Experiment-1

Calculation of normal depth in a trapezoidal channel

Aim: - To determine normal depth in a trapezoidal channel

Theory: -Trapezoidal Channels allow the collection and transportation of surface water while
protecting the area from erosion. A trapezoidal section is the most economical if half
the top width is equal to one of the sloping sides of the channel or the hydraulic radius is
equal to half the depth of flow.

A channel section is said to be economical when the cost of construction of the channel is minimum. The

cost of construction of a channel depends on depth of excavation and construction for lining. The cost of
construction of channel is minimum when it passes maximum discharge for its given cross sectional
area. It is evident from the continuity equation and uniform flow formulae that for a given value of slope
and surface roughness, the velocity of flow is maximum when hydraulic radius is maximum. The
hydraulic radius is maximum for given area if wetted perimeter is minimum. Hence the wetted perimeter,
for a given discharge should be minimum to keep the cost down or minimum. This condition is utilized
for determining the dimensions of economical sections of different forms of channels. Most economical
section is also called the best section or hydraulic efficient section as the discharge passing through a
most economical section of channel for a given cross-sectional area (A), slope of the bed (S0) and a
roughness coefficient (n), is maximum.

The conditions for the most economical section of channel

1. A rectangular channel section is the most economical when either the depth of flow is equal to half the
bottom width or hydraulic radius is equal to half the depth of flow.

2. A trapezoidal section is the most economical if half the top width is equal to one of the sloping sides of
the channel or the hydraulic radius is equal to half the depth of flow.

3. A triangular channel section is the most economical when each of its sloping side makes an angle of
45o with vertical or is half square described on a diagonal and having equal sloping sides.
 Problem:
The discharge in a channel with bottom width 3 m is 12 m3 /s . If Manning’s 𝑛 is 0.013 m–1/3 s and the
streamwise slope is 1 in 200, find the normal depth if:
(a) the channel has vertical sides (i.e. rectangular channel);
(b) the channel is trapezoidal with side slopes 2H:1V.

Solution:
𝑏 = 3 m (base width) 𝑄 = 12 m3/ s ; 𝑛 = 0.013 m−1⁄3 s ; 𝑆 = 0.005
(a) Discharge:
𝑄 = 𝑉𝐴
Where in normal flow

𝑉 = (1 / 𝑉 ) 𝑉ℎ 2/3 𝑉 1/2 ,

𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ,
𝑅ℎ = 𝑏ℎ/(𝑏 + 2ℎ) = ℎ /(1 + 2ℎ/b)
Hence,

𝑄 = ((1/ 𝑛 )*(𝑏ℎ 5/3)/ (1 + 2ℎ/𝑏) 2/3 )*𝑆 ½

Rearranging as an iterative formula for ℎ:

ℎ = ((𝑛*𝑄/ 𝑏√𝑆 ) 3/5 )*(1 + 2ℎ/𝑏) 2/5

Here, with lengths in metres,

ℎ = 0.8316 (1 + 2ℎ/3) 2/5

Iteration (from, e.g., ℎ = 0.8316) gives

ℎ𝑛 = 1.024 m
Answer: 1.02 m.

(b) Geometry: Trapezoidal cross-section with base width b, surface width 𝑏 + 2 × (2ℎ) and two
sloping side lengths √ℎ2 + (2ℎ)2 = ℎ√5.

Area and wetted perimeter: 𝐴 = (1/ 2)* (𝑏 + 𝑏 + 4ℎ)ℎ = ℎ(𝑏 + 2ℎ) = ℎ𝑏(1 + 2ℎ/𝑏)

𝑃 = 𝑏 + 2ℎ√5

Hydraulic radius: 𝑅ℎ ≡ (𝐴/ 𝑃) = ℎ(𝑏 + 2ℎ) /(𝑏 + 2ℎ√5) = ℎ *(( 1 + 2ℎ/𝑏 )/1 + 2√5ℎ/𝑏 ))
 Experiment-2
Design of circular sewer

Aim: - To design a Circular Sewer

Theory: The three types of sewers are sanitary sewers, storm sewers, and combined sewers. All three
of these sewer systems play important roles in ensuring that the waste we produce is
transported and treated properly.

Sewers are generally circular in shape. The advantages of circular sewers are:

 The perimeter of circular sewer is the least with respect to the sewer of other shape.

 The inner surface is smooth hence the flow of sewage is uniform and there is no chance of deposition of
suspended particles.

 The circular sewers are easy to construct .

In this type of sewer, the outer surface is circular. The inner surface is divided into two portions. The
upper portion resembles a basket-handle and the lower portion is like a channel. During dry season, the
sewage flows through the lower portion and during monsoon, the combined sewage flows through the
full section.
Problem:
Design a sanitary sewer to serve a population of 5,000 people, if the average consumption is 400 liters per
capita per day (lpcd). How many extra persons can be served if the slope is doubled? Using "n" value of
0.013 in the Manning's formula & the return flow as 70%. Check the minimum self-cleaning velocity.
Neglect infiltration & inflow?

Given Data:
Population (P) = 5000 Persons
Average water consumption (q) = 400 lpcd
Manning Coefficient (n) = 0.013
Return Flow = 70 %
Assume Slop (s) = 0.005

Average waste water flow (qw) = P * Return flow (%) * q

= 5000 * 0.7 * 400
= 1,400,000 lpcd
= 0.0162 m3/sec
Let take peaking factor (P.F) =3
Peak Hourly Waste Water Flow = 3 * 0.0162
= 0.0486 m3/sec

Now finding the diameter of sewer pipe line

Using discharge formula;
Q = AV

0.0162 = (Π*D2/4) ((1/n)* R2/3 S1/2))

D = 0.264 m (264mm or 10.40”)

Use 12” Dia pipe

Checking the minimum self cleaning velocity

V=((1/n) * R2/3 S1/2))

Where R = (D/4)2/3 for circular pipe

V = 0.96 m/sec
Vmin = 0.6 m/sec < V = 0.96 m/sec <
Vmax = 2.5 m/sec
 Experiment-3

Introduction to STAAD-PRO

Aim:To study the introduction about STAAD Pro

Overview:STAAD- Standard Analyze and Design
Company name – Bentley Version- STAADV8i.
STAAD or (STAAD Pro) is a structural analysis and design computer program originally developed by
Research Engineers International in Yorba Linda, CA. In late 2005, Research Engineer International was
bought by Bentley Systems. An older version called STAAD-III for windows is used by Iowa State
University for educational purposes for civil and structural engineers. The commercial version STAAD
Pro is one of the most widely used structural analysis and design software. It supports several steel,
concrete and timber design codes. It can make use of various forms of analysis from the traditional 1st
order static analysis, 2nd order p-delta analysis, geometric nonlinear analysis or a buckling analysis. It
can also make use of various forms of dynamic analysis from modal extraction to time history and
response spectrum analysis.
In recent years it has become part of integrated structural analysis and design solutions mainly using an
exposed API called Open STAAD to access and drive the program using a VB macro system included
in the application or other by including open STAADfunctionality in applications that themselves include
suitable programmable macro systems. Additionally STAAD Pro has added direct links to applications
such as RAM Connection and STAAD Foundation to provide engineers working with those applications
which handle design post processing not handled by STAAD Pro itself.
Advantages:
1. Easy to use interface,
2. Conformation with the Indian Standard Codes
3. Versatile nature of solving any type of problem
4. Accuracy of the solution
STAAD Pro features a state-of-the-art user interface, visualization tools, powerful analysis and design
engines with advanced finite element and dynamic analysis capabilities. From model generation, analysis
and design to visualization and result verification, STAAD Pro is the professional‘s choice for steel,
concrete, timber, aluminum and cold-formed steel design of low and high-rise buildings, culverts,
petrochemical plants, tunnels, bridges, piles and much more.
STAAD Pro consists of the following:
The STAAD Pro Graphical User Interface:
It is used to generate the model, which can then be analyzed using the STAAD engine. After analysis
and design is completed, the GUI can also be used to view the results graphically.
The STAAD analysis and design engine:
It is a general-purpose calculation engine for structural analysis and integrated Steel, Concrete, timber
and aluminum design.
To start with we have solved some sample problems using STAAD Pro and checked the accuracy of the
results with manual calculations. The results were to satisfaction and were accurate. In the initial phase
of our project we have done calculations regarding loadings on buildings and also considered seismic
and wind loads.
Structural analysis comprises the set of physical laws and mathematics required to study and predicts the
behavior of structures. Structural analysis can be viewed more abstractly as a method to drive the
engineering design process or prove the soundness of a design without a dependence on directly testing
it. To perform an accurate analysis a structural engineer must determine such information as
structural loads, geometry, support conditions, and materials properties. The results of such an analysis
typically include support reactions, stresses and displacements. This information is then compared to
criteria that indicate the conditions of failure. Advanced structural analysis may examine dynamic
response, stability and non-linear behavior.
The aim of design is the achievement of an acceptable probability that structures being designed will
perform satisfactorily during their intended life. With an appropriate degree of safety, they should sustain
all the loads and deformations of normal construction and use and have adequate durability and adequate
resistance to the effects of seismic and wind. Structure and structural elements shall normally be designed
by Limit State Method. Account should be taken of accepted theories, experiment and experience and
the need to design for durability. Design, including design for durability, construction and use in service
should be considered. The realization of design objectives requires compliance with clearly defined
standards for materials, production, workmanship and maintenance and use of structure in service.
The design of the building is dependent upon the minimum requirements as prescribed in the Indian
Standard Codes. The minimum requirements pertaining to the structural safety of buildings are being
covered by way of laying down minimum design loads which have to be assumed for dead loads, imposed
loads, and other external loads, the structure would be required to bear. Strict conformity to loading
standards recommended in this code, it is hoped, will not only ensure the structural safety of the buildings
which are being designed.
Structural engineering is the branch of civil engineering that deals with the analysis and Design of
structure that will support or resist the stresses, forces and loads. Throughout the history, Civil engineers
have made an important contribution to improve the environment by designing and Construction major
structures and facilities. The profession requires a lot of accuracy because most of the time; the final
result of any project will directly or indirectly affect people‘s lives and safety. As a Result, software
usage in this industry reduces the complexity of loss of challenging projects.
STAAD (Structural Analysis and Design Program) is a general structural and design program With
applications primarily in the building industry-commercial buildings, bridges and highway Structures,
industrial structures, chemical plant structures, dams, retaining walls, turbine foundations, Culverts and
other embedded structures. STAAD supports several steel, concrete and timber Design codes. It offers
various analysis methods such as the traditional 1st order static analysis, 2ndOrder P-delta analysis,
geometric nonlinear analysis and the buckling analysis. It can also analyze various type of dynamic
analysis starts from model extraction to time history and response spectrum analysis. STAAD is fast,
efficient, easy to use and accurate platform, conformation with many Standard codes and qualified to
solve any type of problem. These features had made the STAAD the Professional‘s choice. Today,
STAAD is one of the most popular structural engineering software Products.

Methods in STAAD Pro:

 Snap and grid method
 Structural wizard
 Excel method
 DXFmethod
 STAAD editor method
Snap and grid method:
Open STAAD Pro> snap node/ beam > edit. Plane X-Y
Angle of plane: Y-Y Grid origin

In this you can change the values and spacing of the coordinates.
and grid method>snap node beam> to create.
Structural wizard: Geometry>run structural wizard>model type( frame model)> bay frame> transfer> yes>
close.
Excel sheet method:
To create node and member
DXF method:
To import the file from AutoCAD format to STAAD format
a) Draw in AutoCAD> save> file type: AutoCAD 2007/ LT 2007 DXF*(dxf)> save> close.
b) Open STAAD Pro> file> import> select required file> ok. Result: X Y Z 0 0 0
 Experiment-4
ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS BEAM

Aim: To analyze the continuous beam using staad.pro

Software: STAAD Pro.
Procedure:
Following are the step wise procedures for Staad Pro Problems (CONTINUOUS BEAM)
1. Double click the Staad Pro Icon on Desk top
2. Select Plane , Meter, Kilo Newton and write File Name & click Next

3. Add beam , Finish

4. Click on XY plane and cut Screen (Snap node/beam) screen by clicking at right top corner.

5. Enter Coordinates of each joint of above beam

6. Connect all joints by beam element, join nodes by nodes individually Now the screen should appear
like a 3-span beam with nodes clearly seen at the end of each span This step is very important.
 7. Now select Commands. Under this select Member Property\Prismatic and click Rectangle. Enter
following details
YD = 0.45
ZD= 0.30
8. Now repeat above steps and assign Pin support to remaining two central supports.

9. Select Commands\Loading\Primary Load

Number 1 , Loading type ‗DEAD‘ , Title ‗Load Case 1‘ , Add , Close

Now click on ‗ Load case 1 ‗ , New , Load Items , Member load , Uniform Load , W1 , -2 kn m Add
Then Concentrated force P -5 d1 3 Add , then P -8 d1 2.5 Add close Now click on UNI GY -2 kn/m
‗use cursor to Assign, Click on first Span.
Similarly assign 5kn and 8Kn on remaining two spans and then click close To verify whether all loads
are assigned correctly or not Click on Load details menu on menu bar And click load view, now load
diagram with values should be seen on main diagram

10. Now Commands\Analysis\Perform Analysis, select all, ok.

11. Now Click Analysis\Run analysis Click Staad Analysis After a time, display will show number of
errors & warning messages if any then

12. Now Staad pro has executed analysis of continuous beam and the results of the analysis are to be
seen on Post processing mode.
Click ‗Go to Post Processing mode ‗ Similarly ‘Done ‘
‘Apply ‘ ‘OK’
The post processing mode window will appear as shown in the fig. Below.
13. To see the bending moment diagram of the analysed beam click on the beam tab at left side of the
working window. Click on Mz button on the menu bar at top of the working window. You should
see the BMD as shown in the figure below(Holding down the ctrl button scroll the mouse wheel to
adjust the scale to your convenience). Go to reactions menu>>view value >>beam results and check
the boxes ends, maximum and midpoint under bending to see the value of BMD at respective
locations.
14. To see the shear force diagram click on the beam tab at left side of the working window. Click on
Fy button on the menu bar at top of the working window. You should see the SFD as shown in the
figure below (Holding down the ctrl button scroll the mouse wheel to adjust the scale to your
convenience). Go to reactions menu>>view value >>beam results and check the boxes ends,
maximum and midpoint under shear to see the value of SFD at respective locations.

Result:
 Experiment-5
Analysis of single storey frame using STAAD Pro
Aim: To analyzethe single storeyed space frame using STADD pro
Hardware & software required: Computer with specified configuration with installed STADD Pro
Software
PROCUDURE AND ANALYSIS STEPS:
Staad foundation:
Staad foundation is a powerful tool used to calculate different types of foundations. It
is also licensed by Bentley software‘s. All Bentley software‘s cost about 10 lakhs and so
all engineers can‘t use it due to heavy cost.
Analysis and design carried in Staad and post processing in staad gives the load atvarious
supports. These supports are to be imported into this software to calculate the
footing details i.e., regarding the geometry and reinforcement details.
This software can deal different types of foundations
SHALLOW (D<B)
1. Isolated (Spread) Footing
2. Combined (Strip) Footing
3. Mat (Raft) Foundation
DEEP (D>B)
1. Pile Cap
2. Driller Pier
1. Isolated footing is spread footing which is common type of footing.
2. Combined Footing or Strap footing is generally laid when two columns are very near to
each other.
3. Mat foundation is generally laid at places where soil has less soil bearing capacity.
4. pile foundation is laid at places with very loose soils and where deep excavations are
required.
 So depending on the soil at type we has to decide the type of foundation required. Also, lot
of input data is required regarding safety factors, soil, materials used should begiven in
respective units. After input data is give software design the details for each and every
footing and gives the details regarding
1. Geometry of footing
2. Reinforcement
3. Column layout
4. Graphs
5. Manual calculations
6. These details will be given in detail for each and every column.
7. Another advantage of foundations is even after the design; properties of the
8. members can beupdated if required.
9. The following properties can be updated
10. Column Position
11. Column Shape
12. Column Size
13. Load Cases
14. Support List
The multistoried frame represents the center line diagram of the building in staad pro.
Each support represents the location of different columns in the structure. This structure is used in
generating the entire structure using a tool called transitional repeat and link steps.
After using the tool the structure that is created can be analyzed in staad pro under various loading
cases.
Below figure represents the skeletal structure of the building which is used to carry out the analysis of
our building. All the loadings are acted on this skeletal structure to carry out the analysis of our building
.This is not the actual structure but just represents the outline of the building in staad pro.
A mesh is automatically created for the analysis of these building.
Load Conditions and Structural System Response :
The concepts presented in this section provide an overview of building loads and their effect on the
structural response of typical wood-framed homes. As shown in Table, building loads can be divided
into types based on the orientation of the structural action or forces that they induce: vertical and
horizontal (i.e., lateral) loads. Classification of loads are described in the following sections.
Building Loads Categorized by Orientation:
Types of loads on an hypothetical building are as follows.
Vertical Loads
Dead (gravity)
Live (gravity)
Snow(gravity)
Wind(uplift on roof)
Seismic and wind (overturning)
Seismic(vertical ground motion)
Horizontal (Lateral) Loads:
Direction of loads is horizontal w.r.t to the building.
Wind
Seismic(horizontal ground motion)
Flood(static and dynamic hydraulic forces
Soil(active lateral pressure)
Dead load calculation
Weight=Volume x Density
Self-weight floor finish=0.12*25+1=3kn/m^2
The above example shows a sample calculation of dead load.
Dead load is calculated as per IS 875 part 1
Generally, for any structure live load is taken as 25 N/mm for design.
Live loads are calculated as per IS 875 part 2
Wind loads:
In the list of loads we can see wind load is present both in vertical and horizontal
loads. This is because wind load causes uplift of the roof by creating a negative(suction)
pressure on thetop of the roofAfter designing wind load can be assigned in two ways
1. Collecting the standard values of load intensities for a particular height and assigning of
the loads for respective height.
2. Calculation of wind load as per IS 875 part 3.
We designed our structure using second method which involves the calculation of wind load using
wind speed. In Hyderabad we have a wind speed of 45 kmph for 10 m height and this value is used in
Calculation.

Floor load:
Floor load is calculated based on the load on the slabs. Assignment of floor load is done by creating a load case
for floor load. After the assignment of floor load our structure looks as shown in the below figure.
The intensity of the floor load taken is: 0.0035 N/mm2
-ve sign indicates that floor load is acting downwards

Load combinations:
All the load cases are tested by taking load factors and analyzing the building in different load combination as
per IS456 and analyzed the building for all the load combinations and results are taken and maximum load
combination is selected for the design Load factors as per IS456-2000
When the building is designed for both wind and seismic loads maximum of both is taken.
Because wind and seismic do not come at same time as per code.
Structure is analyzed by taking all the above combinations.