•Reproduction

Anatomy - formation of new cells or

- the study of the structure of the body. organism.
 Systemic anatomy: study of the
organ systems. Homeostasis
 Regional anatomy: study of the - existence and
body by areas. maintenance of a
 Surface anatomy: uses superficial relatively constant internal
structures to locate deeper environment (balance).
structures. - set point is the ideal normal
value (ex. body temperature,
Physiology 36.5°-37.5°).
- the study of the processes and functions  normal range is the fluctuation
of the body. around a set point.
- maintained by positive and
 Structural and Functional negative feedback mechanisms.
Organization  negative feedback
•Chemical Level - turns off the original stimulus
- atoms combine to form molecules. - adrenal glands release a hormone
•Cell Level called steroids (anti-inflammatory), if
- molecules form organelles there is medicine intake (to counter
(ex. nucleus & mitochondria). cushing’s syndrome: too much
•Tissue Level steroids) it will stop secreting
- similar cells combine to form tissues. hormones and let the medicine do its
•Organ Level function.
 positive feedback
- different tissues form organs (ex. urinary
bladder). - enhances and up-regulates the
initial stimulus (usually harmful to
•Organ System Level
the body)
- organs make up an organ system
- pituitary gland releases hormone
•Organism Level
called prolactin that is responsible
- organ systems make up an organism.
for the production of breast milk.
 Characteristics of Life
 Terminology and
•Organization
Body Positions
- all parts of an organism interact to •Anatomical Position
perform specific functions.
- standing erect, face forward, arms
•Metabolism
hanging to the sides, palms facing
- chemical and physical changes forward, feet parallel and toes facing
taking place in an organism. forward.
•Responsiveness •Supine
- adjustments that maintain internal - lying face up
environment.
•Prone
•Growth
- lying face down
- increase in size of all or part of the
organism.
•Development
- changes in an organism undergoes
through time.
 Body Parts - secreted by serous membrane and
- right upper and lower quadrant & left protects organs against friction.
upper and lower quadrant. - outer wall: parietal serous membrane.
- inner wall: visceral serous membrane.
 Body Regions *Cerebro Spinal Fluid: a fluid that
hypochondr epigastri hypochondr protects the brain from concussion and
iac c iac trauma.*
lumber umbilical lumber •Pericardial Cavity
illac hypogast illac - surrounds the heart
ric - pericardial fluid: a fluid responsible
for absorbing the shock from the
 Body Planes heartbeat protecting nearby organs.
•Sagittal Plane •Pleural Cavity
- divides the body into left and right parts. - surrounds the lungs
•Transverse Plane - pleural fluid: a fluid responsible for
- divides the body into superior and absorbing the shock from respiration
inferior. protecting nearby organs.
•Frontal (coronal) Plane •Peritoneal Cavity
- divides the body into anterior and - surrounds certain abdominal and pelvic
posterior. organs
 mesenteries
 Organ Planes - holds the abdominal organs
•Longitudunal Section in place and provide
- along the lone axis. passageway for blood vessels
•Cross (transverse) Section and nerves to oragns.
- right angle by the long axis  retroperitoneal organs
•Oblique Section - located behind the parietal
- any angle, excluding the right angle, by peritoneum (ex. kidneys,
the long axis. adrenal glands).

 Body Cavities  Directional Terms

Thoracic Cavity Superior: upper part of the body
- bounded by the ribs and diaphragm. Inferior: lower part of the body
•Abdominal Cavity Cephalic: head
- bounded by the diaphragm and Caudal: also lower part of the body
abdominal muscles. Cephalocaudal: from head to toe.
•Pelvic Cavity Anterior, Ventral: front part of the body
- surrounded by pelvic bones. Posterior, Dorsal: back part of the body
•Abdominopelvic Cavity Lateral: sides of the body
- abdominal and pelvic cavity. Medial: center of the body
Superficial: outside of the body (ex.
*Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: removal of skin)
gall bladder (storage of bile). Deep: inside the body
Proximal: near
 Serous Membranes Distal: distant/Far
- lines the walls of the cavities. Proximodistal: near to
•Visceral Membranes far
- contact between internal organs
•Serous Fluid