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Brief Contents
Unit 1 Getting Started with SPSS 1 Unit 6 t Test Procedures 116
vii
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Contents
Preface xiii 10.2: Exporting Data 37
Acknowledgments xvi 10.3: Importing Data 40
About the Authors xvii Lesson 11 Validating SPSS Data 41
ix
x Contents
27.5: Conducting a One-Way ANCOVA and 31.7: An APA Results Section 192
Related Analyses 154 31.8: Alternative Analyses 192
27.6: Using SPSS Graphs to Display the Results 158
Lesson 32 Partial Correlations 193
27.7: An APA Results Section 159
32.1: Applications of Partial Correlations 193
27.8: Alternative Analyses 160
32.2: Partial Correlation between Two Variables 193
Lesson 28 One-Way Multivariate Analysis 32.3: Understanding Partial Correlations 194
of Variance 161 32.4: The Data Set 195
28.1: Applications of One-Way MANOVA 161 32.5: The Research Question 195
28.2: Understanding One-Way MANOVA 161 32.6: Conducting Partial Correlations 195
28.3: The Data Set 162 32.7: Using SPSS Graphs to Display the Results 197
28.4: The Research Question 163 32.8: An APA Results Section 198
28.5: Conducting a One-Way MANOVA 163 32.9: Alternative Analyses 198
28.6: Using SPSS Graphs to Display the Results 166
Lesson 33 Bivariate Linear Regression 199
28.7: An APA Results Section 166
33.1: Applications of Bivariate Linear Regression 200
Lesson 29 One-Way Repeated-Measures 33.2: Understanding Bivariate Linear Regression 200
Analysis of Variance 168 33.3: The Data Set 201
29.1: Applications of One-Way Repeated Measures 33.4: The Research Question 202
ANOVA 168
33.5: Conducting a Bivariate Linear
29.2: Understanding One-Way Repeated-Measures Regression Analysis 202
ANOVA 169
33.6: Using SPSS Graphs to Display
29.3: The Data Set 170 the Results 203
29.4: The Research Question 171 33.7: An APA Results Section 204
29.5: Conducting a One-Way Repeated-Measures
ANOVA 171 Lesson 34 Multiple Linear Regression 206
29.6: Using SPSS Graphs to Display the Results 174 34.1: Applications of Multiple Regression 207
29.7: An APA Results Section 174 34.2: Understanding Multiple Regression 208
34.3: The Data Set 210
Lesson 30 Two-Way Repeated-Measures
34.4: The Research Question 210
Analysis of Variance 176
34.5: Conducting a Multiple Regression 210
30.1: Applications of Two-Way Repeated-Measures
ANOVA 176 34.6: Using SPSS Graphs to Display
the Results 214
30.2: Understanding Two-Way Repeated-Measures
ANOVA 177 34.7: Three APA Results Sections 214
30.3: The Data Set 180 34.8: Tips for Writing an APA Results Section
for Multiple Regression 215
30.4: The Research Question 180
30.5: Conducting a Two-Way Repeated-Measures Lesson 35 Discriminant Analysis 216
ANOVA 180 35.1: Applications of Discriminant Analysis 217
30.6: Conducting Tests of Main and Interaction 35.2: Understanding Discriminant Analysis 217
Effects 181 35.3: The Data Set 218
30.7: Using SPSS Graphs to Display the Results 184 35.4: The Research Question 218
30.8: An APA Results Section 184 35.5: Conducting a Discriminant Analysis 218
35.6: Using SPSS Graphs to Display t
Unit 8
he Results 223
Correlation, Regression, 35.7: An APA Results Section 223
and Discriminant Analysis 35.8: Alternative Analyses 224
Procedures 186
Lesson 31 Pearson Product-Moment Unit 9 Scaling Procedures 226
Correlation Coefficient 187
31.1: Applications of the Pearson Correlation Lesson 36 Factor Analysis 227
Coefficient 187 36.1: Applications of Factor Analysis 227
31.2: Understanding the Pearson Correlation 36.2: Understanding Factor Analysis 227
Coefficient 188 36.3: The Data Set 228
31.3: The Data Set 188 36.4: The Research Question 229
31.4: The Research Question 188 36.5: Conducting Factor Analysis 229
31.5: Conducting Pearson Correlation Coefficients 189 36.6: An APA Results Section 233
31.6: Using SPSS Graphs to Display the Results 190 36.7: Alternative Analyses 233
xii Contents
I
t’s our pleasure to be part of the eighth edition of about each of the options, so students feel as if they are
Using SPSS for Windows and Macintosh: Analyzing and making uninformed decisions.
Understanding Data. Our objective has been to make each • Obstacle 3: The amount of output and numbers pro-
revision of our book more accessible and readable, so that duced by any statistical procedure is enough to cower
readers can properly conduct statistical analyses with SPSS
most researchers if they are forced to explain their
and make appropriate interpretations of the obtained results.
meaning. How can students who are taking statistics
The development of easy-to-use statistical software like
for the first time feel confident about interpreting out-
SPSS has changed the way statistics is being taught and
put from an SPSS procedure? In trying to understand
learned. No longer do students have to learn a system of
output, they are likely to face language problems. For
elaborate code to conduct simple or complex analyses.
example, “What is a significant F value? Is it the same
Instead, students simply enter their data into the easy-
to-use Data Editor. They can then select items from a as the p value that the instructor is talking about? No, it
drop-down menu to make appropriate transformations of couldn’t be, or she or he would have told us.”
variables, click options from another menu to create graphs Researchers, graduate students, and more advanced
of distributions of variables, select among various statisti- undergraduate students are going to face additional
cal analyses by clicking on appropriate options, and more. obstacles.
With a minimal amount of time and effort, the output is • Obstacle 4: Users can think of a number of different
displayed, showing the results. ways to analyze their data, but they are unsure about
Researchers also have benefited from applications like which way would yield the most understanding of
SPSS. They do not have to spend time reacquainting them- their results and not violate the assumptions underly-
selves with the ins and outs of a statistical software package ing the analyses.
or learning new programs for conducting analyses that take
hours to master. They also do not have to teach assistants • Obstacle 5: Even if users make all good decisions about
how to write code to produce analyses, or examine and reex- statistical approaches and understand the output, they
amine code that has produced error messages that do not still must write a Results section that conforms to the
really indicate what is wrong. Everyone can just point and American Psychological Association (APA) format.
click. More sophisticated users can use the syntax features. Using SPSS for Windows and Macintosh: Analyzing and
In general, programs like SPSS have made life easier Understanding Data for Version 23 of SPSS helps readers
for students who are learning statistics, for teachers who overcome all of the obstacles discussed earlier.
are teaching statistics, and for researchers who are applying The book is divided into 10 units, which are as follows:
statistics. Nevertheless, many users of these programs find Units 1 to 4 guide students through the most basic of
“doing statistics” an arduous, unenjoyable task. They still SPSS techniques and use a step-by-step description to mas-
are faced with many potential obstacles, and they feel over- ter such techniques.
whelmed and stressed rather than challenged and excited Unit 1, “Getting Started with SPSS,” shows the student
about the potential for mastering these important skills. how to get started using SPSS, including a survey of the
What are some of the obstacles that students, in particu- main menus, a description of how to use SPSS Help, and a
lar, face when they are trying to conduct statistical analyses brief tour of what SPSS can do.
with SPSS? Unit 2, “Creating and Working with Data Files,” goes
through the steps of defining variables, showing how data
• Obstacle 1: Although SPSS is easy to use, many students
are entered and edited, how to use the Data Editor and the
and first-time users find it very complex. They have
data view screens, how to print SPSS data files, and how to
to learn how to input data into the Data Editor, save
import and export information to and from SPSS.
and retrieve data, make transformations to data, con-
Unit 3, “Working with Data,” describes how to find
duct analyses, manipulate output, create graphs, edit
and replace data, recode and compute values, sort data,
graphs, and so on. and merge and split files.
• Obstacle 2: Students can feel helpless. Although they Unit 4, “Working with SPSS Graphs and Output for
know how to point and click, they are frequently con- Windows,” teaches the student how to create and enhance
fronted with new dialog boxes with many decisions to SPSS charts as well as how to work with SPSS out-
make. Their instructor does not have the time to talk put including pivot tables. SPSS Windows (version 23)
xiii
xiv Preface
and Macintosh (version 23) differ in the way that graphics This eighth edition of Using SPSS for Windows and
are created and edited, and, thus, there is a separate sec- Macintosh includes the following changes:
tion covering each—Lesson 16A for Windows and Lesson
• Revisions to instructions have been made to ensure
16B for the Macintosh. SPSS is becoming increasingly
they are consistent with the latest version of SPSS.
cross-platform, and if you know the Windows version, you
can easily adapt to the Macintosh version (and vice versa). • New exercises have been added to the end of lessons.
Each unit from 5 through 10 presents a set of statis- • Revisions to statistical information have been made to
tical techniques and a step-by-step description of how make it more accessible to readers.
to conduct the statistical analyses. This is not, however, Also, please note the following:
a “cookbook” format. We provide extensive substantive
• While this edition of Using SPSS for Windows and
information about each statistical technique, including a
Macintosh focuses on version 23, the material within the
brief discussion of the statistical technique under consider-
chapters is directly applicable to other versions of SPSS
ation, examples of how the statistic is applied, the assump-
as well. In other words, version 23 is backward compat-
tions underlying the statistic, a description of the effect size
for the statistic, a sample data set that can be analyzed with ible with most earlier versions of SPSS. While there may
the statistic, the research question associated with the data be some slight differences, and earlier versions offer
set, step-by-step instructions for how to complete the anal- fewer features, the user should have no difficulty adapt-
ysis using the sample data set, a discussion of the results ing these materials to the version he or she has available.
of the analysis, a visual display of the results using SPSS Please note that SPSS is developed and owned by
graphic options, a Results section describing the results in IBM and is formally referred to as IBM SPSS Statistics.
APA format, alternative analytical techniques (when avail-
able), and practice exercises. Online Data Files
Unit 5, “Creating Variables and Computing Descriptive
All the data files that you will need to work through the les-
Statistics,” shows how to create new variables from existing
sons in Using SPSS for Windows and Macintosh are available
ones and discusses the basic procedures for describing
on the Web through the instructor. You can request your
qualitative and quantitative variables.
instructors for the same who can download and distribute
Unit 6, “t Test Procedures,” focuses on comparing
the data files from the Pearson’s website at http://www.
means and shows how to use a variety of techniques,
pearsonhighered.com. Several data sets—particularly, Crab
including independent and dependent t tests and the one-
Scale Results and Teacher Scale Results—will be intro-
sample t test.
duced as you work through the first 18 lessons. A detailed
Unit 7, “Univariate and Multivariate Analysis-of-
description of these two files is provided in Appendix A.
Variance Techniques,” focuses on the family of analysis-
There are two more types of data sets used in the later
of-variance techniques, including one-way and two-way
units. The first are data files that may be used when learn-
analyses of variance, analysis of covariance, and multivari-
ing particular SPSS procedures, such as paired-samples,
ate analysis of variance.
t test, or factor analysis. Any of these files can be easily
Unit 8, “Correlation, Regression, and Discriminant
identified since they are named, for example, Lesson 23 Data
Analysis Procedures,” includes simple techniques such as
File 1 or Lesson 36 Data File 1. Also used in the second half
bivariate correlational analysis and bivariate regression
of the book are data files for completing exercises at the end
analysis, as well as more complex analyses such as partial
of lessons. These are named, for example, Lesson 23 Exercise
correlational analysis, multiple linear regression, and dis-
File 1 or Lesson 36 Exercise File 2.
criminant analysis.
Please note that the Web site does not contain any execut-
Unit 9, “Scaling Procedures,” focuses on factor analy-
able SPSS data files. You need to have access to SPSS to use
sis, reliability estimation, and item analysis.
these files, as most users of this book will, at the school, com-
Unit 10, “Nonparametric Procedures,” discusses a
pany, or other institution. SPSS (at http://www.ibm.com
variety of nonparametric techniques, including such tests
/analytics/us/en/technology/spss/) offers a wide price
as the binomial, one-sample chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis,
range packages, including those for students.
McNemar, Friedman, and Cochran tests.
TyPING CONVENTIONS There is only one typing con- • 2 gigabytes of available hard-disk space. If you install
vention you must attend to throughout this book. A sequence more than one help language, each additional language
of actions is represented by what options are selected from requires 60–70 MB of disk space.
what menu, connected by an arrow like this S. • DVD/CD drive (unless downloaded online).
For example, if a certain procedure requires clicking on
the File menu and then clicking the New option, it would • 1024 * 768 or a higher-resolution monitor.
be represented as follows.
N
o book is ever the work of only the authors. Thank you for using this book. We hope it makes
Using SPSS for Windows and Macintosh was first your SPSS activities easy to learn, fun to use, and helpful.
contracted with Chris Cardone, whom we would Should you have any comments about the book (good,
like to thank for giving us the opportunity to under- bad, or otherwise), feel free to contact us at the e-mail
take the project. Chris remains a good colleague and a addresses listed below.
better friend.
Samuel B. Green
We would like to thank the many instructors and
samgreen@asu.edu
students who have contacted us about the book. We have
very much appreciated your positive comments and your Neil J. Salkind
constructive suggestions. njs@ku.edu
xvi
About the Authors
SAM GREEN is Professor NEIL J. SALkIND received
in the T. Denny Sanford his Ph.D. from the Univer-
School of Social and Family sity of Maryland in Human
Dynamics at the Arizona Development and is Professor
State University. He teaches Emeritus in the Department of
undergraduate and graduate Educational Psychology at the
courses in statistics for stu- University of Kansas. He was
dents in the behavioral sci- a postdoctoral fellow at the
ences. He conducts research University of North Carolina’s
© Marilyn Thompson © Leni Salkind
primarily in the areas of struc- Bush Center for Child and
tural equation modeling, multivariate analyses of means, Family Policy. He has published more than 150 professional
exploratory factory analysis, measurement invariance, anal- papers and presentations, has written more than 100 trade
ysis of item data, and reliability. He is currently on the edito- and textbooks, including Statistics for People Who Think They
rial boards of Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Hate Statistics (Sage), Theories of Human Development (Sage),
Journal, Psychological Methods, Educational and Psychological and Exploring Research (Pearson), and has edited several
Measurement, and Journal of Counseling Psychology. He is also encyclopedias including the Encyclopedia of Human Develop-
a past chair of the Structural Equation Modeling Special ment and the Encyclopedia of Measurement and Statistics. He
Interest Group of the American Educational Research was the editor of Child Development Abstracts and Bibliography.
Association. Neil has a wonderful wife, Leni, and three terrific chil-
Sam has a wonderful wife, Marilyn Thompson, and dren, Sara, Micah, and Ted. To relax, he likes to letterpress
three terrific daughters, Julie, Sarah, and Leah. He en- print using equipment dating back to Karl Pearson, read,
joys playing with his grandchildren. To relax, he likes to swim with the River City Sharks, bake brownies (see the
run, read novels, eat good food, travel, and get together recipe at www.statisticsforpeople.com), and poke around
with friends. old Volvos and old houses.
xvii
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Unit 1
Getting Started with SPSS
Outline
Lesson 1: Starting SPSS Lesson 4: A Brief SPSS Tour
• The SPSS Opening Window • Opening a File
• Working with Appearance
Lesson 2: The SPSS Main Menus and Toolbar
• Creating a New Variable
• The SPSS Main Menus
• A Simple Table
• The Data Files
• A Simple Analysis
Lesson 3: Using SPSS Help
• How to Get Help
• Using Contents
Learning Objectives
Lesson 1: Identify the steps of using SPSS with Lesson 3: Outline the usefulness of the SPSS
respect to Windows and Mac applications online help
Lesson 2: Describe the features and functions Lesson 4: Recall how to utilize the analytic
of the SPSS menu and its toolbar procedures of the SPSS
You’re probably familiar with how other personal In Lesson 2, “The SPSS Main Menus and Toolbar,” we
computer applications work, and you will find that introduce you to the opening SPSS window, point out the
many SPSS features operate exactly the same way. various elements in the window, and explain what they do.
You probably already know about dragging, clicking, The main menus in the SPSS window are your opening to
double-clicking, and working with files. If you don’t, all the SPSS features you will learn about in Using SPSS for
you can refer to one of the many basic operating systems Windows and the Macintosh. We also introduce you to the
books available for Windows or the Macintosh operat- toolbar, a collection of icons that perform important tasks
ing systems. We assume that you are familiar with basic with a click of the mouse.
operating systems skills, such as clicking with a mouse, Lesson 3, “Using SPSS Help,” introduces you to SPSS
dragging objects, naming and copying files, printing online help. If you’ve ever used another Windows applica-
documents, and the everyday tasks associated with tion, you know how handy it is to have this type of help
using a personal computer. immediately available and how it can get you through
In this first unit, we introduce you to SPSS, begin- even the most difficult procedures.
ning with how to start SPSS, and walk you through a tour In Lesson 4, “A Brief SPSS Tour,” we provide a simple
so that you know some of the most important features example of what SPSS can do, including simple analysis, the
of SPSS. use of Data View and Variable View, and the creation of a
In Lesson 1, “Starting SPSS,” the first of four lessons in chart. Here we’ll whet your appetite for the terrific power
this unit, you will find out how the SPSS Windows group is and features of SPSS and what is in store for you throughout
organized and how you start SPSS. the book.
1
2 Unit 1
Figure 1.1. The iBM® SpSS® Statistics software (“SpSS”) for Windows opening Screen.
SpSS inc. was acquired by iBM in October, 2009.
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ruokansa, vuoteensa hänen kanssaan. Älä poistu vielä, kotipuolen
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Klaus Baasin olo kävi liian tuliseksi! Hän väänsi varovasti päänsä
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kovaäänisesti melutessa matkaansa.
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kuin tuttua, ja kuin haluten puhella hänen kanssaan. Ja
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naista Dahomesta! Ei milloinkaan ennen näytetty!"… Ah, tätä elämän
pyörrettä!
Hän kierteli uuden tuttunsa kanssa pitkin katuja, joilla nyt illalla oli
vilkas liike, — kaikki oli hänellekin vielä aivan uutta ja outoa: hän ei
ollut iltaisin koskaan tohtinut lähteä kotoa; ja he tulivat Steinwegiä ja
suurta Burstahia[40] pitkin Alsterille.
Siellä he seisoivat hyvän aikaa uudella Jungfernstiegillä[41]
raikkaassa, kirkkaassa syysyössä erään suuren hotellin edustalla,
jossa oli juhlat. Ulko-oven kamanoissa riippui kauniit seppeleet, ja
kun sisäovet milloin aukesivat, kuului iloista soittoa ja äänten
hälinää. Vaunurivi jo odotti hotellin edustalla; ja joskus tuli
yksinäinen juhlavieras tai joku pari ulos ja lähti vaunuilla tai kävellen
kotiinsa. Kellarikerroksesta kuului keittiökalujen kilinää.
Mutta Klaus sanoi, että hänen täytyy nyt lähteä, ja kiiruhti kotiin
minkä kerkisi.
Äiti oli yhä työssä kotona, vaikka kello oli jo kahdentoista paikoilla.
Klaus Baas sanoi olleensa eräässä konttorissa, juoksupoika oli
lähtenyt matkaansa, työtä oli kestänyt yöhön saakka. Antje Baasin
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"No sano nyt vaan", lausui maalari sitten melkein uhkaavasti. "Suu
puhtaaksi."
"No", hymähti maalari, "se on totta se, ethän sinä paljon siitä.
Kirjoittaaksesi matkasta kirjan?"
Klaus Baas näki, ettei nyt taaskaan auttanut muu kuin suorat
sanat, ja hän vastasi: "Katsomaan millaista siellä on… ja siellä tointa
herättämään ja — johtamaan."
Maalari nyökkäsi.
Jos Klaus Baas jo pesusta paistoi punaiselta, niin hän punastui nyt
yhä enemmän ja katseli avuttomana ympärilleen, mitä tekisi, minne
menisi. Silloin tuli se pieni lastinkitakkinen herra hänen luokseen ja
neuvoi hänelle hänen paikkansa ja pulpettinsa.
Se neljäs, joka oli kaksi vuotta vanhempi kuin Klaus Baas, oli yhtä
suora ja koristelematon kuin hänen puheensakin. Hän oli nyt
oppilaana viimeistä vuottaan ja asui Hampurin lähistöllä erään
enonsa tilalla. Ja kun hän milloin aukaisi suunsa, niin hän puhui
poikasten leikeistä vapaan luonnon helmassa, kulovalkeista ja
patoruohikon paloista ja vaarallisista uintiretkistä ja huimapäisistä
ratsastuksista ja muusta sen suuntaisesta. Ja hän julisti suoraan,
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konttorilla ei ole vähintäkään olemassaolon oikeutta. Oli kunniatonta
ja halpamaista pettää poloisia, lapsellisia intialaisia joutavalla krims-
kramsulla ja arvottomilla leluilla ja riistää heiltä heidän oivalliset
luonnon tuotteensa! Muitta mutkitta: Hampuri pitäisi pistää tuleen ja
polttaa poroksi. Ainoastaan maamiehellä oli olemassaolon oikeutus…
Ja sitten hän nauraa hihitti kiukuissaan ja lapsellisen tyytyväisenä.
Kauniissa kamarissa taas istui päällikkö oven vieressä, joka
melkein aina oli auki. Huoneessa oli vielä toinenkin kirjoituspöytä,
mutta se oli käyttämätön, sillä virkailija oli matkustanut sen äärestä
tarkastusmatkoille kaukaisille Taka-Intian saarille. Useimmiten teki
päällikkö uutterasti työtä ja puheli sangen vähän. Ja eräinä päivinä
hänen pöydältään lenteli lentelemällä lyhyitä, selviä käskyjä,
aamusta iltaan: milloin oli mitäkin tuotava hänelle, entisiä
sopimuksia viimeiseen vertailtaviksi, saarten liikejohtajan aikaisempia
tai myöhempiä ilmoituksia ja sähkösanomia taikka kotimaan
tehtaiden tarjouksia. Silloin katsoi koko henkilöstö toisiinsa, milloin
mikin hypähti ylös ja vei päällikölle pyydetyt paperit tai kirjat.
Kun hän sitten työstä päästyä laskeutui portaita alas, hän kuuli
yhtäkkiä takaansa Karl Eschenin äänen. Klaus Baas pysähtyi
hämmästyneenä ja onnellisena ja kuunteli pää kumarassa, mitä
ihailtu hänelle sanoi. "Aioin vain vähän puhua teille", alkoi Karl
Eschen. "Ei teidän pidä liikaa pahastella prokuristille. Ei ole näet
helppoa pitää huolta numeroista päivät päästänsä, monet Herran
vuodet. Nähkääs, Hanssenhan on pohjaltaan oikeassa: luonnon
mukaisesti meidän elämämme pitäisi vieriä päiväpaisteessa ja
sateessa, metsäretkillä ja kalamatkoilla, seikkailuissa, sylipainissa, —
ja nyt olemme kuin nuo kierot pilarit pimeässä porraskäytävässä.
Siksi tekee kahlittu luonto välistä kapinan, ja puhkeaa ilmi niin
sanottu ammattiraivo. Että te olette ahkera ja tunnollinen ja että
hyvin ymmärrätte toimenne ja että teistä kerran tulee oivallinen
liikemies, sen prokuristi tietysti tietää, niinkuin te itsekin."
Klaus Baas lähti riemuiten kotiin; mutta samassa joku vielä huusi
hänen nimeänsä, ja kun hän kääntyi katsomaan, harppaili Heini
Peters hänen jälessään pitkillä, väärillä koivillaan. Hänen pitkän
takkinsa helmat hulmusivat tuulessa ja hänen korea kaulaliinansa
liehui. "No", hän sanoi, "Karl Eschen suvaitsi teitä puhutella:
onnittelen! Siitä voitte olla ylpeä! Hän on vanhaa hampurilaista
liikemiessukua, siksi on hänellä veressä taipumus numeroihin,
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elämänurani valita, olisin ruvennut synnyinkaupungin
haudankaivajaksi. Niin, ihan totta! Nykyinen haudankaivaja, — hän
on hyvä ystäväni, — asuu niin hurmaavan sievässä, vanhassa talossa
aivan lehmuspuistikon keskustassa, jonka kukat varisevat nyt
paraikaa ja peittävät koko tarhan. Ajatelkaapas auringonlaskua
sellaisessa paikassa! Nide Goetheä tai Heineä kädessä, esi-isien
hautakumpujen ääressä! Ihanaa, sanon minä! Mutta olin arvokkaan
lääkärin ainoa poika, enkä päässyt haudankaivajaksi!"
Klaus Baas oli onnen poikaa! Hän kuuli yhäti korvissaan tuon
hienon ystävänsä kauniit, punnitsevat sanat: että hän oli ahkera ja
pystyvä, että hänestä kerran tulisi hyvä liikemies. Heini Peters oli
tyhjää Karl Eschenin rinnalla; mutta olihan sekin ihanaa, että hän,
arvokkaan lääkärin poika, oli puhellut hänen kanssaan toverillisesti,
jopa tuttavallisesti!