THEORY

I. LEXICOLOGY
1. Morphemes
- the number of morpheme in a word
EX: watches (2)
men (2)
goes (2)
went (2)
- different types of morphememes
+G ​ rammatical​/ l​ exical
+ b​ ound / free
+ i​ nflectional​ / d​ erivational
+ prefix /​ suffix

EX: safe​ty: lexical, free (root)

con​struct​ion: lexical, bound (root)
beau​ty​: lexical, bound, derivational, suffix
in​correct: lexical, bound, derivational, prefix
play​ing: grammatical, bound, inflectional, suffix
charm​ing​: lexical, bound, derivational, suffix
teach​er​: lexical, bound, derivational, suffix
cold​er​: grammatical, bound, infectional, suffix

2. BE vs AE

BE AE

-our colour -​or color

-tre centre -ter center
-nce defence -nse defense
-elle travelle -ele travele
-ise recognise -ize recognize
-shop bookshop -store bookstore

3. Formal vs informal
 EX:

Formal Informal Formal Informal

eficient lack respiration breathing

retain keep require want

terminate end vacant empty

abbreviate shorten sufficient enough

demonstrate show board get on

4. Word - formation processes

3.1. Affixation
a. Prefixation: derivational morphemes: ​un​comfortable, ​dis​cover,
b. Suffixation:
- inflectional morphemes: ​watch​ing​, tall​er​, sing​s
- ​derivational morphemes: ​scient​ific, ​possib​ility​,​ ​interest​ing​, teach​er,
ex: hope​ful​, modern​ize
3.2. Compouding
a. Noun compounds:
b. Verb compounds
c. Adjective compounds
d. Adverb compounds
ex: greenhouse, cupcake
3.3. Shortening
- initalisms: WTO, phD, EEC, BBC, TV
- accronyms: FIFA, AIDS, ROM, NATO
- clippings: exam(ination), (tele)phone, math(ematic)s, (tele)phone,
(aero)plane, V(ictory)-day
- (re)fridg(erator)
- blens: Brexit (​Br​istish ​exit​), motel (motor-hotel)
3.4. Conversion
According to morphological structure
- complete:
dirty (a) -> to dirty
empty (a) -> empty (v)
 rich (a) -> the rich (n)
black -> THE BLACK
walk (v) -> walk (n)
bottle (n) -> bottle (v)
lobby -> lobby
- approximate:
advice (n) -> advise (v)
thief -> thieve
bath -> bathe
house -> house
E.g. Verb => Noun ​(love, walk, return, answer, etc)
Adjective => Noun ​(educated => the educated)
Noun => Verb ​(peel, mask, brake, nurse, etc)
Adjective => Verb ​(calm, empty, dry, etc)

3.5. Back-formation
- butler (n) -> butle (v)
- editor (n) -> edit (v)
- laser (n) -> lase (v)
- typewriter (n) -> typewrite (v)
- television (n) -> televise (v)
- donation (n) -> donate (v)
- burglar (n) -> burgle
- dweller (n) -> dwell (v)
- baby sitter (n) -> babysit (v)
- house keeper (n) -> house keep (v)
- begger -> beg
3.6. Sound imitation
E.g. ​click, groan, giggle, etc

II. SEMANTIC
1. Lexical relation
1.1. Homonymy (đồng âm)
- Homophones: same pronunciation
- Homographs: same spelling
- Full homonyms
1.2. Polysemy (đa nghĩa)
ex: raw: uncooked: raw meat, raw vegestable
 1.3. Synonymy (đồng nghĩa)
- Absolute: BE - AE
- Semantic (hơi khác)
ex: beatiful, pretty
- Stylistic
EX: police man - cop - bobby
- semantic - stylistic
EX: house - shack (lều/chuồng) - slum (nhà ổ chuột) - pad
- phraseological
EX: to do ex - to make tea
- Euphesism
EX: WC - toilet - restroom
1.4. Antonymy (trái nghĩa)
- proper/gradable: mức độ
- complementary/ binary: A-B
- relational opposite:
- directional: trái chiều
1.5. Hyponymy (bao hàm)
EX: daisy/ rose/ tulip - flower
1.6. Meronymy/ part-whole relationship
EX: house - window/door
2. Sentence relation
- paraphrase (synonyms, equivalent structures, passive/active voice)
- contradiction: (antonym, opposite meaning)
- entailment (kéo theo)
3. Paraphrase
4. Metonymy (hoán dụ)
- container-contents: bottle-coke/wine/juice
- whole-part: house-roof
- representative-symbol king-crown
- place-inhabitants: town/city-people living here
- inventor-invention: volt, ampere
- author-work: Shakespeares
Word meaning
a. Lexical meaning vs grammatical meaning
- Lexical meaning: realization of concept/ notion
- Grammatical meaning: relationships between words
b. Denotative meaning vs connotative meaning
 - Denotative meaning: meaning exist in dictionary
- Connotative meaning: additional meaning (speakers’ attitudes,
behaviours, judgement)

EXERCISE

I. What word-formation process is involved in each of the underlined and

numbered words in the text below.
The 92-year-old, petite,​ ​well-poised (1)​ and proud lady, who is fully dressed each
morning by eight o'clock, with her hair​ ​fashionably (2)​ coifed and ​makeup ​(3)
perfectly applied, even though she is legally blind, moved to a​ ​nursing home ​(4)
today. Her husband of 70 years recently passed away, making the ​move ​(5)​ necessary.
After many hours of waiting patiently in the ​lobby​ (6)​ of the nursing home, she smiled
sweetly ​(7)​ when told her room was ready. As she maneuvered her walker to the
elevator, I provided a visual description of her tiny room, including the ​eyelet sheets
(8)​ that had been ​hung​ (9)​ on her window. "I love it," she stated with the enthusiasm
of an ​eight-year-old​ (10)​ having just been presented with a new puppy.

1 compounding
2. affixation
3. compounding
4. compounding
5. conversion
6. conversion
7. affixation
8. compounding
9. conversion
10. compounding

II. Paraphrase the following sentences using affixes:

1. She avoided​ answering directly​ with much skill.(n & adj)
-> she avoided direct answers with much skill
2. The latest figures ​indicate ​a decline in smoking. (n )
-> There is an indication of decline in smoking in the lastest figures
3. The students ​understood ​what their teacher had instructed them wrongly. (v)
-> the students misunderstood what their teacher had instructed them.
4. The manager asked the board members to ​consider ​his earlier proposal again.(v)
-> The manager asked the board members to reconsider his earlier proposal.
5. He is ​able ​to pass his exam if he works hard. (adj)
-> he is unable to pass his exam if he doesn’t work hard
6. This teacher has some ​favourite​ pupils. (v)
-> this teacher favours some pupils
7. We had to pay $5 to be ​admitted ​into the club.
-> The admittance fee into the club we had to pay was $5.
= we had to pay $5 for the admittance into the club
8. You also have a ​tendency ​to be sentimental. (v)
-> you also tend to be sentimental
9. But you lack ​confidence ​to step out into the world. (adj)
-> but you are unconfident to step out into the world.
10. The flight was delayed because the co-pilot ​refused​ to risk taking off in such
conditions. (n)
-> The flight was delayed because of the refusal of the co-pilot to risk taking off in
such conditions
III. Identify the number and types of morphemes of the underlined parts below:
E.g. ​un​happy: 2 morphemes ; prefix, derivational morpheme
1. re​new​able: 3; lexical, free (root)
6. watch​es​: 2; grammatical, bound, infectional, suffix
2. independ​ence 3; lexical, bound, derivational, suffix
7. ​leng​thened 3; lexical, free (root)
3.​ im​possible 3; lexical, bound, derivational, prefix
8. interes​ting 3; lexical, bound, derivational, suffix
4. tran​sport​ation 3; lexical, free (root)
9.​ the 1; grammatical, free
5. writt​en 2; grammatical, bound, inflectional, suffix
10. child​hood 2; lexical, bound, derivational, suffix

IV. Indicate whether the following italicized words/expressions have denotation

(D) or reference (R). Write D or R next to the sentence containing the words or
expressions on the left. (1 point)
R 1. Nancy married​ an American
D 2. Mary wants to buy ​a house
R 3. That would slow the three- year-old American ​recovery
D 4. ​Recovery​ would depend on a number of factors such as liquidity, availability
of labour.
R 5. Microsoft marketed ​its​ DOS in the mid 1980s
R 6. We decided to talk with ​them ​this afternoon
D 7. "​A man​ was in here looking for you last night."
R 8. Have you ever seen ​the Morning Star​?
D 9. ​The dog ​is a very friendly animal.
R 10. I would like to have ​a dress ​like yours

V. Identify metonymy associations in the following sentences. (1 points)

E.g. ​Have you ever read Dickens? ​author - work association

1. The city is proud of its natural beauty. place - inhabitants

2. We have always remained loyal to the crown. representative - symbol
3. The world fell in love with her. place - inhabitantsg
4. Peter drank three bottles. container-contents
5. Three of them live under the same roof. whole-part

VI. State the lexical relation of the following pairs under the terms: homonymy,
polysemy, synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy and part-whole relation. (1 points)
E.g. ​father - dad:​ → synonymy
1. beautiful – pretty synonymy (semantic)
6. boil -cook hyponymy
2. speak - talk synonymy (semantic)
7. run - walk antonymy (proper)
3. pairs - pears homonymy (homophones)
8. child - adult antonymy (proper)
4. frozen – glaciated synonymy (semantic-stylistic)
9. roof – tile meronymy
5. plastic – nylon hyponymy
10. wind (v) – wind (n) homonymy (homographs)

VII. State the specific type of synonymy in the following pairs of words. (1 points)

1. lake – loch absolute

6. slippery – slippy semantic-stylistic
2. surprise – astonishment stylistic
7. ask for – request semantic-stylistic
3. language – tongue phraseological
8. money – brass semantic-stylistic
4. little – small semantic
9. father – daddy stylistic
5. bargain – negotiate stylistic
10. sailor – seaman

VIII. For each pair of words and a phrase list the one that is positive in the '
Positive connotation' category , the one that is negative in the 'Negative
connotation' category and the phrase that is more neutral for both words in '
Denotation' column. (1 points)

1. observe (P) , watch (D), spy (N)

2. a young age (D), youthful (P), immature (N)
3. not having a care (D), irresponsible (N), carefree (P)
4. unique (P), not commonly found (D), strange (N)
5. find (D), detect (P), snoop (N)
6. inexpensive (N), fairly priced (D), cheap (P)
7. isolation (N), privacy (P), having an opportunity to be alone (D)
8. assertive (P), firmly confident (D), pushy (N)
9. extravagance (N), generosity (P), giving much (D)
10. lazily (N), without haste (D), leisurely (P)

PRACTICE
Paraphrase the following sentences using the derivatives of the underlined words
1. The latest research ​indicates​ a rise in the social evils (n)
-> There is an indication of a rise in the social evils in the latest research
2. He ​understood​ my instructions ​wrongly​ (v)
-> He misunderstood my instructions
3. She has some ​favourite​ students (v)
-> She favors some sts
4. Young people have a ​tendency​ to study abroad. (v)
-> young people tend to study abroad
5. She lacks ​confidence​ in her language proficiency (adj)
-> she is unconfident about her language proficiency
6. He didn’t go with us because his parents ​refused ​to offer him some money (n)
-> He didn’t go with us because of the refusal of his parents to offer him some
money
7. This topic is of great ​interest​ to me (adj)
-> I'm intersted in this topic
8. You have to pay $3 to be ​admitted​ into the club (n)
-> you have to pay $3 for the admittance into the club
9. I was really amazed at the fact that she was so ​docile ​(n)
-> I was really amazed at her docility
10. The ​homogeneity​ of the society made it intolerant. (adj)
-> The homogenous society made it intolerant.
11. His ​exhaustion​ resulted from his work pressure (adj)
-> he was exhausted because of his work pressure
12. Their performance filled me with ​delight.​ (v)
-> ​I delighted in their performance
V. State the lexical relation of the following pairs under the terms: homonymy,
polysemy, synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy and part-whole relation​.
1. team-squad synonymy 16. take off- land antonymy
(absolute) (directional)

2. write- right homonymy 17. accessory- hyponymy

(homophones) necklace

3. teacher- student antonymy 18. bare- bear homonymy

(relational (homophones)
opposite)

4. look-glance synonymy 19. question- synonymy

(semantic - interrogate (stylistic)
stylistic)

5. book- chapter meronymy 20. happy- delighted synonymy

(sematic)

6. interesting- boring antonymy 21. pass- fail antonymy

(proper/grada (complementa
ble) ry)

7. pen - fountain meronymy 22. tear(v)- tear (n) homonymy

(homographs)

8. give-take antonymy 23. sport- volleyball hyponymy

(relational
opposite)
9. present- absent antonymy 24. container- lid meronymy
(complementa
ry)

10. shirt- sleeve meronymy 25. lake-loch synonymy

(absolute)

11. language- tongue synonymy 26. plastic- nylon hyponymy

(phra) (semantic)

12. scream- shout synonymy 27. night- knight homonymy

(stylistic) (homophones)

13. awake- asleep antonymy 28. negotiate- synonymy

(complementa bargain (semantic-
ry) stylistic)

14. dog- tail meronymy 29.flower- petal meronymy

15. lead (v) – lead (n) homonymy 30. shout-whisper antonymy

(homographs) (proper)

I​ . What are the semantic features shared by the words in each group (2
points)
1. father, bachelor, pope, boy: [+human], [+male]
2. milk, juice, wine, beer, water: [+liquid], [+drinkable]

4. walk, run, hop, jump: [+move]

5. bored, interested, excited, amazed: [+emotion] / [+state]
II. What is the relationship between the words in the following pairs​? ​(2
points)
1. reign-rain homonymy 11. colour-purple hyponymy
(homophones)
2. right-wrong antonymy 12. host- guest antonymy
(complementa (relational
ry) opposite)

3. soil-earth synonymy 13. permit-allow synonymy

(absolute)

4. furniture-wa hyponymy 14. long-short antonymy

rdrobe (proper)

5. bird- feather meronymy 15. car-windscree meronymy

n

6. backward-fo antonymy 16. computer- meronymy

rward (directional) keyboard

7. luggage-bagg synonymy 17. deep- synonymy

age (absolute) profound (semantic-styli
stic)

8. hide-conceal synonymy 18. book- comic hyponymy

(stylistic)

9. (tree) bark- homonymy 19. book- page meronymy

bark (v) (full)

10 feat-feet homonymy 20. bird-crow hyponymy

. (homophones)

III. The following sentences are ambiguous. For each one, give two
paraphrases in which the sentences may be understood differently. (5 points)
1. Insurance salesman are frightening people.
(a) Insurance salesman are people frightening others.
(b) Insurance salesman are themselves scary.
2. Put the box on the table in the kitchen.
(a) put the box which is on the table in the kitchen
(b) put the box on the table which is in the kitchen
3. She is looking for the bat.
 (a) she is looking for the baseball stick.
(b) she is looking for the bat (an nocturnal flying mammal)
4. She cannot bear children.
(a) she cannot endure children (because they are too naughty)
(b) she cannot carry children (because they too weighty)
5. Flying planes can be dangerous.
(a) Flying by planes can be dangerous.
(b) the planes which is flying can be dangerous.
6. Fat people eat accumulates.
(a) Overweight people eat accumulates.
(b) The fat that people eat accumulates.
IV. Identify whether the following entailments are correct (C) or incorrect (I)
(1 points)
1. John is a bachelor entails John is a man. C
2. John is a man entails John is a bachelor. I
3. Ann planted roses entails Ann planted flowers. C
4. The bear killed the wolf entails the wolf was killed by the bear. C

PART B: PRACTICE
I. Identify the number of morphemes in each of the following
Ex​: replay: 2 (re + play)
1.predict 2 6. simply 2

2. weaken 2 7. transfusion 3

3.lady-killer 3 8. loneliness 3

4. speedometer 3 9. mistake 2

5. teachings 3 10. penalty 2

II. Identify the bound morphemes in each of the following

1. revise re- 6. simply -ly

2. selective -ive 7. cheaper -er

3.dreamed -ed 8. loneliness -ly. -ness

4. kingdom -dom 9. invervene in-

5. teachers -er, -s 10. idolize -ize

IV. Underline the root in each of the given words. Complete the table given below
1. womanly woman

2. endear dear

3. failure fail

4. famous fame

5. lighten light

6. falsify false

7. unenlivened live

8. friendship friend

9. subway way

10. childhood child

WORD-FORMATION
I. Identify the word-building processes of the following words
Ex:​ to dirty: CONVERSION
1. lady killer compounding 6. fishing rod compounding

2. backwards compounding 7. freedom compounding

3. comfortable affixation 8. exam shortening

4. to finger conversion 9. interviewee affixation

5. WHO shortening 10. to empty conversion

II. What word-formation process is involved in each of the underlined and

numbered words in the text below?
Fiorentina's ​exclusion (1) from the ​UEFA (2) Cup after a match official was injured
by a ​firecracker (3) thrown during their second-round match with Grasshopper
Zurich in Salerno brought ​hooliganism​ (4) back in the media.
The Florence club are appealing against the ​decision (5), arguing that the object was
thrown by rival Salernitana ​fans ​(6) and the ban would set a dangerous ​precedent (7).
But UEFA will have borne in mind that Fiorentina were playing so far away from
home only because they had been banned from their own ground for crowd trouble in
Europe last season.
Whether Fiorentina have been hard done by or not, fan violence is a problem in the
Italian game. ​Fighting (8) before Sunday's 1-1 draw between Bologna and Roma left
eight people in hospital, two with stab wounds. After the game a Roma ​supporters
(9)' bus was ​stoned​ (10) and set on fire.

1. affixation 6. affixation

2. shortening 7. affixation

3. compounding 8. affixation

4. affixation 9. affixation

5. affixation 10. affixation

WORDS
I. Identify pairs of synonyms of the following words and write them in two
columns: formal style and informal style
Example: residence (F) = home (I)
deficiency, retain, shorten, terminate, keep, show, lack, abbreviate, end, demonstrate,
respiration, require, breathing, empty, want, get on, vacant, sufficient, board, enough

Formal style Informal style Formal style Informal style

1.retain keep 6. sufficient enough

2.terminate end 7.deficiency lack

3.demonstrate show 8. abbreviate shorten

4. respiration breath 9. vacant empty

 5. require want 10. board get on

III​. ​If you saw words spelt in the following way would you expect the writer in
each case to be British ( BE) or American ( AE) ?
1. labor AE 6. favor AE

2. centre BE 7. thru AE

3. hospitalize AE 8. pants BE

4. movie AE 9. wardrobe BE

5. theater AE 10. mobile AE

PRACTICE
I. What are the semantic features shared by the words in each group (2 points)
1. father, bachelor, pope, boy: [+human], [+man]
2. milk, juice, wine, beer, water: [+liquid], [+drinkable]
3. pencil, book, eraser, ruler: [+equipment], [+school supplies]
4. walk, run, hop, jump: [+movement]
5. bored, interested, excited, amazed: [+emotion]/ [+state]

*​Paraphrase the following sentences using a derivative of the italicised word. The
letters in brackets indicate what part of speech you should use (​collected)

Free from the restriction of the conscious mind, they can be a useful insight into our
character. (adj)

Faces are a sign of sociability or a lack of it. (adj)

You also have a tendency to be sentimental. (v)

Faces looking to the left are a sign of shyness and reserve. (adj)

You’ve probably been ​disappointed​ in love. (n)

This makes for chaos and a lack of self-control. (adj)

Houses indicate a desire for love and a fulfilled marriage. (n)

Beware of becoming too complacent. (n)

A little untidiness in a house makes you feel comfortable, secure and happy. (n)

The greater the pressure the more likely you are to use sarcasm. (n)

But you lack confidence to step out into the world. (adj)

Affectionate and spontaneous, you long to belong to someone.(n)

I think it’s important to be spontaneous. (n)

Criticism towards oneself shows that one has a strong ego. (adj)

I am studying psychology that is analysed through the behaviour. (adj)

Denying the holocaust is in some countries treated as crime. (n)

The author was prosecuted for publishing the book. (n)

The altar in this small church has recently been treated as if it were not a sacred place.
(v)

Zionists have a preoccupation with building a strong Jewish state. (adj)

These facts were stated with much emphasis at the meeting. (adv)

The massive extermination of Jews took place during WW II. (v)

The flight was delayed because the co-pilot refused to risk taking off in such
conditions. (n)

He is generally disliked, because he is hostile to the people he meets. (n)

The expulsion of Palestinians from their country has triggered the creation of terrorist
anti-Zionist groups. (v)

After France was defeated, he became a prominent Communist deputy. (n)

He never ceased to defy all conventions. (adv)

Her provocative outfit aroused outrage among elderly members of the audience. (adv)

To say that all Jews are greedy would simplify the matter too much. (n)

She avoided answering directly with much skill. (adv)

The key to better remembering is to form a diversity of connections between new facts
and old ones. (adj)

My mom shows a lot of affection to poor people.(adj)

He fell down unconscious. (n)

The latest figures indicate a decline in smoking. (n or adj)

We had to pay $5 to be admitted into the club. (n)

Because they are pragmatic, it is easier for them to organize time. (n)

He said this because he is spiteful. (n)

This antique table has great value to me. (adj)

The fact that she is so docile still surprises me. (n)

Making public demonstrations of their sexuality fills them with delight. (v)

I like this text because it discusses the issue to such a great extent. (adv)

I tried to show her how much I could do for her, but nothing could impress her. (adj)
He was so exhausted that he soon died. (n)

The society here is very homogenous, which makes it quite intolerant. (n)

This teacher has some favourite pupils. (v)

How do you perceive this problem in the light of our discussion. (n)

He said that his ethnic origin wasn’t important to him. (n)

Paraphrase the following sentences using a derivative of the word in brackets.

The word MUST be changed using affixes.

1. The political situation in Russia is very uncertain and changeable. (stability)

2. She believes everything she hears and gets excited about anything. (impression)

3. He is considered to be a primitive person. (simple)

4. Bush’s attack which was not approved by the UN may lead to further weakening of
the organization. (author)

5. She was unable to comply with their rules. (capable)

6. US soldiers are said to fight for the liberty of the Iraqi people. (liberal)

7. The bomb squad rendered the bomb harmless. (able)

8. The fact that they rebel so much is not welcome by the UN forces. (defiant)

9. She made it very clear that she wouldn’t cooperate with the new boss. (emphasis)

10. One of the greatest assets of a businessman is the ability to get what you want
without being aggressive. (assert)

11. It is vital that we behave exactly as the resolution tells us. (accord)

12. He thinks he is worse than everybody else. (inferior)

13. He is considered to be a primitive person. (simple)

14. How you see him depends on what you have heard about him. (perceive)

15. I was really surprised to see him get naked in front of everyone. (astonish)

16. Her enthusiastic behaviour made everyone eager to participate. (exuberance)

17. The load shifted in the cargo of the ship, which became unstable. (unstable)

18. The audience were impressed by how deep her thoughts were. (profound)

18. Unfavourable conditions in the early stages of gestation may cause a child to be
mentally retarded. (retarded)

19. They chanted slogans about the freedom to demonstrate as the police stated
shooting. (assemble)

20. They rubbed the lotion into their skin hoping it would prevent mosquitoes from
biting, but it turned out that the substance was supposed to attract the insects, and the
manual said its purpose was to be placed away from the camp. (repel)

21. The new tank now being developed is supposedly impossible to destroy by means
of conventional weapons. (destroy)

22. They say marihuana makes people insensitive and stupefied. (sensitive)