TECHNICAL DPT

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

BUILDING SERVICES AND PROTECTION
TOPIC 4: ILLUMINATION This will imply that the solid angle subtended
at the centre by whole of the spherical
Illumination- this is the quantity of light or surface:
luminous flux radiated on a unit area of
surface.
Steradian
2.
It is measured in lux or lumen/m
1.2 Definition of terms associated with
Some material when they are heated above illumination
room temperatures, they radiate energy in
form of electromagnetic waves of various i) Luminous flux (F or Ф) – this is the
wavelengths. amount light energy radiated out per
second from a body in form of luminous
When these materials are heated to a certain
light waves.
temperature, light waves are radiated out in
Unit of luminous flux is lumen (lm)
addition to heat waves and the body becomes
luminous.
ii) Luminous intensity or candle power (I)
Radiant efficiency- this is the ratio of energy - this is the amount of light energy
radiated out as light to total energy radiated emanating from a point source within a
out by luminous source. solid angle of one steradian.

1.1 solid angle Candela

Consider light viewed from a candle in 3-D, it
Luminous intensity or candle power of a
will give spherical shape from the source.
source is different in different directions.
Also consider an area A which is part of the
The average candle power of a source is the
sphere of radius r.
average value of its candle power in all
is the solid angle subtended by the area A directions i.e. means spherical candle power.
at the centre C of the sphere and it is given
by:
It’s given by

For the case of hemisphere,

The unit of solid angle is steradian (sr).
It’s given by
If for from above equation, , then
.

Steradian- this is the angle subtended at the iii) Lux – this is the amount of illumination
centre of the sphere by a part of its surface provided when one lumen is evenly
having an area equal to (radius)2 distributed over an area of one square
metre.
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ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
BUILDING SERVICES AND PROTECTION
iv) Candela (cd) – this is the unit of luminous It states that the illumination of a surface is
intensity of a source. inversely proportional to the square of the
distance of the surface from the source.
A source of one candela (cd) emits one
lumen per steradian.

Total flux emitted by the source (candle)

all around the sphere will be:
Proof for inverse square law

v) Lumen- this is the unit of luminous flux. The figure below shows portions of surfaces of
three spheres with radii 1, 2, and 3
One lumen is the amount of light emitted respectively.
in a solid angle of 1 steradian (sr), from a
source that radiates to an equal extent in all
directions and whose intensity is 1 candela.

vi) Luminance (L) - this is the intensity of

light emitted from a surface per unit area of
the light source in a given direction.
It is given by:

cd/m2

Where I is the luminous intensity and S is

the area of the source surface perpendicular
to the given direction.

1.3 laws of illumination

For illumination of the surface, the source is All the three portions subtend the same solid
assumed to be a point source and sufficiently angle at the source and hence receive the same
away from the source. amount of total flux.

Illumination E is directly proportional to the The areas of the three portions will be in the
luminous intensity I of the source. ratio of 1:4:9 and their illuminations will be in
the rations .
Laws of illumination are:

i) inverse square law

TECHNICAL DPT
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
BUILDING SERVICES AND PROTECTION
ii) Cosine law The above equation makes it possible to
determine the illumination at a given point
It states that illuminance at a point on a plane provide the position and luminous intensity or
is proportional to the cosine of the angle of candle power of the source by which is
incident flux (the angle between the direction illuminated, are known.
of the incident light and the normal to the
plane). Example

Consider a lamp of uniform luminous intensity

suspended at a height of h above the working
plane as shown below.
The unit is lm/m2.

Proof of Cosine Law

From the figure shown below, let Ф be the

incident flux on the surface of the area A when
in position 1. When the surface is turned back
through an angle , then the incident flux on it
is Ф .

Let’s determine the illumination at point A

directly below the lamp and the other points B,
C and D.

At point A,

The illumination of the surface when in , since

position (i) is:

At point B,

When in position (ii): , but

Combining the above factors gives,

TECHNICAL DPT
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
BUILDING SERVICES AND PROTECTION

But
Direct illumination by lamps in suitable
reflectors may be supplemented by bracket
lamps.
Finding in terms of ,
Direct lighting is efficient though it is
characterized by glare and hard shadows.

ii) Indirect lighting

Similarly, In this form of lighting, light does not
and reach the surface directly from the source
but indirectly through diffuse reflection.
Exercise

A lamp giving out 1200 lm in all directions is

suspended 8m above the working plane.
Calculate the illumination at a point on the
working plane 6m away from the foot of the
working floor.

1.4 Lighting schemes

Different types of lighting schemes are as

listed below. The lamps are placed behind the cornice or
in suspend opaque bowls, and then silvered
i) Direct lighting – this is a form of lighting
reflectors which are corrugated are placed
system where the light from the source
beneath the lamps to eliminate striations.
falls directly on the object or the surface
being illuminated.
Through this way, maximum light is
thrown upwards on the ceiling from which
Most of the light is directed on the lower
it is distributed all over the room through
hemisphere and the brilliant source of light
diffuse reflection.
is kept away from the direct line of vision.
Advantage- it provides shadowless
illumination.

Limitation- its flat and monotonous.

- it’s depressive.

iii) Semi-direct lighting

TECHNICAL DPT
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
BUILDING SERVICES AND PROTECTION
This form utilizes luminaries which send most In this form of lighting, the luminaries used
of the light directly on the working plane and have almost equal light distribution upwards
considerate amount reaches the ceiling and the and downwards.
walls.

Glare is avoided by use of diffusing globes

which improve brightness towards the eye
level thus improving efficiency. 1.5 Design of lighting schemes and layouts

Different amount of illumination is required

iv) Semi-indirect lighting for different purposes and different places.

In this form of lighting, light is received on the Space/height ratio plays a big role when
working plane partly by diffuse reflection and determining the size and spacing of the light
partly direct from the source. sources in a working plane.

A well designed lighting scheme should have

the following features:

i) It should provide adequate

Translucent bowls without reflectors are used
illumination.
directing more light upwards to the ceiling for
ii) It should avoid glares and hard
diffuse reflection and the rest reaches directly
shadows.
on the working plane except for some which is
iii) It should provide sufficient uniform
absorbed by the bowl.
distribution of light over the working
This eliminates the limitations of indirect plane.
lighting.
The following factors should be put into
v) Diffusion lighting system consideration before determining the number,
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ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
BUILDING SERVICES AND PROTECTION
size and arrangement of lamps to produce Where E= desired illumination in lm/m2
uniform illumination over a given area:
A= area to be illuminated in m2
i) Utilization factor or utilization P= depreciation factor
coefficient (η)
η = utilization factor
This is the ratio of the lumens actually
received on the working plane to the total
lumens emitted from the light source.
Example 1
η= A room 8m 12m is lighted by 15 lamps to a
fairly uniform illumination of 100 lm/m2.
i) The value of this factor will depend on Calculate the utilization coefficient of the
the following: room given that the output of each lamp is
ii) The type of lighting system. 1600 lumens.
iii) The type and mounting height of the
fittings. Solution
iv) The colour and surface of the ceilings
and walls. Total lumens emitted by lamps= 15
v) The shape and dimensions of the room. =24000 lm

ii) Depreciation factor (p) Lumens received in the rom =

This factor is put into consideration since

candle power of all lamps or luminous sources
deteriorates due to blackening or accumulation Utilization coefficient, η
of dust and dirt on the globes and reflectors.

p
Example 2

A drawing hall in a college is to be provided

Taking into consideration of the utilization with a lighting installation. The hall is
factor and depreciation factor, luminous flux .The mounting
reaching a given area of the working plane is height is 5 m and the required level of
given by: illumination is 144 lm/m2. Using metal
filament lamps estimate the size and number of
single lamp luminaries and also draw their
spacing layout. Assume:
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ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
BUILDING SERVICES AND PROTECTION
Utilization coefficient = 0.6;

Maintenance factor = 0.75;

Space/height ratio=1

Lumens/watt for 300-W lamp = 13 lumens/

watt and for 500-W lamp = 16, lumens/watt

Solution

Flux,

Assignment

1. It is required to provide an illumination of

100 lux in a factory hall 30 m × 12 m.
Lumen output/ 500 watt lamp Assume that the depreciation factor is 0.8,
the coefficient of utilization 0.4 and the
= 8000 lumen efficiency of proposed lamps 14 lm/W.
Calculate the number of lamps and their
No. of 500 watt bulb needed disposition.
2. A room 40 m × 15 m is to be illuminated
= 24 lamps by 1.5 m 80-W fluorescent tubes mounted
3.5 m above the working plane on which
an average illumination of 180 lm/m2 is
Lumen output/300 watt lamp required. Using maintenance factor of 0.8
and the utilization factor of 0.5 design and
= 3900 lumen
sketch a suitable layout. The 80-W
No. of 300 watt lamp needed fluorescent tube has an output of 4,500 lm.
3. Define the terms: (i) Lux (ii) Luminous
= 49 lamps Flux (iii) Candle Power.
4. A workshop 100 m × 50 m is to be
Since 300 watt lamp cannot be arranged in a illuminated with intensity of illumination
hall of with space/height ratio of being 50 lux. Design a suitable scheme of
unity, 500 watt bulb is used which can be lighting if coefficient of utilization = 0.9 ;
arranged in 4 rows of 6 lamps each with Depreciation factor = 0.7 and efficiency of
spacing of 5 m in both the width and length of lamps = 80 lm/W. Use 100-W lamps.
the all.

The arrangement will be as shown: