MATH F112

Vector Spaces
The Change-of-Basis Problem

Mukesh Kumar Nagar

Department of Mathematics

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Email : mukeshn@goa.bits-pilani.ac.in

January 31, 2025

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 1 / 19
 Recall Basis

Definition 1
If S = {v1 , v2 , . . . , vn } is a set of vectors in a finite-dimensional
vector space V , then S is called a basis for V if:
(a) S spans V .

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 2 / 19
 Recall Basis

Definition 1
If S = {v1 , v2 , . . . , vn } is a set of vectors in a finite-dimensional
vector space V , then S is called a basis for V if:
(a) S spans V .
(b) S is linearly independent.

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 2 / 19
 Recall Basis

Definition 1
If S = {v1 , v2 , . . . , vn } is a set of vectors in a finite-dimensional
vector space V , then S is called a basis for V if:
(a) S spans V .
(b) S is linearly independent.

Theorem 2
Let V be an finite dimensional vector space, and let
S = {v1 , v2 , · · · , vn } be any basis.
(a) If a set in V has more than n vectors then it is linearly dependent.
(b) If a set in V has fewer than n vectors, then it does not span V .

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 2 / 19
 ProofP(a): Let W = {w1 , w2 , . . . , wm } with m > n. Then
wi = nj=1 aij vj .

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 3 / 19
 ProofP(a): Let W = {w1 , w2 , . . . , wm } with m > n. Then
wi = nj=1 aij vj .

Considering m
P
i=1 αi wi = 0 gives us a linear system having more
unknowns
Pm than equation, thus, there is nontrivial solution of
i=1 i i = 0.
α w

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 3 / 19
 ProofP(a): Let W = {w1 , w2 , . . . , wm } with m > n. Then
wi = nj=1 aij vj .

Considering m
P
i=1 αi wi = 0 gives us a linear system having more
unknowns
Pm than equation, thus, there is nontrivial solution of
i=1 i i = 0.
α w

Proof (b):P If W = {w1 , w2 , . . . , wm } and m < n spans V , we will

have vi = mj=1 aij wj .

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 3 / 19
 ProofP(a): Let W = {w1 , w2 , . . . , wm } with m > n. Then
wi = nj=1 aij vj .

Considering m
P
i=1 αi wi = 0 gives us a linear system having more
unknowns
Pm than equation, thus, there is nontrivial solution of
i=1 i i = 0.
α w

Proof (b):P If W = {w1 , w2 , . . . , wm } and m < n spans V , we will

have vi = mj=1 aij wj .

Considering m
P
i=1 αi vi = 0 gives us a linear system having more
unknowns than equation, thus, there is nontrivial solution and hence
contradiction.

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 3 / 19
 Recall Dimension
Remark
Using the previous Theorem, all bases for a finite-dimensional vector
space have the same number of vectors.

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 4 / 19
 Recall Dimension
Remark
Using the previous Theorem, all bases for a finite-dimensional vector
space have the same number of vectors.

Definition 3
The dimension of a finite-dimensional vector space V is denoted by
dim(V ) and is defined to be the number of vectors in a basis for V .

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 4 / 19
 Recall Dimension
Remark
Using the previous Theorem, all bases for a finite-dimensional vector
space have the same number of vectors.

Definition 3
The dimension of a finite-dimensional vector space V is denoted by
dim(V ) and is defined to be the number of vectors in a basis for V .
In addition, the zero vector space is defined to have dimension zero.

Uniqueness of Basis Representation

If S = {v1 , v2 , . . . , vn } is a basis for a vector space V , then every
vector v in V can be expressed in the form
v = c1 v1 + c2 v2 + · · · + cn vn in exactly one way.
Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 4 / 19
 Recall Dimension
Remark
Using the previous Theorem, all bases for a finite-dimensional vector
space have the same number of vectors.

Definition 3
The dimension of a finite-dimensional vector space V is denoted by
dim(V ) and is defined to be the number of vectors in a basis for V .
In addition, the zero vector space is defined to have dimension zero.

Uniqueness of Basis Representation

If S = {v1 , v2 , . . . , vn } is a basis for a vector space V , then every
vector v in V can be expressed in the form
v = c1 v1 + c2 v2 + · · · + cn vn in exactly one way.
Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 4 / 19
 Definition 4
If S = {v1 , v2 , . . . , vn } is a basis for a real vector space V , and
v = c1 v1 + c2 v2 + · · · + cn vn is the expression for a vector v in
terms of the basis S, then the scalars c1 , c2 , . . . , cn are called the
coordinates of v relative to the basis S.

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 5 / 19
 Definition 4
If S = {v1 , v2 , . . . , vn } is a basis for a real vector space V , and
v = c1 v1 + c2 v2 + · · · + cn vn is the expression for a vector v in
terms of the basis S, then the scalars c1 , c2 , . . . , cn are called the
coordinates of v relative to the basis S.
The vector (c1 , c2 , . . . , cn ) in Rn constructed from these coordinates is
called the coordinate vector of v relative to S; it is denoted by
(v)S = (c1 , c2 , . . . , cn ).

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 5 / 19
 Definition 4
If S = {v1 , v2 , . . . , vn } is a basis for a real vector space V , and
v = c1 v1 + c2 v2 + · · · + cn vn is the expression for a vector v in
terms of the basis S, then the scalars c1 , c2 , . . . , cn are called the
coordinates of v relative to the basis S.
The vector (c1 , c2 , . . . , cn ) in Rn constructed from these coordinates is
called the coordinate vector of v relative to S; it is denoted by
(v)S = (c1 , c2 , . . . , cn ).

Remark
Observe that (v)S is a vector in Rn , so that once an ordered basis S
is given for a real vector space V , Uniqueness of Basis Representation
establishes a one-to-one correspondence between vectors in V and
vectors in Rn .

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 5 / 19
 Definition 4
If S = {v1 , v2 , . . . , vn } is a basis for a real vector space V , and
v = c1 v1 + c2 v2 + · · · + cn vn is the expression for a vector v in
terms of the basis S, then the scalars c1 , c2 , . . . , cn are called the
coordinates of v relative to the basis S.
The vector (c1 , c2 , . . . , cn ) in Rn constructed from these coordinates is
called the coordinate vector of v relative to S; it is denoted by
(v)S = (c1 , c2 , . . . , cn ).

Remark
Observe that (v)S is a vector in Rn , so that once an ordered basis S
is given for a real vector space V , Uniqueness of Basis Representation
establishes a one-to-one correspondence between vectors in V and
vectors in Rn .
v ∈ V ←→ (v)S ∈ Rn
Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 5 / 19
 Examples:Coordinate Vectors Relative to Standard Bases

1 Find the coordinate vector for the polynomial

p(x) = c0 + c1 x + c2 x2 + · · · + cn xn relative to the standard basis
for the vector space Pn (R).

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 6 / 19
 Examples:Coordinate Vectors Relative to Standard Bases

1 Find the coordinate vector for the polynomial

p(x) = c0 + c1 x + c2 x2 + · · · + cn xn relative to the standard basis
for the vector space Pn (R).

2 Find the coordinate vector of

 
a b
B=
c d

relative to the standard basis for M22 .

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 6 / 19
 Examples:Coordinate Vectors Relative to Standard Bases

1 Find the coordinate vector for the polynomial

p(x) = c0 + c1 x + c2 x2 + · · · + cn xn relative to the standard basis
for the vector space Pn (R).

2 Find the coordinate vector of

 
a b
B=
c d

relative to the standard basis for M22 .

3 Prove that S = {v1 , v2 , v3 }, where v1 = (1, 2, 1), v2 = (2, 9, 0),
v3 = (3, 3, 4) form a basis for R3 .
i. Find the coordinate vector of v = (5, −1, 9) relative to the basis S .
ii. Find the vector v in R3 whose coordinate vector relative to S is
(v)S = (−1, 3, 2).

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 6 / 19
 The Change-of-Basis Problem
The Change-of-Basis Problem
If v is a vector in a finite-dimensional vector space V , and if we
change the basis for V from a basis B = {u1 , u2 , . . . , un } to a basis
B 0 = {u01 , u02 , . . . , u0n }, how are the coordinate vectors [v]B and [v]B 0
related?

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 7 / 19
 The Change-of-Basis Problem
The Change-of-Basis Problem
If v is a vector in a finite-dimensional vector space V , and if we
change the basis for V from a basis B = {u1 , u2 , . . . , un } to a basis
B 0 = {u01 , u02 , . . . , u0n }, how are the coordinate vectors [v]B and [v]B 0
related?

Solution: [v]B 0 = PB→B 0 [v]B and [v]B = PB 0 →B [v]B 0

where the columns of the matrix P (called transition matrix) are the
coordinate vectors of the new basis vectors relative to the old basis;
that is, the column vectors of P = PB 0 →B are
[u01 ]B , [u02 ]B , . . . , [u0n ]B .

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 7 / 19
 The Change-of-Basis Problem
The Change-of-Basis Problem
If v is a vector in a finite-dimensional vector space V , and if we
change the basis for V from a basis B = {u1 , u2 , . . . , un } to a basis
B 0 = {u01 , u02 , . . . , u0n }, how are the coordinate vectors [v]B and [v]B 0
related?

Solution: [v]B 0 = PB→B 0 [v]B and [v]B = PB 0 →B [v]B 0

where the columns of the matrix P (called transition matrix) are the
coordinate vectors of the new basis vectors relative to the old basis;
that is, the column vectors of P = PB 0 →B are
[u01 ]B , [u02 ]B , . . . , [u0n ]B .

PB 0 →B = [[u01 ]B | [u02 ]B | . . . | [u0n ]B ]

PB→B 0 = [[u1 ]B 0 | [u2 ]B 0 | . . . | [un ]B 0 ]

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 7 / 19
 The Change-of-Basis Matrix
A Procedure for Computing PB→B 0
• Step 1. Form the matrix [B 0 |B].

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 8 / 19
 The Change-of-Basis Matrix
A Procedure for Computing PB→B 0
• Step 1. Form the matrix [B 0 |B].

• Step 2. Use elementary row operations to reduce the matrix in

Step 1 to reduced row echelon form.

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 8 / 19
 The Change-of-Basis Matrix
A Procedure for Computing PB→B 0
• Step 1. Form the matrix [B 0 |B].

• Step 2. Use elementary row operations to reduce the matrix in

Step 1 to reduced row echelon form.

• Step 3. The resulting matrix will be [I|PB→B 0 ].

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 8 / 19
 The Change-of-Basis Matrix
A Procedure for Computing PB→B 0
• Step 1. Form the matrix [B 0 |B].

• Step 2. Use elementary row operations to reduce the matrix in

Step 1 to reduced row echelon form.

• Step 3. The resulting matrix will be [I|PB→B 0 ].

• Step 4. Extract the matrix PB→B 0 from the right side of the
matrix in Step 3.

Theorem 5
Let B = {u1 , u2 , . . . , un } be any basis of Rn and let
S = {e1 , e2 , . . . , en } be the standard matrix basis for Rn . Then,

PB→S = [u1 | u2 | . . . | un ]
Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 8 / 19
 Example 6
Consider the bases B = {u1 , u2 , u3 } and B 0 = {u01 , u02 , u03 }, where
     
2 2 1
u1 = 1 , u2 = −1 , u3 = 2 ,
1 1 1
     
3 1 −1
0 0 0
u1 = 1 , u2 = 1 , u3 = 0  ,
    
−5 −3 2

1 Find the transition matrix P (= PB→B 0 ) from B to B 0 .

 
−5
2 Compute the coordinate vector [w]B , where w = 8  and use

−5
it to compute [w]B 0 .
3 Check your work by computing [w]B 0 directly.
Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 9 / 19
 Solution

Using procedure for computing PB→B 0 , my input matrix is

 
3 1 −1 2 2 1
[B 0 |B] =  1 1 0 1 −1 2 
−5 −3 2 1 1 1

Elementary Row operations

−→ [I|PB→B 0 ] =?

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 10 / 19
Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 11 / 19
Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 12 / 19
 Thus,  
3 2 2.5
PB→B 0 =  −2 −3 −0.5 
5 1 6

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 13 / 19
  
−5
(2) When w = 8 , we have [w]B =

−5

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 14 / 19
    
−5 9
(2) When w = 8 , we have [w]B = −9, (Why?)
  
−5 −5

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 14 / 19
    
−5 9
(2) When w = 8 , we have [w]B = −9, (Why?)
  
−5 −5
since w = 9u1 − 9u2 − 5u1 .

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 14 / 19
    
−5 9
(2) When w = 8 , we have [w]B = −9, (Why?)
  
−5 −5
since w = 9u1 − 9u2 − 5u1 .
Using transition matrix PB→B 0 [w]B , [w]B 0 =?

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 14 / 19
    
−5 9
(2) When w = 8 , we have [w]B = −9, (Why?)
  
−5 −5
since w = 9u1 − 9u2 − 5u1 .
Using transition matrix PB→B 0 [w]B , [w]B 0 =?
    
3 2 2.5 9 −3.5
[w]B 0 = PB→B 0 [w]B =  −2 −3 −0.5  −9 =  11.5 
5 1 6 −5 6

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 14 / 19
    
−5 9
(2) When w = 8 , we have [w]B = −9, (Why?)
  
−5 −5
since w = 9u1 − 9u2 − 5u1 .
Using transition matrix PB→B 0 [w]B , [w]B 0 =?
    
3 2 2.5 9 −3.5
[w]B 0 = PB→B 0 [w]B =  −2 −3 −0.5  −9 =  11.5 
5 1 6 −5 6
(3) Direct: If      
−5 x −3.5
xu01 + yu02 + zu03 =  8  =⇒ [w]B 0 = y  =  11.5 ,
−5 z 6

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 14 / 19
    
−5 9
(2) When w = 8 , we have [w]B = −9, (Why?)
  
−5 −5
since w = 9u1 − 9u2 − 5u1 .
Using transition matrix PB→B 0 [w]B , [w]B 0 =?
    
3 2 2.5 9 −3.5
[w]B 0 = PB→B 0 [w]B =  −2 −3 −0.5  −9 =  11.5 
5 1 6 −5 6
(3) Direct: If      
−5 x −3.5
xu01 + yu02 + zu03 =  8  =⇒ [w]B 0 = y  =  11.5 ,
−5 z 6
       
3 1 −1 −5
7 23  
OR −  1  + 1 + 6 0  =  8 
2 −5 2 −3 2 −5

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 14 / 19
 Recall: Row Space, Column Space, and Null Space

Definition 7
For a given m × n real matrix A
• Row Space ?

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 15 / 19
 Recall: Row Space, Column Space, and Null Space

Definition 7
For a given m × n real matrix A
• Row Space ?
• Column Space ?

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 15 / 19
 Recall: Row Space, Column Space, and Null Space

Definition 7
For a given m × n real matrix A
• Row Space ?
• Column Space ?
• Null Space?

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 15 / 19
 Recall: Row Space, Column Space, and Null Space

Definition 7
For a given m × n real matrix A
• Row Space ?
• Column Space ?
• Null Space?

Question 1
What relationships exist among the solutions of a linear system
Ax = b and the row space, column space, and null space of the
coefficient matrix A?

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 15 / 19
 Recall: Row Space, Column Space, and Null Space

Definition 7
For a given m × n real matrix A
• Row Space ?
• Column Space ?
• Null Space?

Question 1
What relationships exist among the solutions of a linear system
Ax = b and the row space, column space, and null space of the
coefficient matrix A?

Question 2
What relationships exist among the row space, column space, and null
space of a matrix?
Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 15 / 19
 Theorem 8
A system of linear equations Ax = b is consistent if and only if b is in
the column space of A.

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 16 / 19
 Theorem 8
A system of linear equations Ax = b is consistent if and only if b is in
the column space of A.

Theorem 9
If x0 is any solution of a consistent linear system Ax = b, and if
S = {v1 , v2 , . . . , vk } is a basis for the null space of A, then every
solution of Ax = b can be expressed in the form

x = x 0 + c1 v 1 + c2 v 2 + · · · + ck v k .

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 16 / 19
 Theorem 8
A system of linear equations Ax = b is consistent if and only if b is in
the column space of A.

Theorem 9
If x0 is any solution of a consistent linear system Ax = b, and if
S = {v1 , v2 , . . . , vk } is a basis for the null space of A, then every
solution of Ax = b can be expressed in the form

x = x 0 + c1 v 1 + c2 v 2 + · · · + ck v k .

Conversely, for all choices of scalars c1 , c2 , . . . , ck , the vector x in this

formula is a solution of Ax = b.

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 16 / 19
 Basis for row space/column space
Theorem 10
Elementary row operations do not change the null space of a matrix.

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 17 / 19
 Basis for row space/column space
Theorem 10
Elementary row operations do not change the null space of a matrix.

Theorem 11
Elementary row operations do not change the row space of a matrix.

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 17 / 19
 Basis for row space/column space
Theorem 10
Elementary row operations do not change the null space of a matrix.

Theorem 11
Elementary row operations do not change the row space of a matrix.

Theorem 12
If a matrix R is in row echelon form, then the row vectors with the
leading 1’ s (the nonzero row vectors) form a basis for the row space
of R,

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 17 / 19
 Basis for row space/column space
Theorem 10
Elementary row operations do not change the null space of a matrix.

Theorem 11
Elementary row operations do not change the row space of a matrix.

Theorem 12
If a matrix R is in row echelon form, then the row vectors with the
leading 1’ s (the nonzero row vectors) form a basis for the row space
of R,

and the column vectors with the leading 1’ s of the row vectors form a
basis for the column space of R.
Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 17 / 19
 Example

Example 13
Find bases for the row and column spaces of the matrix
 
1 −2 5 0 3
 0 1 3 0 0 
R=  0 0 0 1 0 

0 0 0 0 0

Solution: r1 = [1 − 2 5 0 3]
r2 = [0 1 3 0 0]
r3 = [0 0 0 1 0]
form a basis of row space of R and the set {c1 , c2 , c4 } form a basis
for the column space R.

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 18 / 19
 Example 14
Find basis for the row space of the matrix
 
1 −3 4 −2 5 4
 2 −6 9 −1 8 2 
R=  −1 3 −4 2 −5 −4


2 −6 9 −1 9 7

Solution: Using elementary row operations, we have the following

REF of A

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 19 / 19
 Example 14
Find basis for the row space of the matrix
 
1 −3 4 −2 5 4
 2 −6 9 −1 8 2 
R=  −1 3 −4 2 −5 −4


2 −6 9 −1 9 7

Solution: Using elementary row operations, we have the following

REF of A
 
1 −3 4 −2 5 4
 0 0 1 3 −2 −6 
R=  0 0 0 0

1 5 
0 0 0 0 0 0
Thus, the set {r01 , r02 , r03 } form a basis for row space of R.

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 19 / 19
 Example 14
Find basis for the row space of the matrix
 
1 −3 4 −2 5 4
 2 −6 9 −1 8 2 
R=  −1 3 −4 2 −5 −4


2 −6 9 −1 9 7

Solution: Using elementary row operations, we have the following

REF of A
 
1 −3 4 −2 5 4
 0 0 1 3 −2 −6 
R=  0 0 0 0

1 5 
0 0 0 0 0 0
Thus, the set {r01 , r02 , r03 } form a basis for row space of R.
Hence, the corresponding set of row vectors of A, i.e.,

Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 19 / 19
 Example 14
Find basis for the row space of the matrix
 
1 −3 4 −2 5 4
 2 −6 9 −1 8 2 
R=  −1 3 −4 2 −5 −4


2 −6 9 −1 9 7

Solution: Using elementary row operations, we have the following

REF of A
 
1 −3 4 −2 5 4
 0 0 1 3 −2 −6 
R=  0 0 0 0

1 5 
0 0 0 0 0 0
Thus, the set {r01 , r02 , r03 } form a basis for row space of R.
Hence, the corresponding set of row vectors of A, i.e.,
{r1 , r2 , r4 } form a basis for the row space A.
Mukesh Kumar Nagar (BITS Pilani Goa) MATH F112 Vector Spaces January 31, 2025 19 / 19