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Bio Pp2 Kcse 2025 Top Prediction Cycles

The document is a KCSE Biology Paper 2 prediction paper for the 2025 academic year, containing various sections with questions related to biology topics. It includes instructions for candidates, a marking scheme, and contact information for obtaining additional resources. The paper covers topics such as digestion, genetics, plant biology, and ecological relationships.

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100% found this document useful (3 votes)

4K views99 pages

Bio Pp2 Kcse 2025 Top Prediction Cycles

Uploaded by

mheshimiwarhyne

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You are on page 1/ 99

KCSE 10 TOP PREDICTION CYCLES

BIOLOGY PAPER 2

2025 KCSE ACADEMIC YEAR

THE PDF COMPRISES OF PREDICTION QUESTIONS

PREPARED BY TOP KNEC WRITERS©

FOR MARKING SCHEMES, CONTACT

Mr Machuki 0724 333 200/ 0795 491 185
OR Place an order on our website:
www.kenyaeducators.co.ke
Confidential!!!

KENYA EDUCATORS CONSULTANCY

NAME………………………………………………………. INDEX NO………………….…

SCHOOL…………………………………...……SIGNATURE…………. DATE…….……...

Instructions to Candidate

(a) Write your name, school, index number in the space provided at the top of the paper.

(b) Sign and write the date of examination in the space provided above.

(c) This paper consists of two sections, A and B.

(d) Answer all the questions in section A in the spaces provided.

(e) In section B answer question 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the answer booklet

provided.

(f) Candidates should check the question paper to ascertain that all the pages are printed as indicated

and that no questions are missing.

(g) Candidates should answer the questions in English.

For Examiner’s Use Only

Section Question Maximum Score Candidate’s Score

A 1-5 40

B 6-8 40

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Section A

1. Both bile and pancreatic juice are necessary secretions in animal nutrition.

a) Name the part of the digestive system where their influence is felt? (1 Mark)

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

b) i) Identify which of the two secretions should be mixed with chyme first for efficient

digestion to take place. (1 Mark)

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

ii) Explain your answer in 1(b) i) above. (2 Marks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

c) Explain why:

i) It is not necessary to eat too much protein in the diet. (2 Marks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………….

ii) Liver is recommended in the diet of anaemic persons (2 Marks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. The photographs below show a trait exhibited by man on the hairline.

a) The photograph show a type of variation for a trait in man. Give the type of variation shown

by the photograph. (1 Mark)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

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b) Identify the variations shown on the photograph for the trait. (2 Marks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

c) State the main cause of the type of variation stated in 2 (a) above. (1 Mark)

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

d) State two processes that occur during gamete formation that lead to variation. (2 Marks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

e) Name two phenotypic features that Mendel studied in the garden pea plant in order to derive

the first law of heredity. (2 Marks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………....

3. The diagrams below show the procedure during test starch in a leaf. Study it and answer the

questions that follow.

A. B. C. D.

a) Explain the following :

i) The plant from which the leaf was obtained was exposed to sunlight for sometime before

the start of the experiment. (1 Mark)

……………………………………………………………………………..........................

ii) The leaf was boiled in water as shown in diagram A. (1 Mark)

……………………………………………………………………………………

iii) The leaf was boiled in a test tube containing alcohol over a water bath (2 Marks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………..…………………

b) A part from rinsing out alcohol traces on the leaf, give the other reason for washing the leaf in

cold water as shown in diagram C. (1 Mark)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………..………………

c) The leaf was removed in cold water and placed on a white tile as shown in diagram D.

i) State the observation after addition of iodine solution on the leaf. (1 Mark)

………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………..…………

ii) Explain the observation in C (i) above. (2 Marks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………...

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4. The set below was used by a group of students to study gaseous exchange in man.

a) State the aim of the experiment. (1 Mark)

………………………………………………...................................................

……………………………………………………………………………….

b) State the expected observations in the test tubes. (2 Marks)

Test tube A…………………………………………………………………..

Test tube B…………………………………………………………………

c) Explain the observation in test tube B (2 Marks)

…………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

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d) The diagrams below show changes in the chest cavity of the students as they breathe in

and out through part T in number 4. above.

i) State the change in the ribs during breathing in. (1 Mark)

………………………………………………………………………………...

ii) State the changes in the rib cage muscles during breathing out. (2 Marks)

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………..

5. Study the photograph below which represents ecological relationship in a habitat involving two

organisms (N and M), and answer the questions that follow.

M
N

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a) i) Identify the biotic relationship represented above (1 Mark)

……………………………………………………………………………................

ii) With a reason, identify which organism between N and M that has lower biomass.

Identity…………………………………………………………………………… (1 Mark)

Reason ……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………… (1 Mark)

b) Draw a possible food chain that has three trophic levels involving the organisms in the

photograph. (1 Mark)

………………………………………………………………………………………….

c) State how the energy from the sun is incorporated in the food chain you have drawn in 5b)

above. (1 Mark)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………...........................................................

d) Using observable features of organism N, name the class to which it belongs. (2 Marks)

Class………………………………………………………………………………………….

Reason………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) Give one observable feature that makes organism M successful in the ecological relationship

represented. (1 Mark)

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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SECTION B:
Answer question 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after question
8

6. Some students carried out an experiment to determine the percentage change in weight of two
tender stems of two different plants when placed in two different sucrose solutions of different
concentrations.

Sucrose concentration (mg/ml) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Percentage change in weight 7.0 6.6 5.0 3,6 1.6 -0.8 -2.3 -2.8
for plant N
Percentage change in weight 3.2 2.2 0.8 -0.6 -1.4 -2.2 -2.8 -3.4
for plant D

a) On the same axes, in the graph provided below, plot a graph of percentage weight change of

the plant stem tissues against sucrose concentrations. (8marks)

b) Account for the results obtained for the plant tissues at 15 mg/ml sucrose concentration.

(2 Marks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………............................................................................

c) From the graph, determine the concentrations of the cell saps of the two plants.

Plant N. (1 Mark)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Plant D. (1 Mark)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

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d) i) Identify the plant that was most likely obtained from a more saline environment. (1 Mark)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

ii) Explain your answer above. (2 Marks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

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e) Suggest the likely modification in the roots of N to enhance gaseous exchange. (2 Marks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

f) State two roles of osmosis in plants. (4 Marks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………….....

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. a) Give the practical applications of Auxins and Gibberellins in Agriculture. (10 Marks)

b) Describe the role of the following factors in the process of seed germination. (10Marks)

i) Water

ii) Oxygen

iii) Temperature

iv) Viability

8. Describe the various evidences for organic evolution. (10Marks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………
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KCSE TOP PREDICTION MASTER CYCLE 2
231/2 BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
2 Hours

NAME:_______________________________________Index No:__________________________

SCHOOL:_____________________________________ DATE:___________________________

SIGNATURE:____________________ CLASS:_ ADM NO:_____

231/2

BIOLOGY PAPER 2

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATE:

- Write your name and index number in the spaces provided above.
- This paper consists of two sections; A and B.
- Answer ALL the questions in section A in the spaces provided.
- In section B, answer questions 6 (compulsory) and either questions 7 or 8 in the spaces
provided after question 8.

For Examiner’s use only

SECTION QUESTIONS MAXIMUM SCORE CANDIDATE SCORE

1 8
2 8
A
3 8
4 8
5 8
6 20
B 7 20
8 20
TOTAL SCORE 80

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SECTION A(40 MARKS)

1. The diagram below represents a plant cell organelle;

a) Name the organelle (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) In which of the labeled parts does carbon(IV)oxide fixation occur? (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

c) Name the parts labeled A and B and state how each is adapted to its function(4mks)

A………………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

B
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

d) Explain what would have happened to the structure labeled X had the plant been kept in
darkness for 48 hours (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. A group of students set up an experiment as shown below. The experimental set ups were left
for 20 minutes.

The observation after 20 minutes were as shown in the table below;

Set up Observations
Inside tubing Outside tubing
A Blue black colour Colour of iodine
B Colour of iodine Colour of iodine

a) State the process being demonstrated in this experiment. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) Explain the results in set up A; (4mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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c) Why was there no blue black colour inside the visking tubing in set up B; (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. The diagram below represents the nitrogen cycle;

a) Name the process labeled; (2mks)

i) L……………………………………………………………………

ii) N1 and N2 ………………………………………………………..

b) Name the organisms that convert M into nitrates. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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c) Name the organism in plants which promotes process K(1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

d) State the relationship between the organisms stated in (c) above and the plant;(1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

e) How would excess pesticides in the soil interfere with process K;(2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

f) If F1 is nitrogen fixation by free-living bacteria, F2is nitrogen fixation by what? (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. The diagram below shows a mould of the genus Rhizopus;

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a) Name the kingdom to which it belongs; (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

b) Name the structures labeled A and B (2mks)

A…………………………………………………………

B…………………………………………………………

c) Give the functions of the structure labeled B (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

d) How do the structures labeled B differ from plant roots(1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

e) Give two ways in which members of the kingdom you stated in (a) above are useful to man.
(2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. (a) Name the two types of variations. (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) In a garden with pea plants, 625 plants had tall stems while 205 had short stems in the F2
generation;
i) Work out the ratio of tall to short plants (give your answer correct to the nearest whole
number) (1mk)

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ii) Using letter T to represent the dominant gene, work out a cross between an F1 offspring and a
short plant. (4mks)

iii) What is the genotypic ratio from the cross in b (ii) above (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

SECTION B:
Answer question 6 (compulsory and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after question 8:

6. An experiment was carried out to investigate transpiration and absorption of water in a certain
plant species. The plants were potted and supplied with adequate water. The amount of water
lost and absorbed was determined. The results are shown in the table below;

Time of the day Amount of water in grams

Transpiration Absorption
0700-0900 30 15
0900-1100 40 25
1100-1300 48 34
1300-1500 56 45
1500-1700 40 50
1700-1900 25 40
1900-2100 15 28
2100-2300 10 21

a) Using the same axes, plot graphs to show transpiration and absorption of water in grams against
time of the day. (7mks)
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b) At what time of the day was the amount of water the same for transpiration and
absorption;(1mk)

c) Explain the shape of the graphs of:-

i) Transpiration (3mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

ii) Absorption (3mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

d) Suggest what would happen to transpiration and absorption of water if the experiment was
continued for another 2 hours; (2mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

e) Name two factors and explain how they would affect transpiration and absorption at any given
time. (4mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. (i) Describe the process of fertilization in flowering plant. (10mks)

(ii) How is the human male reproductive system adapted to its functions? (10mks)

8. (i) Explain the methods of excretion in plants. (10mks)

(ii) Explain how the nephron is adapted to its functions. (10mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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KCSE TOP PREDICTION MASTER CYCLE 3
231/2 BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
2 Hours

NAME…………………………...……………………………..… ADM NO……..………CLASS……..……..

231/2
BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
TIME: 2 HOURS

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E)

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

Section Question Maximum score Candidates score

A 1 8
2 8
3 8
4 8
5 8
B 6 20
7 20
8 20
Total score 80

This paper consists of 6 printed pages.

Candidates should check the question paper to ensure that all pages are printed as indicated
and no questions are missing

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SECTION A (40 MARKS)

Answer all the questions in this section.

1. Examine the diagram below carefully and use it to answer the questions that follow.

(a) Name the parts X, Y and Z. (3 marks)

X: …………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Y: …………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Z: …………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) State the main substance which make-up the part labeled W. (1 mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) Name the process through which mineral salts move into the structure labeled X. (1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) Explain what happens to a red blood cell when placed in distilled water. (3 marks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. (a) What is meant by natural selection? (4 marks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) State four sources of evidences that support the theory of organic evolution. (4 marks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. The diagram below shows a set up that was used to demonstrate a certain physiological process.

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The glucose solution was boiled and oil added on top of it. The glucose solution was then allowed to cool before
adding yeast suspension.
(a) Identify the physiological process that was being investigated using the above set up. (1 mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) Why was glucose boiled during the experiment? (1 mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
(c) What was the importance of cooling the glucose before adding the yeast suspension? (1 mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………

(d) What observation would be made in test tube at the end of the experiment? (1 mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
(e) How would the observation made in (d) above be affected if oil was not added on top of the yeast suspension
during the experiment? (1 mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………
(f) In another investigation, a bird was found to use 10 litres of oxygen to give a respiratory quotient of 0.7 during
period of flight. Name the type of food that was being respired by the bird and determine the amount of carbon
(IV) oxide produced during the same flight.
Type of food …………………………………………………………………………….. (1 mark)
Volume of carbon (IV) oxide produced. (2 marks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………
4. Pure breed of red cows and pure breed of white bulls were crossed to give F1 calves which had a
mixture of red and white coat known as roan. The F1 were selfed.
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(a) Using letter R to represent gene for red colour and W to represent gene for white colour work out the
phenotypic ratio of F2. (4 marks)

(b) Work out the genotypic ratio of a cross between F1 offspring and white bull. (3mks)

(c) Comment on the gene(s) controlling the colour of coats in cattle mentioned above. (1mk)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. You are provided with photographs of animals. Study the photographs and the dichotomous key
below to enable you identify the taxonomic group to which each animal belongs.

KEY
1. a) Jointed legs present ………………………………………………………………go to 2
b) Jointed legs absent………………………………………………………………..go to 7
2. a) Three pairs of legs ………………………………………………………………..go to3
b) More than 3 pairs of legs………………………………………………………….go to5
3. a) Wings present …………………………………………………………………….go to4
b)Wingabsent……………………………………………………………………Anoplura
4. a) One pair of wings………………………………………………………………Diptera
b)Two pairs of wings………………………………………………………Hymenoptera
5. a) Four pairs of legs ……………………………………………………………Arachnida
b) More than ten pairs of legs ……………………………………………………. go to 6
6. a) One pair of legs in each body segment……………………………………… Chilopoda
b) Two pairs of legs in each body segment …………………………………… Diplopoda
7. a) Body partially enclosed in a shell…………………………………………… Mollusca
b) Body surface has spiny projection……………………………………….Echinodermata
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a) Using the key, identify the following organisms to their taxonomic groups. In each case, give the sequence of
steps which you followed in identifying them. (4 marks)
Animal Identity Steps followed
A
B
D
E
b) i) Using observable features only, state the class to which the animal labeled A and B on the photographs above
belong (2 marks)
A …………………………………………………………………………………………………….
B…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
State two observable features on B, that enabled you to arrive at that answer in (b (i) above.(2mks)
i)………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………....................
ii) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………….……………………………………………………………………………………
SECTION B
Answer question 6 and either question 7or 8
6. Two sets of a pea seeds were germinated, set A was placed in normal daylight conditions in the laboratory while
set B was placed in a dark cupboard. Starting a few days later the shoots lengths were measured twice daily and
their means lengths recorded as shown in the table below.
Time in hours 0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84
Set A length(mm) 12 14 20 23 28 31 47 54
Set B length (mm) 17 23 28 35 48 62 80 94
a. Using suitable scale draw the graphs of the mean lengths in set A and B against time on the grid provided
(8marks)

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b. From the graph state the mean shoot length of each of seedling at the 66th hour (2marks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………..
c. Account for the difference of curve B and A (3marks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………….
d. Explain what would happen to set up B if it were allowed to continue to grow under conditions of darkness
(4marks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………...
e. State three external conditions which should be constant for both set ups (3marks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. Describe the role of the following parts in human reproduction

i. Testes (4marks)
ii. Ovary (6marks)
iii. Sperm and ovum (6marks)
iv. Uterus wall/endometrium (4marks)
8.Discuss how the mammalian heart is adapted to its functions (20marks)

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KCSE TOP PREDICTION MASTER CYCLE 4
231/2 BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
2 Hours

NAME………………………………………………………. INDEX NO………………….…

SCHOOL…………………………………...……SIGNATURE…………. DATE…….……...

Instructions to Candidate

(a) Write your name, school, index number in the space provided at the top of the paper.

(b) Sign and write the date of examination in the space provided above.

(c) This paper consists of two sections, A and B.

(d) Answer all the questions in section A in the spaces provided.

(e) In section B answer question 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the answer booklet

provided.

For Examiner’s Use Only

Section Question Maximum Score Candidate’s Score

A 1-5 40

B 6-8 40

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Section A

1. Both bile and pancreatic juice are necessary secretions in animal nutrition.

a) Name the part of the digestive system where their influence is felt? (1 Mark)

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

b) i) Identify which of the two secretions should be mixed with chyme first for efficient

digestion to take place. (1 Mark)

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

ii) Explain your answer in 1(b) i) above. (2 Marks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

c) Explain why:

i) It is not necessary to eat too much protein in the diet. (2 Marks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………….

ii) Liver is recommended in the diet of anaemic persons (2 Marks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. The photographs below show a trait exhibited by man on the hairline.

a) The photograph show a type of variation for a trait in man. Give the type of variation shown

by the photograph. (1 Mark)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

c) State the main cause of the type of variation stated in 2 (a) above. (1 Mark)

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

d) State two processes that occur during gamete formation that lead to variation. (2 Marks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

e) Name two phenotypic features that Mendel studied in the garden pea plant in order to derive

the first law of heredity. (2 Marks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………....

3. The diagrams below show the procedure during test starch in a leaf. Study it and answer the

questions that follow.

A. B. C. D.

a) Explain the following :

i) The plant from which the leaf was obtained was exposed to sunlight for sometime before

the start of the experiment. (1 Mark)

……………………………………………………………………………..........................

ii) The leaf was boiled in water as shown in diagram A. (1 Mark)

……………………………………………………………………………………

iii) The leaf was boiled in a test tube containing alcohol over a water bath (2 Marks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………..…………………

b) A part from rinsing out alcohol traces on the leaf, give the other reason for washing the leaf in

cold water as shown in diagram C. (1 Mark)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………..………………

c) The leaf was removed in cold water and placed on a white tile as shown in diagram D.

i) State the observation after addition of iodine solution on the leaf. (1 Mark)

………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………..…………

ii) Explain the observation in C (i) above. (2 Marks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………...

a) State the aim of the experiment. (1 Mark)

………………………………………………...................................................

……………………………………………………………………………….

b) State the expected observations in the test tubes. (2 Marks)

Test tube A…………………………………………………………………..

Test tube B…………………………………………………………………

c) Explain the observation in test tube B (2 Marks)

…………………………………………………………………………………..

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and out through part T in number 4. above.

i) State the change in the ribs during breathing in. (1 Mark)

………………………………………………………………………………...

ii) State the changes in the rib cage muscles during breathing out. (2 Marks)

………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………..

5. Study the photograph below which represents ecological relationship in a habitat involving two

organisms (N and M), and answer the questions that follow.

M
N

a) i) Identify the biotic relationship represented above (1 Mark)

ii) With a reason, identify which organism between N and M that has lower biomass.

Identity…………………………………………………………………………… (1 Mark)

Reason ……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………… (1 Mark)

b) Draw a possible food chain that has three trophic levels involving the organisms in the

photograph. (1 Mark)

………………………………………………………………………………………….

c) State how the energy from the sun is incorporated in the food chain you have drawn in 5b)

above. (1 Mark)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………...........................................................

d) Using observable features of organism N, name the class to which it belongs. (2 Marks)

Class………………………………………………………………………………………….

Reason………………………………………………………………………………………..

e) Give one observable feature that makes organism M successful in the ecological relationship

represented. (1 Mark)

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Sucrose concentration (mg/ml) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Percentage change in weight 7.0 6.6 5.0 3,6 1.6 -0.8 -2.3 -2.8
for plant N
Percentage change in weight 3.2 2.2 0.8 -0.6 -1.4 -2.2 -2.8 -3.4
for plant D

a) On the same axes, in the graph provided below, plot a graph of percentage weight change of

the plant stem tissues against sucrose concentrations. (8marks)

b) Account for the results obtained for the plant tissues at 15 mg/ml sucrose concentration.

(2 Marks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………............................................................................

c) From the graph, determine the concentrations of the cell saps of the two plants.

Plant N. (1 Mark)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

Plant D. (1 Mark)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

ii) Explain your answer above. (2 Marks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

e) Suggest the likely modification in the roots of N to enhance gaseous exchange. (2 Marks)

f) State two roles of osmosis in plants. (4 Marks)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………….....

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

7. a) Give the practical applications of Auxins and Gibberellins in Agriculture. (10 Marks)

b) Describe the role of the following factors in the process of seed germination. (10Marks)

i) Water

ii) Oxygen

iii) Temperature

iv) Viability

8. Describe the various evidences for organic evolution. (10Marks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Name…………………….……………………………. ADM No…………

CLASS ……………Candidate’s Signature………………………………………

Date………………………………

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
1. Write your name and Admission Number in the spaces provided above.
2. Sign and write the date of examination in the spaces provided above.
3. This paper consists of two sections: A and B. Answer ALL questions in section
A in the spaces provided. In section B, answer question 6 (compulsory) and
either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after question 8.
4. Candidates should check the question paper to ascertain that all the pages are
printed as indicated and that no questions are missing.
For Examiners’ use only
Maximum Candidate’s
Section Questions
Score Score
1 8

2 8

A 3 8

4 8

5 8

6 20

B 7
20
8

Total Score 80

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SECTION A (40 MARKS)
1.(a) Explain the role of the following organs in the digestion of food in a mammal e.g
humans.
(i) Salivary glands (2marks)
….………………………………………………..………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
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(ii) Pancreas (2marks)
….…………………………………………………………..……………………
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(b) Explain how beneficial it is for some herbivores being grazers and others being
browsers. (2marks)
….………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………….……………………
………………………………………………………………….………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) What is the importance of roughage in the diet (2marks)
….………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………….……………
……………………………………………………………….…………………………
…………………………………………………………….……………………………

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2a)The part of one DNA strand molecule was found to have the following base
sequence G-C-C-T-A-T-C-A-C.What is the base sequence of:
i) The complimentary DNA strand. (1mark)
….……………………………………………………………………………………..
ii) m-RNA strand copied from this DNA portion. (1mark)
….……………………………………………………………………………………..
b) In maize the gene for purple colour is dominant to the gene for white colour. A
pure breeding maize plant with purple grains was crossed with a heterozygous plant
of the above traits.
i)Using letter G to represent the gene for purple colour,work out the genotypic ratio of
the offspring. (4marks)
….………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
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iii) State the phenotypic ratio of the offspring. (1mark)

….………………………………………………………………………………………

c) What is meant by hybrid vigour? (1mark)

….………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….

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3.A student observed a feeding relationship while on a field study on an island.
⚫ Small fish feed in sea grass.
⚫ Eagles feed on small fish.
⚫ Insect larvae and mollusks feed on sea grass.
⚫ Insect larvae fed on by small fish while crabs feed on insect larvae and mollusks.
a) From the above information construct a food web. (3marks)

b) In which trophic level is mollusks found? (1mark)

….………………………………………………………………………………………
c) Extract a food chain where the eagle is a tertiary consumer. (1mark)
….………………………………………………………………………………………
….………………………………………………………………………………………
d) Suppose all the crabs were poisoned to death ,what would be the immediate effect
in the ecosystem? Give a reason. (2marks)
….………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
e) State any one abiotic factor in an ecosystem. (1mark)
….………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….

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4.The diagram below illustrates an experiment to demonstrate certain aspect of
respiration.

A B
a.i. State the aim of experiment. (1mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
ii. What is the role of soda lime in the set up? (1mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………
iii. State observations made in vessels A and B (2marks)
A………………………………………………………………………………………
B……………….……………………………………………………………………..
iv.Account for the observation made in vessel B in (iii) above. (2marks)
….………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….
v.Why is it necessary to enclose the pot with polythene bag? (1mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………….……………………………………………………………………………
b. During aerobic respiration involving lipid as a respiratory substrate, 102 cm3 of
carbon (iv) oxide was produced. Determine the volume of oxygen that was used given
that the respiratory quotient(RQ) was 0.71 (1mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

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5. The figure below shows changes that take place during menstrual cycle in human.

(a) Name the hormone whose concentrations are represented by curves F and G
(2marks)
F….…………………………………………………………………………………
G….…………………………………………………………………………………
(b) State the effects of the hormones named in (a) above on the lining of the uterus.
(2marks)
….………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) (i) Name the hormone which is released by the pituitary gland in high
concentration on the 14th day of the menstrual cycle. (1mark)
….……………………………………………………………………………………….
(iii) State two functions of the hormone named in (c) (i) above
(2marks)
….………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) Using the above figure, state the fertile period during the menstrual cycle .
(1mark)
….………………………………………………………………………………………

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SECTION B
Answer question 6(Compulsory) in the spaces provided after each question and
either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after question 8.
6. In an experiment to account for a certain process in a given species,rate of carbon
(IV) oxide gas consumption and the rate of carbon (IV) oxide gas released were
measured over a period of the day.The results of the investigation are as shown in the
table below.
Time of the 6am 8am 10a 12am 2pm 4pm 6pm 8pm 10pm 12am
day m
Carbon (IV) 20 86 138 182 182 100 36 0 0 0
oxide
consumption
I n mm/min

Carbon (IV) 76 44 20 06 06 12 62 96 96 96
oxide
released in
mm/min

a)On the same axis on the grid provided ;plot graphs of volume of carbon (IV) oxide
consumed and carbon (IV) oxide released against time. (7marks)

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b) Name a biochemical process responsible for; (2marks)
(i) Carbon (IV) oxide consumption.
….…………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Carbon (IV) oxide released.
….…………………………………………………………………………………….
c)Account for the shape of the curve for;
(i) Carbon (IV) oxide consumption. (3marks)
….……………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
……………….………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Carbon (IV) oxide released. (3marks)
….……………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
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d)(i) Name the end-products of the light stage in photosynthesis. (3marks)
….………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………….…………
………………………………………………………………………………….………
………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iv) Explain how temperature affects the rate of a carbon (IV) oxide
consumption in a plant. (2marks)
….………………………………………………………………………………………
……………..……………………………………………………………………………
……..……………………………………………………………………………………
…………..………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….

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7(a) State any five functions of blood in mammals. (5marks)
(b)Discuss the adaptations of the mammalian heart to its function.
(15marks)
8. a) Describe the process of double fertilization in angiosperms. (15marks)
b) State any five changes in a flower after fertilization. (5marks)
….………………………………………………………………………………………
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THIS IS THE LAST PRINTED PAGE.

NAME:_______________________________________Index No:__________________________

SCHOOL:_____________________________________ DATE:___________________________

SIGNATURE:____________________ CLASS:_ ADM NO:_____

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATE:

For Examiner’s use only

SECTION QUESTIONS MAXIMUM SCORE CANDIDATE SCORE

1 8
2 8
A
3 8
4 8
5 8
6 20
B 7 20
8 20
TOTAL SCORE 80

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SECTION A(40 MARKS)

1. The diagram below represents a plant cell organelle;

a) Name the organelle (1mk)

b) In which of the labeled parts does carbon(IV)oxide fixation occur? (1mk)

c) Name the parts labeled A and B and state how each is adapted to its function(4mks)
A

d) Explain what would have happened to the structure labeled X had the plant been kept in
darkness for 48 hours (2mks)

2. A group of students set up an experiment as shown below. The experimental set ups were left
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for 20 minutes.

The observation after 20 minutes were as shown in the table below;

Set up Observations
Inside tubing Outside tubing
A Blue black colour Colour of iodine
B Colour of iodine Colour of iodine

a) State the process being demonstrated in this experiment. (1mk)

b) Explain the results in set up A; (4mks)

c) Why was there no blue black colour inside the visking tubing in set up B; (2mks)

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3. The diagram below represents the nitrogen cycle;

a) Name the process labeled; (2mks)

i) L

ii) N1 and N2

b) Name the organisms that convert M into nitrates. (1mk)

c) Name the organism in plants which promotes process K(1mk)

d) State the relationship between the organisms stated in (c) above and the plant;(1mk)

e) How would excess pesticides in the soil interfere with process K;(2mks)

f) If F1 is nitrogen fixation by free-living bacteria, F2is nitrogen fixation by what? (1mk)

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4. The diagram below shows a mould of the genus Rhizopus;

a) Name the kingdom to which it belongs; (1mk)

b) Name the structures labeled A and B (2mks)

c) Give the functions of the structure labeled B (2mks)

d) How do the structures labeled B differ from plant roots(1mk)

e) Give two ways in which members of the kingdom you stated in (a) above are useful to man.
(2mks)

5. (a) Name the two types of variations. (2mks)

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ii) Using letter T to represent the dominant gene, work out a cross between an F1 offspring and a
short plant. (4mks)

iii) What is the genotypic ratio from the cross in b (ii) above (1mk)

SECTION B:
Answer question 6 (compulsory and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after question 8:

Time of the day Amount of water in grams

Transpiration Absorption
0700-0900 30 15
0900-1100 40 25
1100-1300 48 34
1300-1500 56 45
1500-1700 40 50
1700-1900 25 40
1900-2100 15 28
2100-2300 10 21

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a) Using the same axes, plot graphs to show transpiration and absorption of water in grams against
time of the day. (7mks)

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b) At what time of the day was the amount of water the same for transpiration and
absorption;(1mk)

c) Explain the shape of the graphs of:-

i) Transpiration (3mks)

ii) Absorption (3mks)

d) Suggest what would happen to transpiration and absorption of water if the experiment was
continued for another 2 hours; (2mks)

e) Name two factors and explain how they would affect transpiration and absorption at any given
time. (4mks)

7. (i) Describe the process of fertilization in flowering plant. (10mks)

(ii) How is the human male reproductive system adapted to its functions? (10mks)

8. (i) Explain the methods of excretion in plants. (10mks)

(ii) Explain how the nephron is adapted to its functions. (10mks)

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KCSE TOP PREDICTION MASTER CYCLE 7
231/2 BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
2 Hours

NAME._______________________________________ ADMNO.___________
STREAM____________________ NAME OF SCHOOL____________________
DATE________________________________ SIGN________________________
BIOLOGY THEORY
231/2
TIME: 2HRS

INSTRUCTIONS

1. This paper has TWO sections: A and B

2. All Questions in Section A are Compulsory
3. Question 6 is Compulsory
4. Choose Either Question 7 or 8
5. Write your Answers in the Spaces Provided
6. Wrong Spelling of Technical Terms shall be Penalized

Section Question Max Score Student’s Score

1 8
2 8
3 8
A
4 8

5 8
6 20
B 7 or 8 20

TOTAL SCORE 80

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SECTION A (40 MARKS)
1. The following is a diagram representing stoma in terrestrial plants. Q is the
appearance when P was placed in the dark for 6 hours.

a) State the importance of closure of A being as seen in Q to the plant (1mk)

b) State TWO modifications found in Cells B and not C (2mks)

c) What is the importance of part A to photosynthesis? (1mk)

d) Account for appearance of A as seen in Q using the Potassium Ion theory (4mks)

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2. The following is an illustration of an important feature of the nervous system

a) Name the chemical found in part labeled B (1mk)

b) Give the importance of the structure above to the functioning of the nervous system

(1mk)

c) What is the significance of high number of organelle A in the region X? (2mks)

d) Describe how an impulse reaches region marked Y (4mks)

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3. In a given species of beetles, a cross between red wing beetle and orange wing beetle
produces F1 off-springs with yellow wings.
a) Explain the absence of red wing and orange wing in the F1 (2mks)

b) If the F1 were selfed, work out the genotypes of the offspring’s

(use capital R to represent the gene for red colour and capital O for the orange colour)

(4mks)

c) From the genetic cross in b) above give the following:

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i) Genotypic ratio (1mk)

ii) Phenotypic ratio (1mk)

4. Use the illustration of a cell shown below to answer questions that follow

a) Give TWO reasons why the above is an animal cell.

(2mks)

b) i) State the identity of organelle T (1mk)

ii) Identify the substance processed in organelle R (1mk)

c) Which letter represents organelle that will be abundant in the following?

(2mks)

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i) Muscle tissue

ii) Secretory glands.

d) State the significance of the following properties to the functioning of P (2mks)

i) Being Polarised.

ii) Semi-permeability

5. The following diagram is an illustration of kidney nephron

a) Identify the parts labeled: (2mks)

i) 6

ii) 7

b) State the importance of the following observations:

i) Vessel 2 being wider than vessel 5 (1mk)

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ii) Concentration of urea is higher in region 8 than in region 4 (1mk)

c) Explain the importance of adrenal glands in region 4 when the blood has low ionic
concentration (2mks)

d) State the adaptations of region 7 in relation to mitochondria and microvilli

(2mks)

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SECTION B (40 MARKS)
Answer Question 6 which is Compulsory; then choose either Question 7 or 8

6. The table shown below was developed after an experiment where raw potato strips
were placed in different concentrations of sucrose.
Concentration Initial length Final length Change in Percentage
of sucrose of potato of Potato strip length of potato Change in length
solution strip (mm) (mm) strip (mm) of Potato strip
(mol/dm3) (%)
0.0 50.0 53.0 3.0
0.2 50.0 52.0 2.0
0.4 50.0 51.0 1.0
0.6 50.0 50.5 0.5
0.8 50.0 49.0 -1.0
1.0 50.0 48.0 -2.0
1.2 50.0 48.0 -2.0

a) Complete the table above by filling in the column for percentage change in
length of potato strip (%) (3mks)

b) Account for the change in length of the potato strip at the following
concentration of sucrose:

i) 0.2mol/dm3 (2mks)

ii) 0.8mol/dm3 (2mks)

iii) 1.0 - 1.2 mol/dm3 (2mks)

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c) On the graph below draw a graph of percentage change in length of the potato

strip against concentration of sucrose. (6mks)

d) Determine the normal concentration of the potato cell sap from the graph.

(1mk)

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e) i) Explain how a potato strip placed at 1.4mol/dm3 can regain its normal shape.

(1mk)

ii) Name the process described in e (i) above (1mk)

f) State TWO importance of Osmosis to animals. (2mks)

7. a) During an ecological field study involving collection and observation of

specimen, give SIX precautions that need to be observed. (6mks)

b) Describe the effect of increased physical activity of an athlete on the following

organs.

i) Skin (7mks)

ii) Heart (7mks)

8. a) Describe the process of exhalation in members of Class Mammalia. (8mks)

b) Explain why drug abuse should be discouraged among youths. (12mks)

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KCSE TOP PREDICTION MASTER CYCLE 8
231/2 BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
2 Hours

NAME:……………………………………………………… STREAM………………..……

INDEX. NO.…………………………………………………... DATE…………………….

SCHOOL…………………………………………………….. SIGNATURE………………..

231/2
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

• Write your name and Index Number in the spaces provided above.
• This paper consists of two sections. Section A and section B.
• Answer ALL questions in section A in the spaces provided. In section B answer question 6
(compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after question 8
• This paper consists of 10 Printed pages. Candidates should check the question paper to ensure that all
the papers are printed as indicated and no questions are missing.
For Examiners use only.

Section Question Maximum score Candidates score

A 1 8
2 8
3 8
4 8
5 8
B 6 20
7 20
8 20
Total score 80

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1. The diagram shown below is a plant cell as seen when observed under an electron microscope at high
power. Study it carefully and use it to answer the questions that follow.

(a) Name the parts labeled A, C and H. (3 marks)

A………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…
C…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
H…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) State the function of the parts labeled D and G. (2 marks)
D…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
G…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(c) Give two differences between the structures labeled D and G. (2 marks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) Based on observable features, suggest the main function the cell shown. (1 mark)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2. Study the table below and then answer the questions that follow.

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Name of disease Causative agent Age when vaccine is Method of
administered vaccination
Tuberculosis Bacterium At birth Injection
Poliomyelitis Virus At birth, after 6 weeks, Oral inoculation
after 10 weeks, after 14
weeks
Whooping cough Bacterium 6th and 14th week Injection
measles Virus 9th month Injection

(a)What part of the human body is affected by the virus that causes poliomyelitis? 1mk
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b)Give a reason why some doses of vaccine are given more than once. 1mk
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) Suggest a reason for delay in vaccinating against measles until the 9th month(1 mark)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
.(d) Describe immune response. (2 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(e) What is a vaccine? (1 mark)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(f) What is the role of vaccination in providing immunity? (1 mark)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(g) What triggers an allergic reaction? (1 mark)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3.(a)State three limitations of using a quadrat to estimate the population of organisms.(3mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

b)In an attempt to estimate the number of grasshoppers in the field, a student captured 435

marked and released. Three days later, 620 were captured 75 of which were marked.

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(i) What is the name of the sampling method describe above? (1 mark)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Calculate the approximate population size of the grasshoppers in the field(2 marks).

(iii) What are the disadvantages of this method? (2 marks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4.Study the photograph below and answer the questions that follow

(a) Name the parts labelled A and B and state its functions. (2 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) Identify the mode of feeding of the organism. (1 mark)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(c) (i) Name the tooth labelled S. (1 mark)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) State how the tooth named in (c) (i) above is adapted to its function.(2 marks)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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(d)Distinguish between competitive and non-competitive enzyme inhibitors.(2 marks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5.A student set up an experiment to investigate some aspect of gaseous exchange using the
apparatus represented below.
M

P N

B
A

Calcium Calcium
hydroxide hydroxide
e e
The student placed the mouth at the M and breathed in out several times through the
tube.
(a) Using arrows show the direction of air movement along tube P and N on the
diagram during the experiment. (1 mark)
(b) Suggest a possible aim of this experiment. (2 marks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c)What results were expected after breathing in and out through tube M several times?3mks
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(d) What characteristics do mammalian lungs and the gills of bony fish have in common

that enables them to exchange gases efficiently? (2mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Answer questions 6 (compulsory) in the spaces provided and either question 7
or 8 in the spaces provided after question 8.
6.The table below shows the concentration of lactic acid in mg/100cm3 in the human blood
during and after exercise
Time (seconds) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
Lactic acid concentration 22 25 45 90 86 85 84 60 44 25 22 22
3
(mg/100cm )
(a)Using the readings in the table ,plot a graph of lactic acid concentration against time [6marks]

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b)From the graph determine the duration of vigorous exercise [1mark]
………………………………………………………………………………………..
c)Write an equation leading to the production of lactic acid in humans [1mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………….
d)i) Suggest the normal concentration of lactic acid in the blood when the person was resting
[1mark]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
ii) What is the effect of lactic acid on the body tissues when its concentration rises above
90mg/100cm3 [1mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
iii) Give three ways in which the body adjusts to the high concentration of lactic acid [3marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………

e)From the graph determine the time when oxygen debt

i) Occurred [1mark]
…………………………………………………………………
ii) Began to be paid in the person’s body [1mark]

……………………………………………………………………..
f)List three differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration in animals [3marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

g)Name the product of anaerobic respiration that is essential in: [2marks]

I ) The brewing industry ……………………………….
II) The bread making industry …………………………

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7(a)Describe the process of fertilisation in Angiosperms. (15 mks)
(b) State the changes that take place in a flower after fertilization.
8.Describe how the mammalian skin is adapted to its functions. (20 mks)
………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………….....

....................................................................................................................................

NAME:……………………………………………………… STREAM………………..…………

INDEX. NO.…………………………………………………... DATE…………………………...

SCHOOL…………………………………………………….. SIGNATURE……………………...

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

• Write your name and Index Number in the spaces provided above.
• This paper consists of two sections. Section A and section B.
• Answer ALL questions in section A in the spaces provided. In section B answer question 6 (compulsory) and either
question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after question 8
• This paper consists of 10 Printed pages. Candidates should check the question paper to ensure that all the papers are
printed as indicated and no questions are missing.
For Examiners use only.

Section Question Maximum score Candidates score

A 1 8
2 8
3 8
4 8
5 8
B 6 20
7 20
8 20
Total score 80

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1. Study the diagram below and use it to answer the questions that follow

(a) (i) Label parts labelled (2mks)

K–

L-

M-
(ii) Through which process is structure labeled K in (a) (i) above produced? (1mk)

(b)How is the cell labeled N adapted to perform its functions. (3mks)

c) Name the hormone that stimulates the production of cell labeled K.at puberty. (1mk)

2. Bile and pancreatic juice are important secretions in animal nutrition.

(a) In which part of the digestive system do they exert their influence? (1mk)

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(b)(i) For efficient digestion, which of the two secretions should be mixed with the chyme first?
(1mk

(ii) Explain your answer (4mks)

,
3. The table below shows the approximate distribution of blood groups in a sample of 100 people in a population.

Blood group Frequency Rhesus +ve Rhesus -ve

A 26 22 4

B 20 18 2

AB 4 3 1

O 50 42 8

(a) Calculate the percentage of Rhesus negative (Rh-ve) individuals in the population? (1mk)

(b) Account for

(i) The large number of blood group O individuals in a population. (2mks)

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(ii) The small number of individuals with blood group AB. (2mks)

(c) The diagram below represents a blood smear on a glass slide.

(i) State the importance of structure C being large numbers in the blood smear. (1mk)

(ii) Give a reason why structure C would be found in large numbers in high altitude than in low altitude.
(1mk)

(iii) Name the process by which structure A would engulf structure B. (1mk)

4(a). Identify organs B and D in photograph T2 and state the class of organism from which they were obtained.
(4mks)

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ORGAN IDENTITY CLASS

(b) State the common function of the organs identified in (a) above. (1mk)

(d) List the adaptations of D to its functions. (3mks)

(e) Using observable features only, state how B is adapted to its function (2mks)

4. The set apparatus was assembled by a group of students to investigate some physiological process. Glucose
solution was boiled and oil added on top of it. The glucose solution was then allowed to cool before yeast was
added.

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a) i) Give ONE aim of the experiment. (1mk)

ii) Explain observations expected after 24hrs. (2mks)

b) i) Why was the glucose solution boiled before adding the yeast suspension? (1mk)

ii) What was the importance of cooling the glucose solution before adding the yeast? ( 1mk)

(c) In another investigation, a bird was found to use 10 litres of oxygen to give a respiratory
quotient of 0.7 during period of flight.
i) Name the type of food that was being respired by the bird ( 1mk)

ii) Determine the amount of carbon (IV) oxide produced during the same flight. (2mk)

5. Mr. Juma has sued Serenity Hospital on grounds that their child was wrongly identified such that they got the
wrong one. The child is blood group O. Mr. Juma is blood group AB while Mrs. Juma is heterozygous blood

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group A.
(a) Work out the possible blood group of their offsprings. (4 marks)

(b) Is Mr. Juma justified in his claims? Explain. (2 mark)

c) State two blood disorders in humans that result from mutation. (2 marks)

6. SECTION B:
Answer question 6 (Compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after question 8.
A Farmer wished to plant certain species of Erythrina trees on his farm. However, their seeds normally take
time to germinate after sowing. To overcome this problem, he put the seeds in hot water maintained at 50oC.
Batches of 20 seeds were removed at one minute intervals and then planted in trays containing moist soil. After
15 days, the number of seeds that germinated in each tray was counted.
The results obtained were as shown in the table below.

Batch order Time Germinated seeds Percentage of seeds

intervals(minutes) that Germinated.

1st 0 3

2nd 1 3

3rd 2 8

4th 3 15

5th 4 18

6th 5 13

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7th 6 10

8th 7 6

9th 8 2

10th 9 0

11th 10 0

a) Calculate the percentage germination rate for each batch and fill in the table. (5mks)

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b) Use your results to plot a graph showing percentage germination against the duration in which the seeds
were soaked in hot water. (6mks)

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c) From the graph derive the expected number of seeds that would germinate if soaked for 4.5 minutes.
(1mk)

d) Using the graph briefly explain the effect of hot water treatment on seed germination of Erythrina.
(5mks)

e) Explain why there was no germination of seeds soaked in hot water for nine to ten minutes.
(1mks)

f) Besides hot water treatment, suggest two other methods that can be used to speed up germination in
Erythrina. (2mks)

7. Explain the adaptations of parts of the ear in the outer and middle ear. (20 mks)
8. Describe how the kidney Nephron functions. (20 mks)

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KCSE TOP PREDICTION MASTER CYCLE 10
231/2 BIOLOGY
PAPER 2
2 Hours
NAME:……………………………………………………… STREAM………………..…

INDEX. NO.…………………………………………………... DATE…………………..

SCHOOL…………………………………………………….. SIGNATURE……………..

231/2
BIOLOGY
Theory
Paper 2
Time: 2 Hours
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
• Write your name and Index Number in the spaces provided above.
• This paper consists of two sections. Section A and section B.
• Answer ALL questions in section A in the spaces provided. In section B answer question 6
(compulsory) and either question 7 or 8 in the spaces provided after question 8
• This paper consists of 10 Printed pages. Candidates should check the question paper to
ensure that all the papers are printed as indicated and no questions are missing.
For Examiners use only.
Section Question Maximum score Candidates score
A 1 8
2 8
3 8
4 8
5 8
B 6 20

at www.kenyaeducators.co.ke]
7 20
8 20
Total score 80
Section A: 40MKS: Answer all the questions
1. A cross between red flowered plant and white flowered plant produced plants with pink
flowers. Using letter R to represent the gene for red color and W to represent white color;
a. Work out a cross between F1 plants (4mks)

b. Give the;
i. Phenotypic ratio of F2 plants (1mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

ii. Genotypic ratio of F2 plants (1mk)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

c. Name a characteristic in humans which is controlled by multiple alleles. (1mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

d. Which is the biological term used to refer to the condition exhibited by F1 plants.
(1mk)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. The photograph below shows red blood cells that have been put in different solutions.
Examine them and answer the questions that follow.

at www.kenyaeducators.co.ke]
a) i)Identify the type of solution in which F was placed. (1mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

ii) State the process which the red blood cells underwent in illustration G. (1mk)

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

b) Account for the appearance the red blood cells underwent in illustration E. (3mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………

c) Explain what would happen if plant cells are placed in the solution in which the cells
in G were immersed. (3mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………….

3. The diagram below shows blood circulation in a mammalian tissue.

at www.kenyaeducators.co.ke]
a. Name the parts labelled P and Q. (2mks)

P
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Q……………………………………………………………………………………………
b. Name the substances that are:
i. Required for respiration that move out of capillaries. (1mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
ii. Removed from tissue cells as a result of respiration. (1mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

c. Explain how substances move from the blood capillaries into the tissue cells. (3mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………

at www.kenyaeducators.co.ke]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………

d. Name one blood component that is not found in the part labeled P. (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………
4. a. The diagram below represents a member of kingdom Animalia.

i. Name the phylum to which the organism belong. (1mk)

…………………………………………………………………
ii. Using observable features in the diagram, give three reasons for the answer in 4a
(i) above. (3mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………

b. To estimate the population size of crabs in a certain lagoon, traps were laid at random.
400 crabs were caught, marked and released back into the lagoon on the first day. Four
days later, traps were laid again at random. Out of the 374 crabs caught the second time,
80 were found to have been marked.

at www.kenyaeducators.co.ke]
i. Calculate the population size of the crabs in the lagoon. (3mks)
iii. What is the name given to this method of estimating the population size? (1mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. An experiment was set up as show below.

(a) A student blew air in and out through point X. Using arrows indicate how air gets in and
out of the set up. (2mks)

(b) [i] In which of the tube would lime water form white precipitate first. (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
ii] Give a reason. (1mk)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c)What is the effect of lactic acid in the thigh muscle of an athlete after a short fast race?
(2mks)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..

(d) Identify the type of muscle in human being where the formation and effect of lactic acid is
not felt. (1mk)

at www.kenyaeducators.co.ke]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(e) What is the biological significance of boiling milk. [1mk]
………………………………………………………………………………………

SECTION B: 40 Mks: Answer question 6 (compulsory) and either question 7 or 8.

6. An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of

reaction catalyzed by an enzyme. The results are shown in the table below.

Temperature 0c Rate of reaction in mg of

product per unit time
5 0.2
10 0.5
15 0.8
20 1.1
25 1.5

at www.kenyaeducators.co.ke]
30 2.1
35 3.0
40 3.7
45 3.4
50 2.8
55 2.1
60 1.1

(a) On the grid provided draw a graph of rate of reaction against temperature. ( 6marks)

(b) When was the rate of reaction 2.6 mg of product per unit time? ( 2 mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(c) Account for the shape of the graph between

(i) 50 C and 400 C ( 2 mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) 450 C and 600C ( 3 mks)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(d) Other than temperature name two ways in which the rate of reaction between 50C and 400C

could be increased. (2 mks)

at www.kenyaeducators.co.ke]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(e) (i) Name one digestive enzymes in the human body which works best in acidic condition

( 1 mk)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(ii) How is the acidic condition for the enzyme named in (e) (i) above attained? ( 2 mks)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(f) The acidic conditions in (e) (ii) above is later neutralized

(i) Where does the neutralization take place? ( 1 mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(ii) Name the substance responsible for neutralization (1 mk)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. Describe:
a. How the structure of mammalian heart is adapted to its function. (15mks)
b. The process of blood clotting. (5mks)

8. a) After a meal of carbohydrate, the glucose level in the blood rose to 150mg/ cm3 .
Explain the role of the liver in bringing the sugar level down back to normal. (8mks)

b) Explain six importance of plants excretory products. (12mks)

at www.kenyaeducators.co.ke]

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Bio Pp2 Kcse 2025 Top Prediction Cycles

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KCSE 10 TOP PREDICTION CYCLES

2025 KCSE ACADEMIC YEAR

THE PDF COMPRISES OF PREDICTION QUESTIONS

PREPARED BY TOP KNEC WRITERS©

FOR MARKING SCHEMES, CONTACT

KENYA EDUCATORS CONSULTANCY

NAME………………………………………………………. INDEX NO………………….…

(c) This paper consists of two sections, A and B.

(d) Answer all the questions in section A in the spaces provided.

and that no questions are missing.

(g) Candidates should answer the questions in English.

For Examiner’s Use Only

Section Question Maximum Score Candidate’s Score

digestion to take place. (1 Mark)

ii) Explain your answer in 1(b) i) above. (2 Marks)

i) It is not necessary to eat too much protein in the diet. (2 Marks)

ii) Liver is recommended in the diet of anaemic persons (2 Marks)

2. The photographs below show a trait exhibited by man on the hairline.

by the photograph. (1 Mark)

the first law of heredity. (2 Marks)

questions that follow.

a) Explain the following :

the start of the experiment. (1 Mark)

ii) The leaf was boiled in water as shown in diagram A. (1 Mark)

cold water as shown in diagram C. (1 Mark)

ii) Explain the observation in C (i) above. (2 Marks)

a) State the aim of the experiment. (1 Mark)

b) State the expected observations in the test tubes. (2 Marks)

Test tube A…………………………………………………………………..

Test tube B…………………………………………………………………

c) Explain the observation in test tube B (2 Marks)

and out through part T in number 4. above.

i) State the change in the ribs during breathing in. (1 Mark)

organisms (N and M), and answer the questions that follow.

Sucrose concentration (mg/ml) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

the plant stem tissues against sucrose concentrations. (8marks)

ii) Explain your answer above. (2 Marks)

f) State two roles of osmosis in plants. (4 Marks)

8. Describe the various evidences for organic evolution. (10Marks)

SIGNATURE:__________________________ CLASS:_____________ ADM NO:___________

For Examiner’s use only

SECTION QUESTIONS MAXIMUM SCORE CANDIDATE SCORE

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1. The diagram below represents a plant cell organelle;

a) Name the organelle (1mk)

b) In which of the labeled parts does carbon(IV)oxide fixation occur? (1mk)

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The observation after 20 minutes were as shown in the table below;

a) State the process being demonstrated in this experiment. (1mk)

b) Explain the results in set up A; (4mks)

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3. The diagram below represents the nitrogen cycle;

a) Name the process labeled; (2mks)

ii) N1 and N2 ………………………………………………………..

b) Name the organisms that convert M into nitrates. (1mk)

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f) If F1 is nitrogen fixation by free-living bacteria, F2is nitrogen fixation by what? (1mk)

4. The diagram below shows a mould of the genus Rhizopus;

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b) Name the structures labeled A and B (2mks)

c) Give the functions of the structure labeled B (2mks)

d) How do the structures labeled B differ from plant roots(1mk)

5. (a) Name the two types of variations. (2mks)

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Time of the day Amount of water in grams

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c) Explain the shape of the graphs of:-

ii) Absorption (3mks)

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7. (i) Describe the process of fertilization in flowering plant. (10mks)

8. (i) Explain the methods of excretion in plants. (10mks)

(ii) Explain how the nephron is adapted to its functions. (10mks)

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SIGNATURE:____________________ CLASS:_ ADM NO:_____

SIGNATURE:____________________ CLASS:_ ADM NO:_____