Indian Institute of Technology

Kharagpur
​
​

Water Resource and Geotechnical Engineering Sessional

​

(CE39204)
​
​
​
VIKRAM SINGH MEENA
22CE10086
ASSIGNMENT-2

​
​
​
​

Topic- “Computation of critical and normal

depths for prismatic open channels.”

Date-03/02/2025
 1. INTRODUCTION​

In hydraulic engineering and environmental management, open channels are critical in

conveying water across various applications, including agricultural irrigation and urban
drainage systems. A comprehensive grasp of flow dynamics within these channels is essential
for efficient design, operation, and upkeep. Critical and standard depth are two primary
parameters that define flow behaviour in open channels.

Critical depth is the minimum depth where the shift from subcritical to supercritical flow
occurs, signifying an essential threshold for flow stability and energy dissipation. On the other
hand, standard depth is the stable depth at which flow becomes uniform and steady under
particular hydraulic conditions. Precisely calculating these depths is essential for assessing
channel efficiency, capacity, and resilience, consequently informing water resource planning
and management.

Determining critical and standard depths is essential for hydraulic analysis and infrastructure
design in prismatic open channels, where the cross-sectional shape remains uniform along
their length. Numerous analytical methods and equations have been created to estimate
these depths, each tailored to distinct channel shapes and flow characteristics.

This research calculates critical and standard depths for prismatic open channels using
established hydraulic principles and empirical formulas. We particularly examine the use of
Manning's equation, a well-known formula for its effectiveness in forecasting flow
parameters in open channel systems. Through this exploration, we seek to improve the
understanding of the hydraulic behaviour of prismatic channels, thus supporting informed
decision-making in engineering design and water management practices.
 2. METHODOLOGY

One Dimensional Open Channel Flow:-

One-dimensional open channel flow represents a simplified but essential model in hydraulic
engineering. It focuses on variations in flow parameters, like velocity and depth, along the
length of the channel while disregarding lateral changes. This method enables engineers to
apply core principles of fluid mechanics accurately.
This model finds extensive use in river hydraulics and stormwater management, facilitating
precise flow behaviour predictions. Engineers can effectively design hydraulic structures,
evaluate flood risks, and enhance water resource management by assuming that the flow is
mainly unidirectional and consistent along the channel's length.
Although it involves simplifications, one-dimensional open channel flow is still an essential
instrument for comprehending and managing water systems. It plays a significant role in
engineering practices and efforts toward environmental conservation.

Assumptions:-​

1.​ The flow domain's length dramatically exceeds its width and depth.
2.​ Variables include average cross-sectional velocity and water depth.
3.​ Hydrostatic pressure approximated using vertical depth due to gentle bed slopes.
4.​ Validity of horizontal flow approximation and hydrostatic pressure distribution.​

The behaviour of these flows depends heavily on the Froude number: ​

​
𝐹𝑟 = 𝑢 √𝑔𝑦 ​
(1) For Fr = 1, flow is critical; for Fr < 1, flow is subcritical and for Fr > 1, flow is supercritical.
The Froude number is indicative of the balance between inertia and gravity forces.​

​
​
1.​ Iterative Solution for Normal Depth:-
Define an implicit nonlinear function (fn(yn)) for the standard depth (yn) by
utilising the corresponding equation for each type of channel shape. Employ
numerical techniques, like the Newton-Raphson method, to iteratively
determine yn.​
2.​ Iterative Solution for Critical Depth:-
Establish an implicit nonlinear function (fc(yc)) for the critical depth (yc) by
applying the relevant equation corresponding to each channel shape—Utilise
numerical techniques, such as the Newton-Raphson method, to compute yc
iteratively.​

3.​ Convergence and Verification:-

Continue the iterative process until both standard and critical depths reach a
state of convergence. Confirm the acquired depths by checking them against
physical limitations and engineering standards.
 3. LITERATURE REVIEW
Objective and Conclusion

1.​ García Díaz, R. (2005), Analysis of Manning coefficient for small-depth flows on vegetated
beds. Hydrol. Process., 19: 3221-3233. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5820​

Objective:- This review examines the intricacies of applying Manning's formula, especially
in difficult situations such as shallow flows over surfaces obscured by natural vegetation.
Our goal is to clarify the challenges in determining Manning coefficients under these
conditions by utilising comprehensive research, including experiments carried out at the
Laboratory of Hydraulics and Hydrology within the Forestry Engineering Faculty.
Additionally, we address the creation of a novel approach for estimating Manning
coefficients based on the Froude number, which offers essential perspectives for handling
steep gradients and shallow flows.

Conclusion:- Through our research, it is clear that Manning coefficient values are not
universally applicable, particularly when considering different bed slopes. Both prior studies
and our findings highlight the necessity to tailor coefficient values for particular flow
conditions. We have discovered various suggested techniques for determining coefficients
under extreme circumstances, stressing the significance of picking the proper method based
on specific flow and bed attributes. Although we have made strides, additional work
remains to improve these techniques for better accuracy, particularly in cases involving
shallow depths and varied bed compositions.

2.​ Ömer Akgiray. 2005. Explicit solutions of the Manning equation for partially filled circular
pipes. Canadian Engineering. 32(3): 490-499. https://doi.org/10.1139/l05-001​

Objective:- In this review, we investigate the practical use of the Manning equation in
partially filled circular pipes. We will address the difficulties engineers face when they lack
knowledge of the surface angle or flow depth. By reviewing current studies and evaluating
specific solutions available in the literature, we intend to elucidate these intricate situations
and present new equations to streamline the computations.

Conclusion:- The Manning equation is a commonly utilised resource for engineers, yet it
presents difficulties, mainly when used for partially filled circular pipes. Traditionally,
resolving specific issues necessitates lengthy iterative calculations. Our review introduces
new equations that directly tackle these difficulties, offering ease and precision. With these
new equations, engineers can make quicker and more assured decisions, whether
developing drainage systems or examining pipe flow. These results will benefit both
seasoned engineers and students studying hydraulic engineering.
3.​ Shirley, Edward D.; Lopes, Vicente L. (1991). Normal‐Depth Calculations in Complex
Channel Sections. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 117(2), 220–232.
https://doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1991)117:2(220)

Objective: Researchers exploring normal-depth calculations for intricate channel

configurations underscore the vital importance of the Manning and Chezy equations in
hydraulic engineering. These equations are essential for assessing open-channel flow and
are critical for the design and performance assessment of sewer systems. Nevertheless,
current methods encounter various difficulties, prompting investigations into alternative
iterative approaches. This review assesses recent studies proposing these approaches,
highlighting their importance in delivering accurate outcomes across a range of channel
geometries while ensuring convergence and computational efficiency.

Conclusion: Recent research has presented promising iterative techniques to enhance

normal-depth calculations in intricate channel configurations. These techniques emphasise
the significance of the Manning and Chezy equations within the field of hydraulic
engineering. Various computational assessments and experiments indicate that these
methods effectively deliver precise and efficient solutions, highlighting the crucial role these
equations play in the design and management of channels. The results imply that these
iterative approaches are viable alternatives that can improve hydraulic modelling and
infrastructure development. Nonetheless, additional validation through further research is
necessary to bolster confidence in these methods, highlighting the ongoing advancement of
techniques in hydraulic engineering.​

4.​ Bjerklie, David M.; Dingman, S. Lawrence; Bolster, Carl H. (2005). Comparison of
constitutive flow resistance equations based on the Manning and Chezy equations applied
to natural rivers. Water Resources Research, 41(11), n/a–n/a. doi:10.1029/2004wr003776

Objective: This research explores and compares the Manning and Chezy equations in
estimating river flow rates. By examining data from over a thousand discharge
measurements across different rivers, we aim to determine the best conditions that
minimise variance and uncertainty in our estimates, especially in scenarios with limited
information about flow resistance at a particular site.​

Conclusion: Investigating these equations provides insight into enhancing our understanding
of flow resistance in natural rivers. By adjusting the conventional approaches and applying a
slope variable exponent of 0.33, we've reduced the variance in our flow resistance
estimates, potentially leading to more precise outcomes. These results create opportunities
for remote sensing of river data, comparing various discharge estimation techniques, and
even modelling entire river systems. Although inherent uncertainties exist, these models
present a robust foundation for estimating river discharge, mainly when comprehensive
data is scarce.
5.​ Strupczewski, W. G. (1996). Warning of Application of the Chezy-Manning Formula
Regardless of Channel Shape. Proceedings of the International Conference on Hydrology
and Water Resources, New Delhi, India, December 1993,
371–383. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-0389-3_24 ​

Objective:- This paper seeks to warn against the uncritical application of the
Chezy-Manning formula across different channel shapes. While the Chezy formula
presumes ideal conditions of uniform channels, actual river channels display a variety of
configurations and complexities. By examining how channel shape affects Manning's
coefficient, the research aims to clarify the complex dynamics of hydraulic modelling,
especially concerning natural channel morphologies. Through mathematical analysis and
theoretical investigation, this study aspires to offer essential insights into the limitations of
traditional hydraulic formulas and the need for a more sophisticated approach to
estimating flow resistance in non-uniform channels.​

Conclusion:- In conclusion, this analysis emphasises the complex relationship between

channel shape and flow dynamics, challenging the simplistic views often found in
conventional hydraulic modelling techniques. By stressing the importance of channel
configuration in influencing Manning's coefficient, the research highlights the necessity for
a change in approach towards more tailored and flexible strategies in hydraulic
engineering. By recognising the intricacies of actual river channels and adopting a more
detailed comprehension of flow resistance, researchers and practitioners can improve the
precision and dependability of hydraulic models, ultimately promoting more efficient and
sustainable management of water resources.

REFERENCES:-
1.​ García Díaz, R. (2005), Analysis of Manning coefficient for small-depth flows on vegetated beds. Hydrol. Process., 19:
3221-3233
2.​ Ömer Akgiray. 2005. Explicit solutions of the Manning equation for partially filled circular pipes. Canadian Journal of Civil
Engineering. 32(3): 490-499.
3.​ Shirley, Edward D.; Lopes, Vicente L. (1991). Normal‐Depth Calculations in Complex Channel Sections. Journal of Irrigation
and Drainage Engineering, 117(2), 220–232.
4.​ Bjerklie, David M.; Dingman, S. Lawrence; Bolster, Carl H. (2005). Comparison of constitutive flow resistance equations
based on the Manning and Chezy equations applied to natural rivers. Water Resources Research, 41(11), n/a–n/a.
5.​ Strupczewski, W. G. (1996). Warning of Application of the Chezy-Manning Formula Regardless of Channel Shape.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Hydrology and Water Resources, New Delhi, India, December 1993,
371–383
 4. Computational Method

[IMAGE OF CODE FROM GOOGLE COLLEB ]

5. FLOW CHART
 6. RESULTS

[ IMAGE OF RESULTS FROM GOOGLE COLLEB]

For 22CE10086 value of Q (m³/s): 44

Rectangle Channel:-
Normal Depth: 4.95831157578692 m (iterations: 3)
Critical Depth: 1.99112616314458 m (closed-form)

Triangular Channel:-
Normal Depth: 4.90804465366743 m (iterations: 4)
Critical Depth: 3.30562259392150 m (closed-form)

Trapezoidal Channel :-
Normal Depth: 2.97896213310217 m (iterations: 4)
Critical Depth: 1.75915530466114 m (iterations: 6)
 7. DISCUSSION

The techniques for calculating critical and standard depths in prismatic open channels
have progressed from conventional analytical to sophisticated numerical approaches.
Numerical solvers based on MATLAB, like the Secant and False Position methods,
enhance computational efficiency by iteratively resolving flow equations.
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, utilising the Large Eddy Simulation
(LES) and the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method, offer in-depth insights into velocity
gradients, turbulence, and shear stress at the boundaries. These methodologies
facilitate accurate flow transition modelling, thereby addressing manual calculations'
constraints.

Channel roughness and variations in geometry have a notable impact on depth

calculations. Increased roughness raises flow resistance, changing the conventional
depth measurements and influencing backwater curves. A comparative analysis of
direct integration methods (such as Chow’s approach) and techniques for assessing
depth variations indicates that various methods are most effective under particular
hydraulic scenarios. Although the geometric configuration has a relatively minor
impact, flow resistance is the key factor in determining equilibrium flow depths.

Analysing computational depth problems stems from nonlinear flow behaviour,

especially in uneven channels and changing slopes. Integrating hybrid
approaches—merging numerical solvers with computational fluid
dynamics—improves the accuracy of predictions in intricate flow situations.
Real-world applications encompass flood risk assessment, sediment transport studies,
and the optimisation of hydraulic structures. Future developments should prioritise
adaptive meshing techniques and AI-enhanced predictive models to enhance
computational efficiency and precision in extensive hydraulic simulations.