Operation

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Operational Aspects & Challenges

Courtesy : Fiber@Ho me Limited Fie ld O peration Team in B anglade sh

 Fiber Loss Optimization
Fiber loss optimization is essential in optical
transmission system.

To establish transmission backbone link the

below parameters are followed :

• Fiber (backbone) Loss

• Connector Loss
• Splice Loss

For DWDM long distance transmission system

of C band 1529nm to 1560 nm range
wavelength,

G.652D fiber used for both coherent and

non-coherent system.
Fiber Loss Optimization

G652D: marginally lower attenuation and lower

splicing losses, when splicing like fibers.

G657-A2 is better for patch cords provide an

improved bend radius and flexibility.

• Fiber backbone loss 0.3 dB/km

• For connector, loss should be 0.5 dB
• For each hard patch loss should be 0.5 dB
• Per splice loss 0.03 dB
• Patch cord with connector, loss should be 1 dB
Optical Reporting
Optical Reporting is very much important for smooth operation and maintenance purpose.

Optical Reporting should include below parameters :

1. Each Backbone Loss ( end to end )

2. Performance of each span (db)
3. Link Availability ( SLA )
4. Reason for backbone outages (RFO)
5. Common Fiber removal
6. Frequent Outage Report
7. Always find alternate path
8. Road/Utility Extension Report
Environmental Hygiene
Environmental hygiene is essential for any optical transmission network.
For smooth and error free transmission clean environment is required.

Dust
Fiber optic networks work by carrying pulses of light between transmitters and receivers.
Dust and contamination block the signal and lead to light loss, reducing power and efficiency.
A 1-micrometer dust particle on a single-mode core can block up to 1 per cent of the light
(a 0.05dB loss). Dirt can cause damage to system equipment also.

Path cord Laying--Improper Patch cord laying can cause hazard to signal transmission.

Connector CAP--Every unused connector head should capped.

Dummy for Unused Slot– Free slots must be filled with dummy.

Engineers should touch equipment after proper grounding using ESD Band to avoid (+ve)
charge.
Power
▪ Good Power Backup as Per Location
▪ GenSet
▪ Battery

▪ Grounding of Device
Proper grounding of equipment is must to prevent thundering or voltage surge.
Temperature
▪ Temperature is one of the most important parameters for safety of fiber optic transmission
device.

▪ Every Data Center or equipment room must be facilitated with adequate cooling system
(AC).

▪ Without proper cooling system, devices become hot and it can cause signal degradation.
It can even damage modules and equipment.

▪ DWDM transmission equipment has its own cooling system (FAN) but its not enough as
the POPs are all in closed environment.

▪ Temperature within 22 to 25 degree Celsius is required for smooth performance and

device safety.
Cleaning
OTDR - Optical Time Domain
Reflectometer

Optical Time Domain Reflectometer

Used to inject a series of optical pulses into the fiber.
Light pulses goes through the fiber core. Suppose a fiber
has length of 70km so OTDR will show the full length
with intermediate event by event loss of hard patch,
bend or splice points. If there is break after 45 km
then OTDR result will show the break point at
45 km in display.
 Optical Power Meter
Optical power meter is used to measure power level
of optical signal at dBm unit and it has various
Wavelength range like 1310nm, 1490nm, 1550 nm.

Different wavelength’s optical power can be

measured easily. There is a FC connector
On top of meter to connect patch cord.
It can sense normally from +20 dBm
to – 50 dBm.
 Fiber Cleaning Kit
Fiber cleaning kit is used to clean patch cord connector.
There are 2 types of kit.

Pen Type cleaning kit

Rub type cleaning kit

Pen type is used for cleaning LC connector.

Need to connect LC head to pen and press gently.

With Rub type kit any connector can be cleaned.

Just need to rub connector head on the white
portion of kit.
Trained NOC & Field Engineer

Courtesy : Fiber@Ho me Limited Fie ld O peration Team in B anglade sh

Network Management System - NMS
Glossary of Terms
A
•ASE (Amplified Spontaneous Emission): Noise generated in optical amplifiers due to the amplification of spontaneously emitted photons.
•ASON (Automatically Switched Optical Network): A dynamic and intelligent optical network architecture that enables automatic provisioning, routing, and restoration of
connections.
B
•Bandwidth Efficiency: A measure of how efficiently a communication system utilizes available bandwidth to transmit data.
•Broadcast-and-Select ROADM: A type of ROADM where all wavelengths are broadcast to every output port, and selectors choose the desired wavelengths.
C
•CDC ROADM (Colorless, Directionless, Contentionless ROADM): A highly flexible ROADM type that allows any wavelength to be routed to any port without restrictions.
•Chromatic Dispersion: A phenomenon where different wavelengths of light travel at different speeds, causing signal distortion in optical fibers.
•Coherent Optical Network: A high-capacity optical network that uses coherent detection and advanced modulation formats to transmit data over long distances.
D
•DCF (Dispersion Compensation Fiber): Specially designed optical fiber used to compensate for chromatic dispersion in standard single-mode fibers.
•DSF (Dispersion Shifted Fiber): A type of optical fiber optimized to reduce chromatic dispersion at certain wavelengths.
•DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing): An optical technology that multiplexes multiple wavelengths of light onto a single fiber to increase bandwidth.
E
•EDFA (Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier): A type of optical amplifier that amplifies light signals directly in the optical domain using erbium ions as the gain medium.
F
•FOADM (Fixed Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer): A static optical device that allows specific wavelengths to be added or dropped at fixed points in a network.
G
•GMPLS (Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching): A protocol for managing and controlling optical networks, enabling dynamic traffic engineering and path setup.
L
•Latency: The time delay experienced as data travels from the sender to the receiver in a network.
•Local Oscillator (LO): A laser in coherent optical receivers that helps extract amplitude, phase, and polarization information from the incoming signal.
M
•Modulation Formats:
• QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying): Modulation scheme that uses four distinct phase shifts to encode 2 bits per symbol.
• 16QAM (16-level Quadrature Amplitude Modulation): Modulation scheme with 16 constellation points, encoding 4 bits per symbol.
• 64QAM (64-level Quadrature Amplitude Modulation): Advanced modulation scheme encoding 6 bits per symbol, requiring high SNR.
•Multiplexing:
• TDM (Time Division Multiplexing): A technique that divides time into slots to allow multiple data streams to share the same transmission line.
• SDM (Space Division Multiplexing): A technique that uses multiple spatial channels, such as separate fibers, to transmit data.
Glossary of Terms
N
•Nonlinearity: Optical effects, such as four-wave mixing or self-phase modulation, that can distort signals in optical fibers.
•NZDSF (Non-Zero Dispersion Shifted Fiber): A fiber type with low but non-zero chromatic dispersion, optimized for DWDM systems.
O
•Optical Amplifier: A device that amplifies light signals directly in the optical domain without converting them into electrical signals.
•Optical Supervisory Channel (OSC): A dedicated channel in DWDM systems for management and control traffic.
•OTN (Optical Transport Network): A networking standard defined by ITU-T for efficient and scalable optical transport, incorporating features like error correction and
multiplexing.
P
•Polarization Multiplexing: A technique that uses orthogonal polarizations to double the capacity of optical carriers.
•Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD): A fiber impairment caused by different polarization states traveling at different speeds.
Q
•QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation): A modulation technique combining amplitude and phase variations to encode data.
R
•ROADM (Reconfigurable Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer): An advanced optical device that dynamically adds, drops, or passes wavelengths without physical intervention.
•RSVP-TE (Resource Reservation Protocol with Traffic Engineering): A protocol for reserving resources and setting up optical paths in a network.
S
•SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio): The ratio of signal power to noise power, indicating the quality of the communication link.
•Splitters: Optical devices used to divide light signals into multiple paths.
•Spectral Efficiency: The amount of data transmitted per unit of bandwidth.
T
•Tunable Filters: Optical devices used in ROADMs and FOADMs to select specific wavelengths dynamically.
W
•Wavelength Selective Switch (WSS): A key component in ROADMs that dynamically routes specific wavelengths to desired ports.
•Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM): A technology that combines multiple light wavelengths onto a single optical fiber.
Reference
Standards and Specifications
1.ITU-T G.694.1: "Spectral grids for WDM applications: DWDM frequency grid."
2.ITU-T G.709: "Interfaces for the Optical Transport Network (OTN)."
3.ITU-T G.8080: "Architecture for the Automatically Switched Optical Network (ASON)."
Books
1.Keiser, Gerd (2017): Optical Fiber Communications. McGraw-Hill Education.
2.Ramaswami, Rajiv; Sivarajan, Kumar N.; Sasaki, Galen H. (2009): Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective. Morgan Kaufmann.
3.Senior, John M.; Jamro, M. Yousif (2009): Optical Fiber Communications: Principles and Practice. Pearson Education.
Research Papers and Articles
1.Agrawal, Govind P. (2012): "Fiber-Optic Communication Systems." Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 30, No. 10.
2.Ellis, Andrew D.; Gunning, Francis C. (2010): "Spectral efficiency in coherent optical systems." Photonics Research, Vol. 4, No. 5.
Technical Websites and Online Resources
1.ITU-T Recommendations Portal:
1. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/Recommendations
2.Cisco White Papers:
1. Understanding ROADM Architectures: https://www.cisco.com
3.PacketLight Networks:
1. ROADM and Optical Networks Explained: https://www.packetlight.com
4.Fiber Optic Association (FOA):
1. https://www.thefoa.org
5.ResearchGate:
1. Optical Amplifiers and DWDM Networks: https://www.researchgate.net
Vendor Documentation
1.Ciena: "Guide to Coherent Optical Networking."
2.Nokia: "DWDM Systems and Applications Overview."
3.Huawei: "Roadmap to High-Capacity Optical Networks."
Simulation and Design Tools
1.OptiSystem by Optiwave:
1. https://optiwave.com
2.VPIphotonics:
1. https://www.vpiphotonics.com
Reference
• OTC000003 WDM principle
• ITU-T G.694.1 and G.694.2 (about the wavelength distribution)
• https://optiwave.com/
• http://www.fiber-optic-transceiver-module.com/
• ITU-T G.671 (about the optical passive components)
• ITU-T G.652 , G.653 and G.655 (about the fiber)
• Optix OSN 8800 Hardware description
• Optix OSN 8800 Product description
• Practical experience on Huawei OSN 1800, OSN 8800 operation and maintenance
• https://kb.veexinc.com/en/knowledge/otn-glossary
Questions !!!

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