GRAMMAR &

WRITING
 PATTERN OF SECTION B
(WRITING SKILLS AND
GRAMMAR)

Grammar = 10 Marks
✓ Answer any 10 of 12 questions.
✓ Each question carries 1 mark.
Writing = 10 Marks
• Writing a formal letter based on a given situation
in 100-120 words. One out of two questions is to
be answered. (5 Marks)
• Writing an analytical paragraph in 100-120
words on a given map/chart/graph/cue. One out of
two questions is to be answered. (5 Marks)
 Syllabus ROUGH WORKS
>
- Tenses
Subject
>
-
Agreement
very
Speech
> Reported
-

correction
>
- Error

>
-
Mudal
transformation
> Sentence
prepositions Determiners
-

>
-
Articles ,
,
 Bible -SOP 2024-25
:

published by
CBSE

TENSES
Fill in the blank with the correct option to complete the opening line of a
formal letter:
Dear Mr. Patel, subject
We are pleased to inform you that your proposal for the upcoming project by
the board of directors_____________.
A. had endorsed Singular

"
B. will have been endorsed
C. has been endorsed
D. have endorsed
• "Has been endorsed" (present perfect passive) is
appropriate because it indicates that the endorsement
-

has recently happened and is relevant to the present.

- -

• "Had endorsed" (past perfect) would be incorrect

because there is no reference to another past event.
• "Will have been endorsed" (future perfect)
suggests something will be completed in the future,
which does not match the sentence's meaning.
• "Have endorsed" is incorrect because "board of
directors" is a singular collective noun, requiring
"has."

A recent
perfectas/have +
vy
 ROUGH WORKS
2 past events
↓
had + Vs
 event
event past completed
past had
By the time we arrived at the venue, the keynote speaker _______ his
presentation.
-

A. completes
-
B. had completed
C. was completing
D. will complete
• The phrase "By the time we arrived" indicates that
one action was already completed before another
past action.
• "Had completed" (past perfect) is the correct
choice because past perfect is used to show that one
past event happened before another past event.
 Present Continuous Tense

Dear Ms. Sharma,

We would like to inform you that the company __________ your request for an
extended deadline.

A. considers
-
B. is considering
C. was considering
D. has considered
Y -
present perfect
• B. is considering

• The present continuous tense ("is considering") is

used to indicate an ongoing action happening at the
moment of speaking.
• "Considers" (simple present) would imply a general
truth rather than a current process.
=
 Future Perfect Tense future
Dear Mr. Thomas,
By the time you arrive, the documents __________ by our legal team.

A. had been reviewed

-
B. will have been reviewed
-

C. are reviewing
D. were reviewing
us
 ROUGH WORKS

is , am are =
be ' form > V ,
-

was , are
>
-
Va

been >
- V3
• B. will have been reviewed

• The future perfect tense ("will have been reviewed")

is used to indicate that an action will be completed at
a specific time in the future.
 us
had +

-
Past Perfect Tense tr2
even
Dear Mr. Wilson, past
We regret to inform you that by the time your application reached us, the
position __________ to another candidate.
event I
> past
-

~
A. has been offered
B. had been offered
C. was offering had + bery
D. will be offered ↓
• B. had been offered

• The past perfect tense ("had been offered") is used

because it refers to an action completed before
another past event (the application reaching them).
 Simple Present Tense
singular
Dear Ms. Kapoor, T
process
As per the company’s policy, the HR department __________ all
reimbursement requests within five working days.

A. process > plural

-

B. processed
C. processes
-
D. has processed > present
-
perfect
• C. processes
• The simple present tense ("processes") is used to
express a general truth or routine action.
Past Continuous Tense

Dear Mr. Rao,

At the time of your inquiry, our customer support team __________ your issue.
-

A. had resolved X
B. is resolving
-
C. was resolving
D. resolves
• C. was resolving
• The past continuous tense ("was resolving") is used
because it describes an action that was in progress at
a specific point in the past.
Past Continuous Tense

Dear Mr. Rao,

At the time of your inquiry, our customer support team __________ your issue.

A. had resolved
B. is resolving
C. was resolving
D. resolves
• C. was resolving
• The past continuous tense ("was resolving") is used
because it describes an action that was in progress at
a specific point in the past.
Future Continuous Tense

Dear Ms. Fernandez, future

Please note that our team __________ the final quality checks by next Friday.
-

A. has conducted
B. was conducting
C. will be conducting
D. had conducted
• C. will be conducting
• The future continuous tense ("will be conducting")
is used for an action that will be in progress at a
specific time in the future.
Present Perfect Tense

Dear Mr. Das,

We are happy to inform you that the management __________ your leave
request.

A. is approving
-
B. has approved
C. approved
D. will approve
• B. has approved
• The present perfect tense ("has approved") is used
for an action that was completed recently and is
relevant to the present moment.
SUBJECT-VERB
AGREEMENT
❑ Complete the given school announcement by selecting the correct option to fill in
the blank.
Our school’s robotics team has successfully ------ a place in the semi-finals.
A. securing

~
B. secured
=>
Present perfect
had Ve
I have
C. W
hill secure
has
D. Had secured =>
 ❑ Select the correct option to complete the given sentence from a handbook for
managers.
The manager -------- consider the proposal before making a decision.
A. will
-
B. should
C. might
D. can
 ❑ Complete the given sentence about the reaction of some friends, by selecting the
correct option:

G
The group of friends ------- excited at the prospect of their upcoming adventure.
-
-

I
A. are
singular
of cars =

B. has group
plural
=
C. is
groups of
cars=

D. were
Singular

us
 ROUGH WORKS
singular plural

is are

was were

does do

have
has
Option B: "has" (Incorrect)

• "Has" is used to indicate possession or as an auxiliary verb (e.g., "He has a book"
or "She has gone to the market").
• In this sentence, the verb should describe the state of being excited, not possession
or completion of an action.
Therefore, "has" is incorrect.
❑ Complete the given school announcement by selecting the correct option to fill in
the blank.
Our school’s robotics team has successfully ------ a place in the semi-finals.
A. securing
B. secured
C. hill secure
D. Had secured
Let’s Practice!
❑ Fill in the blanks with the correct verb:
1.Neither of the answers ___ correct. (is/are) is

·
2.The bouquet of flowers ___ beautiful. (look/looks)
3.Each of the students ___ given a prize. (was/were)
4.The news ___ shocking. (was/were)
5.My father, along with his friends, ___ going to the function. (is/are)
- -

subject
singular was >
Singular
plural
-

is
- were >
-
plural
are
1. Neither of the answers is correct.
Explanation: "Neither" is always singular and takes a singular verb.

2. The bouquet of flowers looks beautiful.

Explanation: The subject is "bouquet" (singular), not "flowers."

3. Each of the students was given a prize.

Explanation: "Each" is singular and takes a singular verb.

4. The news was shocking.

Explanation: "News" is an uncountable noun and is always singular.

5. My father, along with his friends, is going to the function.

Explanation: The main subject is "My father" (singular). "Along with" does not
change the number of the subject.
❑ "Either" is singular and takes a singular verb
Rule: "Either" refers to one of two things and takes a singular verb.
Example: Either of the options is acceptable.

❑ "Each" is singular and takes a singular verb

Rule: "Each" refers to individual items in a group and takes a singular verb.
Example: Each student O
has a textbook.
-

❑ "None" can be singular or plural depending on context

❑ Example (Singular): None of the foodO
is left.
=

❑ =
Example (Plural): None of the students are late.
 BOT Rule
is

Everybody ave happy-

T
>
-

↓
plural
avergo
↓ one
than
more
↓
plural
 BOT Rule

3
Everything
Everyone
Everybody Singular
someone something
somebody
Anyone Anything
Anybody Nothing
No one

Nobody
 information
❑ Choose the correct option:
subject additional
1. The principal, along with the teachers, (has/have) arrived for the meeting.
-

2. Either the players or the coach (is/are) responsible for the loss.
=>>

3. One of the books (is/are) missing from the shelf.

mun

- C
4. The quality of the products (has/have) improved over time.

F
Iplural
/
singular Either-
Ov
plural-

the coach or the players

Either -

are for the loss

responsible
&

-
 1. The principal, along with the teachers, has arrived for the meeting.
Explanation: The main subject is "The principal" (singular). "Along with" does not
affect the verb.

2. Either the players or the coach is responsible for the loss.

Explanation: When using "either...or," the verb agrees with the subject closest to it.
Here, "coach" is singular.

3. One of the books is missing from the shelf.

Explanation: "One" is the subject, which is singular, so the verb is singular.

4. The quality of the products has improved over time.

Explanation: The subject is "quality" (singular), not "products."
 100 % 5 marks 50 %)

LETTER
WRITING
Ermal Letter

hefter to the Editor

>
-

>
-
complaint
>
-
order placing
❑ A Letter to the Editor is a formal way of addressing societal,
political, or environmental issues in a public platform.
❑ Its primary purpose is to inform, raise awareness, or request
action on a topic of public concern.
❑ These letters are usually published in newspapers,
magazines, or online portals.
 Structure of a Letter to the Editor
-
1. Sender's Address without Name (Top-left corner)
2. Date
-
3. Receiver's Address
-
(Include the editor's title, the name of the publication, and the address.)
-
4. Subject up
institution
5. Salutation
-
~
6. Body of the Letter
i) Introduction: Briefly state the issue.
ii) Main Content: Provide details, facts, and suggestions.
---

iiil Conclusion: Request action or express hope for a solution.

-
-

7. Complimentary Close U
a

Use “Yours sincerely” or “Yours faithfully.”

-

8. Name of the Sender

-
 Green Villa -
①
Kozhikode, Kerala

13 February 2025
- ②

The Editor -
Times of India
Kochi

Subject: Increasing number of accidents on National Highway 47.

Sir/Madam, -
(i)
I am writing to express my concern about the increasing number of accidents on National Highway 47.
(i)
The poor condition of the road and the lack of proper signage have made it a danger zone. Many accidents, including
fatalities, could be prevented if action is taken immediately.
(iii)
I urge the authorities to take swift action to repair the road and install better traffic signs. I also recommend raising
awareness about road safety to prevent further incidents.
I hope you will consider publishing this letter to bring attention to this urgent matter.

Yours sincerely,
Nasar Faruddeen
-
 Key Tips for Writing a
Letter to the Editor

•Be Concise and Clear: Keep the letter within 150 words.
•Stay Formal: Use polite, formal language.
=

•Focus on One Issue: Do not overload the letter with multiple topics.
•Suggest Solutions: Don't just highlight problems; propose actionable solutions.
•Check Grammar and Spelling: Ensure your letter is error-free.
Useful Phrases
for Letter
Writing
Opening Phrases:
~
• I am writing to express my concern about...
~
• I would like to draw your attention to...
~
• I am writing to inform you about...
• I wish to highlight an issue regarding...
-
Main Body Phrases:
-
• It has come to my attention that...

I
• Several incidents have occurred, such as...
• The main cause of this problem is...
• It is crucial to address this issue because...
 Formal
Making Suggestions:
• I would suggest that...
wage
•It would be beneficial if... lang
•I propose that...
•One possible solution could be...
•A practical way to address this issue would be...
O
Supporting Points:
• The fact that... proves that...
• Research indicates that...
• According to recent reports...
• It is evident that...
• Studies have shown that...
Requesting Actions:
• I urge the authorities to...
• It is high time that...
• I request that immediate steps be taken to...
• I appeal to the concerned authorities to take action.
• I strongly urge you to address this matter urgently.
Concluding Remarks:
• I hope you will consider my views.
• I look forward to seeing appropriate measures
taken.
• I trust that this issue will receive the attention it
deserves.
• I am confident that the editorial board will take
my concerns seriously.
• Thank you for considering my opinion.
You are Tanvi/Shirish of Safdarjung Development Area, New Delhi.
-
You are extremely disturbed about the attacks on old people living
alone. Write a letter in 100-120 words to the Editor, "The New Indian
-

News' making people sensitive to the problem. Make suggestion to

- -

the people living alone and the authorities to ensure that such attacks
do not take place.
Safdarjung Development Area
New Delhi
13 February 2024
The Editor
The New Indian Express
New Delhi
Subject: Security of old people living alone
Sir,
Through the column of your esteemed newspaper, I would like to bring to the notice
of the concerned authorities regarding the security problems that are staring in the
face of our senior citizens.
It is with great sorrow that I am making reference to the incidents of molestation and
rape against elderly women that have risen in the past few years. The senior citizens
It is with great sorrow that I am making reference to the incidents of molestation and
rape against elderly women that have risen in the past few years. The senior citizens
are often being hacked to death by the robbers who take off with their valuables and
money.
Special steps need to be taken to protect the elders who are generally unattended,
between 9 a.m. to around 9 p.m., as their children could be out working. In some
cases, they may be living solitary lives in their own homes. Police vans need to be on
constant rounds, citizen squads can be formed and the elderly citizens need to be
checked upon regularly. Modern security devices should be installed to ensure the
safety of these elders who are at the sundown of their lives.
I hope the police force in particular and all the citizens in general, take appropriate
actions to curtail the problem, which can be faced by anyone at any time.

Thanking you in anticipation.

Sd/
Shirish
Complaint Letter
What is a Complaint Letter?
A complaint letter is a formal letter that you write when you
-

are unhappy with a product or service.

You send this letter to the company or person responsible for
the problem.
In the letter, you explain what went wrong and ask for a
solution, like a refund or a fix.
Complaint letters follow a specific format to make sure your
message is clear.
What is the format?
The complaint letter format is straightforward and follows the
standard structure of a formal letter. Below is the breakdown of each
part:
-Sender's Address: Your address should be at the top left, followed by the date.

-Date: The date when the letter is being written.

-Recipient's Address: Write the recipient's name, title (if any), and address.

-Salutation: Use "Dear Sir" or "Dear Madam" as appropriate.

-Subject Line: Briefly state the purpose of the letter.

For example, "Complaint regarding a defective product."

-Body of the Letter:

• Introduction: State the problem and provide details about the product or service in question.
• Details of the Complaint: Explain when and how the issue occurred.
• Action Requested: State what resolution you are seeking, such as a refund or replacement.
• Conclusion: I politely request a prompt response. Please provide your contact details.

-Closing: End with a formal closing such as "Yours sincerely" or "Yours faithfully."

-Signature: Your signature, followed by your full name and phone number.
• “I am very disappointed with..."
• "I regret to inform you that..."
• "I was extremely dissatisfied with..."
• "This is unacceptable"
• "I would appreciate it if you could..."
• "I would like to request your immediate attention to this matter"
• "I look forward to your prompt response"
Let’s try one
Damaged Product Received
Sunitha

*
Delay in internet installation
Points to remember
Rules of Transformation
Transformation of "subject + verb + too + Adiective/adverb + infinitive"
to "principal clause (with so/such) + that + adverb clause".

1. The man is too poor to pay his bills. (Simple sentence)

-

The man is so poor that he cannot pay his bills. (Complex sentence)
-
-
-

2. Shyam is too honest to cheat. (simple)

Shyam isJ
-
so honest that he cannot cheat. (Complex sentence)
-

• too is replaced by so/such

• Infinitive is changed into 'that + Negative adverb clause of result
Rewrite the following sentences by removing the adverb 'too'

1. Shweta is tooSoweak in studies to pass.

-

2. My sister is too good to harm anyone.

-

-
3. My boss is too busy to pick up the phone.
- -

4. The patient is too weak to go upstairs.

5. This house is too expensive for me to buy.

1. Shweta is so weak in studies that she cannot pass.

2. My sister is so good that she cannot harm anyone.
3. My boss is so busy that he cannot pick up the phone.
4. The patient is so weak that he cannot go upstairs.
5. This house is so expensive that I cannot buy it.
Rewrite the following sentences using the adverb 'too'.
=
Too
1. The man was so tired that he could not climb the hill.
-

2. Hari is so simple that he cannot tell a lie.

3. This question is so difficult that the children cannot solve it.
4. My mother is so simple that she cannot look after our business.
5. The gardener was so old that he could not climb the tree.

The man was too tired to climb the hill.

2. Hari is too simple to tell a lie.
3. This question is too difficult for the children to solve.
4. My mother is too simple to look after our business.
5. The gardener was too old to climb the tree.
Rewrite the following sentences by removing enough'.
so
1. Raju is old enough to go to market.
2. This table is strong enough to hold 100 kg. weight.
3. My brother is intelligent enough to impress the boss.
So

Raju is so old that he can go to market.

2. This table is so strong that it can hold 100 kg weight.
3. My brother is so intelligent that he can impress the boss.
Rewrite the following sentences after changing the degree of
comparison from positive to comparative.

1. Radha is as smart as Krishna. Krishna is not smarter than Radha.

2. My school is as famous as yours.
3. Mohan is as strong as Sohan.
4. My brother is as brilliant as my sister.

2. Your school is not more famous than mine.

3. Sohan is not stronger than Mohan.
4. My sister is not more brilliant than my brother.
Rewrite the following sentences after changing the degree of comparison
from comparative to positive.

1. Mansi is brighter than her sister.

2. The Taj Mahal is more beautiful than any other building of the country.
3. The children are more playful than their parents.
4. Ajay is more handsome than his brother.

1. Mansi's sister is not as bright as Mansi.

2. No other building of the country is as beautiful as The Tai Mahal.
3. The parents are not as playful as their children.
4. Ajay's brother is not as handsome as Ajay.
Transformation from comparative to a superlative degree

1. Babu is faster than any other boy in the class.

Babu is the fastest boy in the class.

2. Gold is more expensive than any other metal.

Gold is the most expensive metal.

• Any other/no other is left out.

• The comparative form is changed into a superlative form.
• 'Than' is removed, "the' is added before superlative degree.
Rewrite the following sentences after changing the degree of
Adjective from comparative to superlative.

1. No other poet is greater than Kalidas.

2. Mr. Joshi is taller than any other teacher.
3. No other girl is more beautiful than her.

1. Kalidas is the greatest poet.

2. Mr. Joshi is the tallest teacher.
3. She is the most beautiful girl.
Letter of Enquiry
-

&

ingu
A letter
- -
of enquiry is one that is written to inquire about a specific topic.
Make sure to include a list of all the information you need to find out
about the product or service you wish to use when writing a letter of
inquiry.
-
What is the format?
Format of Enquiry Letter

1. Sender's address: Include an email and phone number, if required.

2. Date: Below address. Leave one space or line.
3. Receiver's address
4. The subject of the letter
5. Salutation (Sir / respected sir / madam)
6. Body
Paragraph 1: Introduce yourself and the purpose of writing the letter
Paragraph 2: Detail of the enquiry
Paragraph 3: Conclude/end
7. Complimentary Closing
8. Sender's name, signature, and designation (if any)
Suggestions to write an inquiry letter:

• Give a brief introduction about yourself. Your organisation.

• Provide the details about the thing or subject of inquiry.

• If you require a detailed information, write your questions accordingly.

• If you require the information by a particular date, then do mention in the letter.

• Thank them for their time and consideration at the end.

Opening Phrases:

"I am writing to enquire about...,

"I would like to request information regarding...,
"I am contacting you in connection with...,
"Having seen your advertisement in...,
I was recently informed about....

Body Phrases:

"Could you please provide me with...,

"I would be grateful if you could send me...,
"I am particularly interested in...,
"Please provide details about...,
"Could you please clarify....
 Closing Phrases:
• "Thank you for your time and consideration."

Closing Phrases:
• "I look forward to hearing from you soon."
• "Please do not hesitate to contact me if you require further information."
• "I would appreciate a prompt response."

• "Thank you for your time and consideration."

• "I look forward to hearing from you soon."
• "Please do not hesitate to contact me if you require further information."
• "I would appreciate a prompt response."
 Question
You intend to join coaching classes at Xylem Learning Centre situated at
Calicut. The institute specializes in teaching science to classes XI-XII. Write
a letter of inquiry in 100 - 120 words addressed to the Administrator in -
charge of the institute seeking clarification about the timing, duration, staff,
transport, and other necessary details for joining the institute. You are
Sonia / Shiv of 2, Murthi Road, Chennai.
Administrator
Xylem Learning
Calicut
Reported Speech
 X

Teach :
"What
is
was
name

Teacher asked at name

my
2 W
.
 Tense Changes
to Simple Past:

"I eat an apple every

--
day."
ch: He said that
-
Parte past
uous to Past Continuous: -
he ate an apple e...

"I am watching TV." Perfect

ch: He said that -
--

he was watching TV
.
Charl
t to Past Perfect:
has
"I I he had finished my homework." M

ch: He said that

=

he

Past Perfect:
(had)
"I went to the store yesterday."
ch: He said that he
the
-

had store
gone the previous .

day
 Pronoun Changes:

I: Changes to he/she/they depending on the subject of the direct speech.

-
-

-
-
- - -
-

•
O
• We: Changes to they
•
-

• You: Changes to me/him/her/us/them depending on the context.

-- -

•
-

O
• This: Changes to that
•
- -

O &
• These: Changes to those
•
•aHere: Changes to Sthere
Time and Place Adverbials:

•
&
• Now: Changes to&
-
then

• Today: Changes to that day

•
-

• - 2)
• Yesterday: Changes to the previous day

•
L &
• Tomorrow: Changes to the next day
-

8
• Here: Changes to there
•
• This: Changes to that
Modals:
•Can: Changes to could
- -

•Direct Speech: "I can swim."

•Reported Speech: He said that he could swim.
•May: Changes to might
-

•Direct Speech: "I may go to the party."

-

•Reported Speech: He said that he might go to the party.

•Will: Changes to would
- -

•Direct Speech: "I will go to the park tomorrow."

•Reported Speech: He said that he would go to the park the next day.
•Must: Often remains the same, but can sometimes change to-
-
-
had to
•Direct Speech: "I must finish my work."
•Reported Speech:- He said that he must finish his work. (Often remains the same)
•or
•Reported Speech: He said that he-
-
had to finish his work.

must > - had to

 Example

•Direct Speech: "I am going to the market now," she said.

-she
•Reported Speech: She said that………. to the market them
was
going
.
Important Notes:
-
• No Change: If the reported speech expresses a general truth, a habitual
action, or something that is still true at the time of reporting, the tense may
not change.
• Example: "The sun rises in the east." (Direct Speech)
• He said that the sun rises in the east." (Reported Speech)
•
• Reporting Verb: The tense of the reporting verb (e.g., "said," "told,"
"declared") also influences the tense in reported speech.
Statements
• Direct Speech: "I love to play football," he said.
-

• -
>
• Reported Speech: He said that he loved to play football.
- -
-
-

Key Changes:
• Tense: Present Simple ("love") changes to Past Simple
("loved").
-

F
G ⑤
• Pronouns: "I" changes to "he" to match the subject of the
direct speech.
2. Questions
if /whether
•Yes/No Questions:
•Direct Speech: "Are you going
- -
to the party?" she asked.
• - Parts
•Reported Speech: She…. aske diff/whelter]
Iwas going to t
• shearked if I was
going to the party
•Wh-Questions:
>
•Direct Speech: "Where
-
do you live?" he inquired.
•
•Reported Speech: He inquired……. D
where
atlived livet did
.

--

= lived
•Key Changes:
• Question Mark Removed: Reported speech is not a question, so the
question mark is removed.
-

• Word Order: In reported yes/no questions, use "if" or "whether"

followed by the subject and verb. In reported wh-questions, use the wh-
word followed by the subject and verb.
• Tense Changes: Similar to statements, tenses usually shift back one step.
↑ : "Where Do your house" ? -
&
Il

T "Is it pen ?
:

your

Teacher asked
3. Commands and Requests
• Direct Speech: "Stop talking!" the teacher said.

•
• Reported Speech: The teacher ordered to stop
talking
• Direct Speech: "Please help me," she requested.
• Reported Speech: She
requested to help her
• Key Changes:
• Reporting Verbs: Use verbs like "told," "ordered," "requested," "advised,"
"commanded," "suggested," etc., depending on the tone of the original
command or request.
• Structure: Use the infinitive form of the verb after the reporting verb (e.g.,
"to stop," "to help").
4. Exclamations
• Direct Speech: "What a beautiful day!" she exclaimed.
• Reported Speech: she exclaimed that it was a beautiful day
.
•
• Direct Speech: "Help!" she cried.
• Reported Speech: She cried for help.

• Key Changes:
• Reporting Verbs: Use verbs like "exclaimed," "cried," "shouted,"
"wondered," etc., to reflect the emotion of the original utterance.
• Structure: The structure may vary depending on the specific
exclamation.
 was

was go

could

--

had

would
-

-where
-

told

might
=

watching
=

He said that he was TV

-

She said that she had never been to Pans

she asked me
if Icould open the window

tock
=

She told me not to

=
forget to

the door
.
 - - -
*

added that
he had processed his ad and
-
-

he would be leaving for London

verys con
.

, -

-
 ERROR CORRECTION
&
ANALYTICAL PARAGRAPH WRITING

Like
ERROR CORRECTION
TIPS FOR ERROR CORRECTION
Tips for Error Correction

1 Read the sentence carefully to

identify the error.
2 Check for subject-verb agreement,
-

tense consistency, and proper use of

articles, prepositions, and pronouns.
-

-- -

3 Ensure that the sentence is

grammatically and logically correct.
- -

4 Practice regularly with sample

questions to improve accuracy.
General Hacks for Error Correction

1 Read the Sentence Aloud: Often, errors

become obvious when you hear them.
2 Look for Common Errors First: Focus on
subject-verb agreement, tenses, and articles,
-

as these are the most frequent errors.

-

3 Practice Regularly: Solve sample papers

and grammar exercises to improve accuracy.
4 Use Elimination: If you’re unsure, eliminate
options that are clearly wrong.
-

5 Trust Your Instinct: If a sentence sounds

wrong, it probably is.
 2024

D
J

A B
-
Dur
I come
Come
Error: "come"
Correction: "came"

The sentence is in the past tense, so the

verb should be in its past form.

Corrected Sentence:
"I came across this beautiful painting in
an antiques store last week."
 Sr Adi
-

- -
O
C
- Er
-

I Y
(B) continuous continuously

Explanation:
The word "continuous" is an adjective, but the sentence
requires an adverb to describe how the damage is
occurring. The correct adverb form is "continuously."
Corrected Sentence:
"Air pollution is continuously damaging the whole
ecological system, affecting the lives of plants and
animals as well." beautifully
JD is smiling
S
-
Its
alon
:

: It is

A B JDUe
JD's
I
:

I
 -

Error: Its
Correction: It’s

Explanation:
The word "It’s" is correct in this
context as it is a possessive pronoun
referring to the Banana Boat.
E S

A B simple
Error: use
Correction: uses

Explanation:
The subject "site" is singular,
so the verb should be "uses"
to agree with the subject.
 >
-
-
③ --
-
2

-Er
X

m X
- -

~ X
(A) should may

Explanation:
The word "should" implies obligation, but
the sentence is stating a possibility or
permission. The correct word is "may,"
which indicates that the material can be
reproduced free of charge, but it is not
mandatory.
Error: cannot
Correction: may not

Explanation:
The word "cannot" implies that the features
are definitely unavailable, which is not the
intended meaning. The correct phrase is
"may not," which suggests that the features
might not be available on some computers.
Error: would
Correction: is

Explanation:
The sentence is stating a general
truth or fact, so the present tense
"is" should be used instead of the
conditional "would."
Error: speak
Correction: speaks

Explanation:
The subject "music" is singular,
so the verb should be "speaks"
to agree with the subject.
 -
que
-

-
-
X
om
-
- -
- X
(A) change changes

Explanation:
The word "change" is a singular
noun, but the context requires the
plural form "changes" to indicate

-
multiple modifications to the website.
Sellers
Error: seller
Correction: sellers

Explanation:
The phrase "one of the world's most
popular" indicates that the subject is
one among many, so the noun should be
plural ("sellers") to match the context.
COMMON TYPES OF ERRORS IN
ERROR CORRECTION SESSION
1. Subject-Verb Agreement
• Errors where the subject and verb do not agree in
number (singular/plural).
Example: ---
• Error: "The list of items are on the table."
-

Q
• Correction: "The list of items is on the table."

2. Tenses
• Incorrect use of verb tenses (past, present, future).
Example:
• Error: "She go to school every day."
• Correction: "She goes to school every day."
3. Articles (a, an, the)
• Incorrect or missing use of articles.
Example:
• Error: "I saw elephant in the zoo."
• Correction: "I saw an elephant in the zoo."

4. Prepositions
• Incorrect use of prepositions (in, on, at, for,
etc.).
Example:
• Error: "She is good in mathematics."
• Correction: "She is good at mathematics."
5. Pronouns
• Errors in pronoun usage (subject, object,
possessive).
Example:
• Error: "Me and my friend went to the park."
• Correction: "My friend and I went to the park."

6. Modals
• Incorrect use of modal verbs (can, could, may,
might, should, etc.).
Example:
• Error: "You must to complete your homework."
• Correction: "You must complete your homework."
7. Conjunctions
• Incorrect use of conjunctions (and, but, or,
because, etc.).
Example:
• Error: "I wanted to go out but it was raining."
• Correction: "I wanted to go out,D but it was
raining."

8. Spelling Errors
• Words spelled incorrectly.
Example:
• Error: "The weather is beautifull today."
• Correction: "The weather is beautiful today."
9. Word Order
• Incorrect order of words in a sentence.
Example:
• Error: "She beautifully sings."
• Correction: "She sings beautifully."

10. Redundancy
• Unnecessary repetition of words or ideas.
Example:
• Error: "The teacher repeated the same lesson
again."
• Correction: "The teacher repeated the lesson."
11. Punctuation
• Missing or incorrect punctuation marks.
Example:
• Error: "Lets eat grandma."
• Correction: "Let’s eat, grandma."
&

12. Noun Forms

• Incorrect use of singular/plural nouns.
Example:
• Error: "I have two cat."
• Correction: "I have two cats."
13. Adjective/Adverb Confusion
• Using an adjective instead of an adverb or
vice versa.
Example:
• Error: "She runs quick."
• Correction: "She runs quickly."

14. Double Negatives

• Using two negative words in the same
sentence.
Example:
• Error: "I don’t
-o have no money."
• Correction: "I don’t have any money."
15. Misplaced Modifiers
• Words or phrases that are placed
incorrectly, causing confusion.
Example: X
• Error: "I almost ate the whole pizza."
• Correction: "I ate almost the whole pizza."
↓ adv
1. Incorrect: The shopkeeper gave me a few
informations about the new product.
Correct: ________

2. Incorrect: She is more smarter than her brother

in mathematics.
Correct: ________

3. Incorrect: The children was playing in the park

when it started raining.
Correct: ________

4. Incorrect: He told that he will meet me at the

library.
Correct: ________

5. Incorrect: One of my friend is going to participate

in the debate competition.
Correct: ________
1. The shopkeeper gave me a little information about the new product.
2. She is smarter than her brother in mathematics.
3. The children were playing in the park when it started raining.
4. He said that he would meet me at the library.
5. One of my friends is going to participate in the debate competition.
Set?
WRITING
 ⑤

②
ANALYTICAL PARAGRAPH
 Modal question paper 2024-25

- --

---
Beware
 MARKING SCHEME

✤ Analytical paragraph writing should NOT be

confused with writing a description of given
elements or writing a summary.

✤ It requires examining the given elements closely

and sharing inputs based on given stimulant.

-
✤ It carries no title or heading.
✤ Content -2 Four trends/ points
included & well-developed with
sustained clarity

✤ Organisation of ideas -2
[effective style, orderly sequence,
single paragraph structure, formal,
tone and functional vocabulary]

✤ Accuracy 1 [Spelling, punctuation

- -
and grammar] -

- -
 HACK TO CRACK
ANALYTICAL PARAGRAPH WRITING
 1 Understand the Data: Carefully read and
interpret the given data, whether it's a graph,
chart, or table. Identify key trends, patterns, and
outliers.
2 Structure Your Paragraph: Start with an
introductory sentence that summarizes the main
idea. Follow with body sentences that analyze the
data, and conclude with a summary or inference.
3 Be Clear and Concise: Use simple and precise
language. Avoid unnecessary details and stay within
the word limit.
o
4 Highlight Key Points: Focus on the most
significant aspects of the data. Use specific
numbers or percentages to support your analysis.
5 Use Logical Flow: Ensure your paragraph has a
logical progression. Start with the most important
point and move to less critical details.
6 Practice Regularly: Regular practice with
different types of data will improve your analytical
skills and speed.
7 Review and Edit: Always review your work for
clarity, coherence, and grammatical accuracy.
Modal question paper 2024-25
The ECO-FRIENDLY SCHOOL BAG is a
highly beneficial purchase due to its
combination of eco-friendliness,
comfort, functionality, safety, and
design options. Made from recycled
materials, it promotes sustainability,
-

reducing environmental impact.

-
Its ergonomic design, featuring padded
shoulder straps and a breathable mesh back
panel, ensures comfort and reduces strain,
making it ideal for daily use. The spacious
main compartment with multiple pockets and
-

organisers enhances functionality, allowing

students to efficiently store and access their
-

-
belongings.
-
Reflective strips improve visibility and
-

safety, especially during low-light

-
-
conditions, while the water-resistant
-

fabric protects contents from damage.

-

Additionally, the availability of vibrant

colours and patterns caters to diverse
preferences, making it both practical and
stylish for students.
"
The pie chart highlights the primary causes of
worldwide land degradation, with over-grazing
being the most significant contributor at 35%. This
-
is-
followed by deforestation at 30%, over-
cultivation at 28%, and other factors making up
the remaining 7%. Over-grazing leads to soil
-

erosion and loss of vegetation, reducing land

--

productivity.
Deforestation, the second major cause,
results in the loss of tree cover, which
is crucial for maintaining soil fertility
and preventing erosion. Over-
cultivation exhausts soil nutrients,
making the land less fertile over time.
These activities collectively degrade
agricultural land, impacting food
security and biodiversity. Addressing
these issues requires sustainable land
management practices, such as
controlled grazing, afforestation, and
crop rotation, to ensure long-term soil
health and productivity.
The bar graph illustrates the significant
growth in solar electricity generation in India
from Q1 2021 to Q1 2022. Solar energy
generation increased by 30% quarter-on-
quarter (QoQ) and 27% year-on-year (YoY),
indicating a robust upward trend.
This growth highlights India's commitment to
renewable energy and reducing carbon
emissions. Solar energy has become a crucial
part of India's energy scenario, providing
decentralized and distributed applications
that benefit millions in rural areas by meeting
their cooking, lighting, and other energy
needs in an environmentally friendly manner.
The consistent rise in solar electricity
generation underscores the effectiveness
of government policies and technological
advancements in harnessing solar power.
This progress not only enhances energy
security but also promotes sustainable
development, making solar energy a
cornerstone of India's energy future.
The graph illustrates the preferred fields
of study for Indian students abroad in
2020-21, with Engineering being the top
choice at 190,590 students, followed
closely by Math and Computer Science at
182,106 students.
Business and Management is the third most
popular field, attracting 145,658 students. Social
Sciences and Physical and Life Sciences also see
significant numbers, with 76,419 and 75,029
students, respectively. Fine and Applied Arts,
Health Professions, Communications and
Journalism, Education, and Intensive English have
fewer students, ranging from 51,101 to 8,355.
-
This trend reflects the global demand for
technical and managerial expertise, driving
Indian students towards STEM and
business disciplines. The data highlights the
importance of these fields in shaping
career opportunities and meeting global
industry needs, making them highly
attractive for higher education abroad.
The proposed playground is highly
suitable for a residential area due to its
thoughtful design, safety, and inclusivity.
The central climbing structure, inspired
by traditional Indian architecture, offers
a unique and engaging experience for
children, with multiple levels and slides
catering to different age groups.
Swings, monkey bars, and a zip line
provide fun and physical activity,
while the water play feature inspired
by Indian fountains or rivers adds a
refreshing element. Shaded seating
areas resembling traditional chaupals
or gazebos ensure comfort for parents
and caregivers.
The inclusion of trees, shrubs, and
flower beds enhances the aesthetic
appeal and promotes a connection with
nature. Ample open space allows for
safe, unrestricted play, making the
playground inclusive, enjoyable, and
suitable for all age groups.
-
00
PM
55 NSK
D D ①

***
t
Thank
you