2 t 100 t
b 4 seconds, 40 m/s 10 40 60 10 40 60

c After 2 seconds, it has fallen 20 metres and its speed 8 a a = −4, x = 16t − 2t 2 + C
is 20 m/s. b x = C after 8 seconds, when the speed is 16 cm/s.
.
d It is halfway down after 2√2 seconds, and its speed c x = 0 when t = 4. Maximum distance right is 32 cm
then is 20√2 m/s. when t = 4, maximum distance left is 40 cm when
3 a a = −10, v = −10t − 25, x = −5t 2 − 25t + 120 t = 10. The acceleration is −4 cm/s2 at all times.
b 3 seconds, 55 m/s c 40 m/s d 104 cm, 10.4 cm/s
4 a i x. = 3t 2, x = t 3 9 a x = t 2 (t − 6)2, after 6 seconds, 0 cm/s
ii x. = − 13e −3t + 13, x = 19e −3t + 13t − 19 b 162 cm, 27 cm/s
‥
iii x. = π1 sin πt, x = − π12 cos πt + π12 c x = 12 (t 2 − 6t + 6) , 24√3 cm/s after 3 − √3
iv x. = −12 (t + 1) −1 + 12, and 3 + √3 seconds.
‥
x = −12 log e (t + 1) + 12t d The graphs of x, v and x are all unchanged by
b i a = 0, x = −4t − 2 reflection in t = 3, but the mouse would be running
1t 1t backwards!
ii a = 12e2 , x = 2e2 − 4 ‥
10 a x = 6t, v = 3t 2 − 9
iii a = 16 cos 2t, x = −4 cos 2t + 2
3 b x = t 3 − 9t + C 1, 3 seconds
−1 ‥
iv a = 12t 2 , x = 23t 2 − 2 11 e − 1 seconds, v = 1/e, x = −1/e 2.
5 a x. = 6t 2 − 24, x = 2t 3 − 24t + 20 The velocity and acceleration approach zero, but the
b t = 2√3 , speed: 48 m/s particle moves to infinity.
.
c x = −12 when t = 2. 12 a x = −5 + 20e −2t, x = −5t + 10 − 10e −2t,
d x t = loge 2 seconds
20 b It rises 7 12 − 5 loge 2 metres, when the acceleration
is 10 m/s2 downwards.
1 2
c The velocity approaches a limit of 5 m/s downwards,
3 2 3 t
−12
called the terminal velocity.

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 13 a v = 1 − 2 sin t, x = t + 2 cos t c y = 2−x d y = 2x
b π2 < t < 3π x
2 y y
Answers 9C–9D

2 + 2π
c t = π6 when x = π6 + √3,

6 when x =
and 5π 5π
6 − √3, ( 5π6 , 5π6 –√3)
3π
π
< t < 5π
6.
2
6 ( π6 , π6 +√3)
d 3 m/s when t = 3π
and
2 2 x x
π π
x = 3π
2, −1 m/s when t = 2 2

and x = π2 . 5 y a i 0 ≤ x ≤ π2
π π 5π 3π 2π t
e 2π metres, 1 m/s 6 2 6 2
ii π2 ≤ x ≤ π
f 4√3 + 2π 3 metres, 3 + π √3 m/s
1 2
iii π ≤ x ≤ 3π2
14 a Thomas, by 15 m/s 2
iv 3π2 ≤ x ≤ 2π
x
b x T = 20 log (t + 1), x H = 5t 2
b i π ≤ x ≤ 2π
c during the 10th second, 3 112
m/s ii 0 ≤ x ≤ π
d after 3 seconds, by 13 metres
15 a For V ≥ 30 m/s, they collide after 180/V seconds,
. −t
180
V2
(V 2 − 900) metres above the valley floor. 6a h = 60e 3 − 30
b V = 30√2 m/s 3√2 seconds b 30 m/s upwards
16 a v = 5 (e −2t − 1) , x = 52 (1 − e −2t ) − 5t c h = 27.62 m at 3 ln 2 ≑ 2.08 seconds
b The speed gradually increases with limit 5 m/s d h ≑ 10.23 m and speed is 15 m/s downwards
(the terminal velocity). e 30 m/s downwards
18 a x 1 = 2 + 6t + t 2, x 2 = 1 + 4t − t 2, 7a i 12 kg/min e R
D = 1 + 2t + 2t 2 ii 10 23 kg/min
20
b D is never zero, the minimum distance is 1 metre at b 10 kg/min
t = 0 (t cannot be negative). .
c R = (1 −20+ 2t)2
, 10
c v M = 5 m/s, 12 12 metres ‥
R = (1 +80 2t)3
t
Exercise 9D d R is decreasing at a
decreasing rate
1 a 80 tonnes b When t = 0, V = 0.
8 a (0, 0) and d M
c 360 tonnes d 20 tonnes/minute
(9, 81e −9 ) ≑ (9, 0.0)
2 a 80 000 litres b 5 000 litres .
c 0 min ≤ t ≤ 20 min d 6000 litres/min b M = 9 (1 − t) e −t, 3

e The tank is emptying, so F is decreasing. (1, 9e −1 ) ≑ (1, 3.3) 2

‥ 1
3 a 1500 b 300 c 15 minutes c M = 9 (t − 2) e −t,
4 a y = −2−x 10 t
b y = −2x (2, 18e −2 ) ≑ (2, 2.4) 2 4 6 8
y y et = 1
–1 1 f t = 0
x x gt = 2
–1 –1
–2 9 a The graph is steepest d GFC
–2
in January 2008.
b It levels out in 2009?
2008

2009

c The LIBOR reduced at

a decreasing rate. t
2007

It may have been

mistaken as indicating
the crisis was ending.

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 10 a Unemployment was c U 2CV 2
11 a m/s2
increasing. L2

Answers 9D–9F
b The rate of increase c As L decreases, the speed passing the truck
was decreasing. increases, so the driver should wait as long as
possible before beginning to accelerate. A similar
600000
result is obtained if the distance between car and
t truck is increased. Optimally, the driver should allow
11 a A = 9 × 10 5
b N (1) = 380 087 both L to decrease and C to increase.
c When t is large, N is close to 4.5 × 105. d 950 metres
. 5 −t 12 b This is just two applications of the chain rule.
d N = 9(2 ×+10e −te )2
d6
300t ( 2 − 15 t ) 13 c x = h = 50 ( √3 + 1) metres
12 a I = % b I (4) ≑ 6.12% d 200 km/h
200 + 3t 2 − 15 t 3
c t = 0 or 10. The latter is rejected because the model Exercise 9F
is only valid for 8 years.
13 b exponentials are always positive. 1bt = 4 c 57 dt = 2
c ϕ (0) = 1 , lim ϕ (x) = 0 2 a 25 minutes c 3145 litres
√2π x → ∞
3 a P = 6.8 − 2 loge (t + 1)
d ϕ′ (x) < 0 for x > 0 (decreasing)
b approximately 29 days
−1
e at x = 1 and x = −1, where ϕ (x) = 1 e 2. 4 a −2 m3/s
√2π
h The curve approaches the horizontal asymptote more b 20 s
slowly for larger x. c V = 520 − 2t + 20 1 2
t
3
14 a y = 2 and x = π2, 3π 5π d 20 m
2, 2, ...
y
e 2 minutes and 20 seconds
f
5 a no c t ≑ 1.28 d x = 52
6a0 b 250 m/s
11π 4π
c x = 1450 − 250 (5e −0.2t + t)
5π
12 3 2 3π
π
π π
3 2
3π
3
23π
12
7π
3
x 7 a I = 18 000 − 5t + 48 π sin 12 t
dI
b has a maximum of −1, so it is always negative.
dt
c There will be 3600 tonnes left.
8 a It was decreasing for the first 6 months and
Exercise 9E increasing thereafter.
1 b 1 m2/s c 7 metres d 9 m2 b after 6 months e W
2 a A = 12ℓ2 c after 12 months
c i 5 m2/s ii 3 m2/s d It appears to have
d 34 metres stabilised, increasing
3 a 15.1 m3/s b 30.2 m2/s towards a limiting
4 b 9π
2
cm/s c √10π cm, 4000 cm3 value. 6 12 18 t
3√π
5 a V = 3πr
2 3
b 10π cm/s
1

6 b 5 degrees per second

7 2 degrees per minute 9 a θ = tan−1 t + π4
dh b t = tan ( θ − π4 )
8 a V = 100h 2x cm3 b = 0.1 cm/day
dt c As t → ∞, tan −1t → π2, and so θ → 3π 4.
10 a −2√1 − x 2 10 a 1200 m3 per month at the beginning of July
b −2 m/s — as the point crosses the y-axis it is b W = 0.7t − π3 sin π6t
travelling horizontally at a speed of 2 m/s. 11 b k = 24
5

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 dr 1
12 a V = 13πr 3 b = d 2√3 seconds, 24 cm/s, 12√3 cm/s2
dt 2πr 2 e As t → ∞, x → ∞ and v → ∞.
Answers 9F–9 review

c t = 2π
3 (r − 1000)
3
d 25 minutes 25 seconds
π 7 a The acceleration is 10 m/s2 downwards.
13 a V = 3 (128 − 48h + h 3 )
b v = −10t + 40, x = −5t 2 + 40t + 45
b i A = π (16 − h 2 ) ii 1 hour 20 minutes
c 4 seconds, 125 metres
d When t = 9, x = 0.
Chapter 9 review exercise
e 50 m/s
1a x = 24, x = 36, 6 cm/s f 80 metres, 105 metres
bx = 16, x = 36, 10 cm/s g 25 m/s
cx = −8, x = −8, 0 cm/s 8a x b t = π and t = 2π
.
dx = 9, x = 81, 36 cm/s c x = −cos t
1
2av = 40 − 2t, a = −2, 175 m, 30 m/s, −2 m/s2 d t = π2
3π
2π
bv = 3t 2 − 25, a = 6t, 0 m, 50 m/s, 30 m/s2 2 e i x = 5 − sin t
π t
cv = 8 (t − 3), a = 8, 16 m, 16 m/s, 8 m/s2 2 π ii x = 4
dv = −4t 3, a = −12t 2, −575 m, −500 m/s, −300 m/s2 −1

ev = 4π cos πt, a = −4π2 sin πt, 0 m, −4π m/s, 0 m/s2

f v = 21 e 3t − 15, a = 63 e 3t − 15, 7 m, 21 m/s, 63 m/s2
3 a v = 16 − 2t, a = −2 e x 9 a v = 20 m/s
b 60 m, −4 m/s, 4 m/s, 64 b 20 e −t is always positive.
−2 m/s2 c a = −20 e −t
c t = 16s, v = −16 m/s d −20 m/s2
d t = 8 s, x = 64 m e x = 20 − 20 e −t
f As t → ∞, a → 0, v → 0 and x → 20.
t 10 a x b 400 km
8 16 300
c 57 17 km/hr
v a
16

50
16 16
8 t 8 t 1 2 7 t

−16 −2 11 a x = 20 m, v = 0
b i 8 m/s ii 0 iii −8 m/s
4 a a = 0, x = 7t + 4 c i north (The graph is concave up.)
b a = −18t, x = 4t − 3t 3 + 4 ii south (The graph is concave down.)
c a = 2 (t − 1), x = 13 (t − 1)3 + 4 13 iii south (The graph is concave down.)
d a = 0, x = 4 d v
e a = −24 sin 2t, x = 4 + 6 sin 2t 8
f a = −36 e −3t, x = 8 − 4 e −3t
5 a v = 3t 2 + 2t, x = t 3 + t 2 + 2 25 30 40
b v = −8t, x = −4t 2 + 2 5 10 15 t

c v = 12t 3 − 4t, x = 3t 4 − 2t 2 + 2
d v = 0, x = 2 −8

e v = 5 sin t, x = 7 − 5 cos t
12 a at t = 5
f v = 7 e t − 7, x = 7 e t − 7t − 5
b at t = 12, 0 < t < 12, t > 12
6 a x. = 3t 2 − 12, x = t 3 − 12t
c0 < t < 5, t > 5
b When t = 2, x. = 0.
d at t = 12, when the velocity was zero
c 16 cm

894
Mathematics Extension 1 Year 12 ISBN 978-1-108-76630-2 © Bill Pender et al. 2019 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.
 .
e a f x b x increases so it accelerates.
‥ −1 t
x = 25 e 5 which is always positive.

Answers 9 review–10B
.
c lim x = 3 m/s
12 t→∞
t −1 t
d x = 3t + 10 ( e − 1)
5 t 5 1 2 5

17 a V = 1 2
5t − 20t + 500
c t = 50 − 25√2 ≑ 15 seconds. Discard the other
13 a i y ii y
answer t = 50 + 25√2 because after 50 seconds
the bottle is empty.
18 a − 35
24 cm/s
b − 96
1
radians per second
x 2
x
2

Chapter 10
iii y iv y
Exercise 10A
1 b x = 30t, y = −5t 2 + 30t
c t = 6 seconds. d 180 m
e t = 3 seconds f 45 m
2 b x = 20t√3, y = −5t + 20t2
x x
2 2 c  i t = 4 seconds. ii 80√3 m
b i y = sin x ii y = cos x iii 20 m
iii y = cot x iv y = tan x 3 b x = 10t, y = −5t 2 + 10t√3
14 a Initially K increases at an increasing rate so c  i 15.9 m ii 12.4 m/s
the grpah is concave up. Then K increases at a 4 b x = 36t, y = −5t 2 + 48t
decreasing rate so is concave down. The change in c 146.5 m
concavity coincides with the inflection point. 5 a v = 8i + (6 − 10t) j
˜ ˜ ˜
b K b r = (8t) i + (6t − 5t 2 ) j
˜ ˜ ˜
c  i 10 m/s ii 16i − 8j
˜ ˜
iii 4.8i + 1.8j
˜ . ˜
6 a x· = 40, y = 25
7 a v = 4i + 4j b 2i + 0.75j
˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜
9 b x = 6t√3, y = −5t 2 − 6t
initial t
population c 1 second d 10.4 m
10 a 1.19 seconds b 5.03 m
15 a 7 500 L
. 11 26 m/s
b V = −12 (50 − 2t)
. 13 They collide 1 second after P 2 is projected.
c V is negative in the given domain.
. ‥ 14 c θ = 45° or θ ≑ 81°52′
d V is negative and V = 24 is positive, so the outflow
15 b i √5 s, √85 s
decreases.
ii 20√5 ≑ 44.7 m/s in both cases, at angles of 0°
16 a v
and 76.0° to the horizontal.
18 c θ = 60°

Exercise 10B

t 1 a 13.8 m b 18 m or 68.4 m
dy
c = − 162
5
x + 4
3
dx

895  
Mathematics Extension 1 Year 12 ISBN 978-1-108-76630-2 © Bill Pender et al. 2019 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party.