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Muscle Physiology

The document provides an overview of muscle physiology, including muscle classification, types, properties, structure, contraction mechanisms, and disorders. It details the differences between skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles, as well as the processes involved in muscle contraction and neuromuscular transmission. Additionally, it discusses muscle disorders such as muscular dystrophy and myasthenia gravis, along with concepts like rigor mortis and motor units.

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56 views23 pages

Muscle Physiology

The document provides an overview of muscle physiology, including muscle classification, types, properties, structure, contraction mechanisms, and disorders. It details the differences between skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles, as well as the processes involved in muscle contraction and neuromuscular transmission. Additionally, it discusses muscle disorders such as muscular dystrophy and myasthenia gravis, along with concepts like rigor mortis and motor units.

Uploaded by

misbayaqoob100
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.

MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY
Muscle Classification
Presentation by .,
Rajnikanta
BPT(Ist year)
Roll no.18
What Are Muscles?
Defination :
Muscles are soft tissues in the body composed of fibers that have
the ability to contract and produce movement.
Muscle is a specialised tissue of “ mesodermal”origin.
No of muscle=639
About 40-50 %of the body weight of adult .
Body show- hypertrophy i.e. Size increase.
Not show- hyperplasia= number increase..
1. Muscle Types
A. SKELETAL MUSCLE. Voluntary muscle attached to bones,
responsible for body movments
B . CARDIAC MUSCLE: Involuntary muscle found in the heart,
responsible for PUMP
C. Smooth Muscle: Involuntary muscle found in the walls of
internal organs like the stomach and intestines.
2.PROPERTIES OF THESE MUSCLES

A. SKELETON MUSCLE

.Location : Attached to bones via tendons.


• Control : Voluntary (conscious control).
• Appearance : Striated with a regular, organized arrangement of
sarcomeres.
• Contraction speed : Fast, allowing quick, forceful contractions.
• Fatigue : Prone to fatigue with sustained activity
• Regeneration : High regenerative capacity due to satellite cells.
B. Smooth muscle
• Location: Walls of hollow organs (e.g., intestines, blood vessels).
• Control: Involuntary (autonomic nervous system control).
• Appearance: Non-striated with spindle-shaped cells and no sarcomeres.
• Contraction Speed: Slow, allowing prolonged contractions.
• Fatigue: Resistant to fatigue, capable of sustained contractions.
• Regeneration: Moderate regenerative ability; some ability to proliferate.

C. CARDIAC MUSCLE
D. Location: Heart (myocardium).
E. Control: Involuntary (intrinsic pacemaker activity and autonomic nervous system control).
F. Appearance: Striated with intercalated discs that facilitate synchronized contractions.
G. Contraction Speed: Moderate, rhythmic contractions that are continuous.
H. Fatigue: Highly resistant to fatigue, as it must beat continuously.
I. Regeneration: Very limited regenerative capacity; damage often leads to scar tissue.
Muscle Structure
Muscle fibre..Long, cylindrical cells that make up
muscles.
Myofibril .. Bundles within muscle fibers containing
sarcomeres, the functional units of muscle contraction.
sarcomare: The basic contractile unit of a muscle fiber,
composed of actin and myosin filaments.
Muscle Contraction Mechanism
. Sliding filament theory.
.Muscle contraction is explained by the sliding filament theory, where actin
(thin filaments) and myosin (thick filaments) slide past each other to shorten
the sarcomere, leading to muscle contraction.
• Cross-Bridge Formation:
• Resting State: In a relaxed muscle, myosin heads are in an energized state but
cannot bind to actin because the binding sites on actin are blocked by the
regulatory protein tropomyosin.
• Calcium Ion Release: An action potential triggers the release of calcium ions
(Ca2+) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm (muscle
cytoplasm).
• Troponin Complex Activation: Calcium ions bind to troponin, causing a
conformational change that moves tropomyosin away from the actin binding
sites, exposing them for myosin attachment.
Mechanism
Neuromuscular Junction
• Synapse: The connection between a motor neuron and a muscle
fiber.
• Acetylcholine: Neurotransmitter released from the neuron that
triggers muscle contraction.
• Action Potential: Electrical signal that travels down the neuron to
the muscle, initiating contraction.
Neuromuscular Transmission
Defination :Neuromuscular transmission is the process by which a nerve impulse from a motor neuron
triggers a muscle contraction.
Step involved
Action Potential in Motor Neuron: The nerve impulse travels down the axon of the motor neuron.
Release of Acetylcholine (Ach): At the neuromuscular junction, the action potential causes the release of
acetylcholine from synaptic vesicles into the synaptic cleft.
Ach binding to Receptors : Acetylcholine binds to nicotinic receptors on the muscle fiber’s motor end
plate
De polarisation of muscle fibre.: Binding of Ach triggers an influx of sodium ions (Na+), causing
depolarization of the muscle membrane (sarcolemma).
Propagation of Action potential : The depolarization spreads along the sarcolemma and into the muscle
fiber via the T-tubules.
Calcium release Depolarization triggers the release of calcium ions (Ca2+) from the sarcoplasmic
reticulum.
Termination: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) breaks down acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, terminating the
signal and allowing the muscle to relax unless another impulse occurs.
Muscle Disorders
01. Muscular Dystrophy:
This is a GENETIC DISORDER…
When mutation happen in a gene that form DYSTROPHIN
PROTEIN,
This protein make the junction between thin filament (actin
protein) and ,
Membrane protein,and pass the signal to near by muscle.
..EFFECT – progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle
02. Myasthenia Gravis…

• Myasthenia Gravis (MG)


• is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness and
rapid fatigue of voluntary muscles
• .Pathophysiology; Autoimmune Attack: The immune system produces antibodies
that block or destroy acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) at the neuromuscular
junction.
• Impaired Neuromuscular Transmission: The reduction in AChRs prevents effective
transmission of nerve impulses to muscles, leading to muscle weakness.
• Symptoms
• 01.Muscle Weakness: Typically affects muscles controlling eye
and eyelid movement, facial expression, chewing, swallowing,
and speaking.
• 02.Fluctuating Fatigue: Muscle weakness worsens with activity
and improves with rest, leading to fluctuating fatigue.
• 03.Ptosis and Diplopia: Drooping of one or both eyelids (ptosis)
and double vision (diplopia) are common early symptoms.
Rigor Mortis
• Rigor mortis is the postmortem stiffening of muscles that occurs
after death.
• Onset and Duration:
. Onset: Begins within 2-4 hours after death.
. Peak: Reaches maximum stiffness around 12-24 hours
postmortem.
Resolution: Gradually dissipates after 36-72 hours as
decomposition sets in.
. Mechanism….
• ATP Depletion: After death, ATP production ceases, which is essential for muscle
relaxation. Without ATP, myosin heads cannot detach from actin filaments.
• Calcium Influx: Calcium ions leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the muscle
fibers, maintaining cross-bridge formation between actin and myosin.
• Muscle Contraction: The inability to break these cross-bridges results in sustained
muscle contraction, leading to stiffness.
• Resolution…..
• Proteolysis: Eventually, enzymes and autolysis break down muscle proteins, leading
to the relaxation of the muscles.
• Forensic Relevance…
• The timing of rigor mortis can help estimate the time of death in forensic
investigations.
Motor unit..
• A motor unit consists of a single motor neuron and all the muscle
fibers it innervates.
• Components
• 01.Motor Neuron…A nerve cell that transmits signals from the
central nervous system to muscles.
• 02.Muscle Fibers: The individual muscle cells that are activated by
the motor neuron.
• Types of motor units …
• Small Motor Units
• Function: Involved in fine motor control (e.g., muscles controlling eye movement or
fingers).
• Innervation Ratio: Few muscle fibers per neuron.
• Large Motor Units..
• Function: Involved in gross movements (e.g., muscles of the legs or back).
• Innervation Ratio: Many muscle fibers per neuro…
Significance…
Muscle Control: Motor units are the basic functional units of muscle control,
allowing for precise regulation of force and movement.
Adaptation: Training and muscle use can influence motor unit recruitment
patterns and efficiency.
Muscle Metabolism
• ATP: The primary energy source for muscle contraction, produced
through various metabolic pathways.
• Aerobic Respiration: The production of ATP using oxygen, primarily
in the mitochondria, efficient but slower.
• Anaerobic Respiration: The production of ATP without oxygen,
faster but less efficient, leads to lactic acid accumulation
Muscle Fiber Types
• Type I (Slow-Twitch): Fibers with high endurance, rely on aerobic
metabolism, suited for long-duration activities.
• Type II (Fast-Twitch): Fibers with quick contraction speeds, rely
more on anaerobic metabolism, suited for short bursts of activity.
Thank you.,.
The End ..

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