What is DWDM?

A1-Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) an optical technology used to increase bandwidth
over existing fiber optic backbones.

A2- Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is a technology that puts data from different
sources together on an optical fiber, with each signal carried at the same time on its own separate light
wavelength.

A3- Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing. DWDM technology utilizes the characteristics of broad
bandwidth and low attenuation of single mode optical fiber, employs multiple wavelengths with spacing
of 100GHz or 50GHz as carriers, and allows multiple channels to transmit simultaneously in the same
fiber.

What is CWDM?

Compared to DWDM networks, CWDM networks have lower capacity and shorter optical reach;
however they are also lower in cost for certain applications where they are suitable.

What is OADM?

Optical add-drop multiplexer (OADM) is a device used in wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) .

What is ROADM?

ROADM (reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer) ROADM means re-configurable OADM. Both the
pass-through and the added/dropped wavelengths are re-configurable.

What is FDM?

FDM is an analog technique that can be applied when the bandwidth of a link is greater than the
combined bandwidths of the signals to be transmitted.

What is WDM?

WDM is conceptually the same as FDM, except that the multiplexing and DE multiplexing involve light
signals transmitted through fiber optics channel.

What is TDM?

TDM is a digital process that can be applied when the data rate capacity of the transmission medium is
greater than the data rate required by the sending and receiving devices.

What is OTN?

Optical Transport Network (OTN) as a set of Optical Network Elements (ONE) connected by optical fiber
links, able to provide functionality of transport, multiplexing, switching, management, supervision and
survivability of optical channels carrying client signals.
Why we use OTN?

OTN offers the following advantages:

· Stronger Forward Error Correction

· More Levels of Tandem Connection Monitoring (TCM)

· Transparent Transport of Client Signals

· Switching Scalability

OTN has the following disadvantages:

· Requires new hardware and management system

We will discuss the advantages and disadvantages in the following sections.

What is OTU?

Optical transponders unit (OTU) is used to convert electric signal into optical.

What is OSNR?

Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio (OSNR), Ratio of the amplitude of the transmitted optical signal to the
noise on the received signal.

What is SONET?

SONET is the American National Standards Institute standard for synchronous data transmission on
optical media. The international equivalent of SONET is synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH). Together,
they ensure standards so that digital networks can interconnect internationally and that existing
conventional transmission systems can take advantage of optical media through tributary attachments.

For an oscillating or varying current, frequency is the number of complete cycles per second in
alternating current direction. The standard unit of frequency is the hertz, abbreviated Hz. If a current
completes one cycle per second, then the frequency is 1 Hz; 60 cycles per second equals 60 Hz (the
standard alternating-current utility frequency in some countries).

What is Gigabit?

In data communications, a gigabit is one billion bits, or 1,000,000,000 (that is, 109) bits. It's commonly
used for measuring the amount of data that is transferred in a second between two telecommunication
points. For example, Gigabit Ethernet is a high-speed form of Ethernet (a local area network technology)
that can provide data transfer rates of about 1 gigabit per second. Gigabits per second is usually
shortened to Gbps.

What is ALS?
Automatic Laser Shutdown (ALS) is a technique used to automatically shut down the output power of
the transmitter in case of fiber break.

What is Multiplexer?

Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across

What is DE multiplexer?

A DE multiplexer (or demux) is a device taking a single input signal and selecting one of many data-
output-lines.

Which type of Frequency band we using in DWDM?

C-band and L-band.

In KSA what type of band we are using?

C-band (C Band is the original frequency allocation for communications)

What does Optical Fiber Amplifier mean?

An optical fiber amplifier is a fiber optic device used to amplify optical signals directly without
conversion into electrical signals.

What is interleaver card?

Combine the EVEN and ODD frequencies.

What is DCM?

Dispersion compensation modules (DCM) can be used for compensating the chromatic dispersion of
long span of transmission fiber.

What is channel spacing?

Channel spacing is a term used in radio frequency planning. It describes the frequency difference
between adjacent allocations in a frequency plan.

What is Attenuator?

A passive component that produces controlled signal attenuation in an optical Fiber transmission line.

What is attenuation?

The degeneration of a signal over distance on a network cable is called attenuation.

What is Bandwidth?
Every line has an upper limit and a lower limit on the frequency of signals it can carry. This limited range
is called the bandwidth.

What is DCN?

DCN Data Communication Network. Data communications are the exchange of data between two
devices via some form of transmission medium such as a wire cable.

What is DCC?

Data Communication Channel. Within an STM-N signal there are two DCC

Channels, comprising bytes D1-D3, giving a 192 Kbit/s channel, and bytes D4-D12, Giving a 576 Kbit/s
channel. D1-D3 (DCCR) is accessible by all SDH NEs whereas D4-D12 (DCCM), not being part of the
regenerator section overhead, is not accessible at regenerators.

What is ECC?

Embedded Control Channel. An ECC provides a logical operations channel between SDH NEs, utilizing a
data communications channel (DCC) as its physical layer.

What is Redundancy?

The concept of including extra information in the transmission solely for the purpose of comparison.
This technique is called redundancy.

What is OLP?

Optical Line Protection. With the way to back up the working link, it supports primary optical
transmitting link with multiple wavelengths and standby one in order to be against the situation that
there is any fault in the primary link.

What is OSC?

Optical Supervisory Channel. It realizes the communication among the nodes in the optical transmission
network and transmits the monitoring data in the certain channel (the wavelength of the working
channel for it is 1510nm and that of the corresponding protection one is 1625nm).

What is Wavelength?

The distance an electromagnetic wave travels in the time it takes to oscillate through a complete cycle.

What's the difference between DWDM and CWDM?

The primary difference between DWDM and CWDM is the channel spacing (CWDM has almost 100 times
wider channel spacing) and the required frequency stability. Due to wider CWDM channels, the number
of channels (lambdas) available on the same link is significantly reduced, but the optical interface
components do not have to be as precise as DWDM components. CWDM equipment is thus significantly
cheaper than DWDM equipment.

What is Optical supervisory channel?

Optical supervisory channel (OSC) Inter-node management and control information is communicated
over the OSC. The OSC wavelength is at 1510 nm and is terminated on the amplifiers, or non-amplified
OSC card, via pluggable SFP.

Huawei BWS 1600G cards name and details.

OAU—Amplifies optical signals in the fibers and compensates signal attenuation caused by optical
components and fibers.
OBU—EDFA optical module of the OBU board only has an optical booster amplifier (BA) that works in
the same way as OAU.
ITL— The ITL board combines the respective ODD and EVEN bands to get full C/L-band transmission with
50GHz channel spacing, thus makes it possible to achieve 160 channels on single fiber.
SC2—SC2 processes two supervisory channels and receives/transmits the optical signals from both
directions.
SCC— System control and communication board (SCC) is the control center of network element. It
accomplishes all the management functions and is responsible for the communication between the
equipment and network management system. It implements the order wire overhead processing as
well.
V40— V40 board is mainly used to adjust the input optical power of 40 STM-64 channels, and multiplex
them with 100GHz channel spacing. Currently, V40 is used only for C-band.
D40— 40-channel Optical DE multiplexer Unit.
FIU- Fiber Interface Unit
VA4—VA4 board is used for optical power adjustment and equalization according to the commands
from SCC, so that smooth and controlled transmission is ensured.
MCA— MCA board can supervise central wavelength, power, signal-to-noise ratio and other parameters
of optical signals in real time.
LWFS— STM-64 Transmit-receive Line Wavelength Conversion Unit with FEC Function (Super WDM).
LWF— LWF board accesses STM-64 signal and transmits it with FEC (Forward Error Correction) code and
vice versa. The implementation of FEC improves the signal quality and extends the transmission distance
TMRS— Line Regenerating Wavelength Conversion Board.
LBFS—Transmit-receive Line Wavelength Conversion Unit For 10GE (LAN/WAN).
ELOGS—Enhanced 8-ports Gigabit Ethernet Multiplex Optical Wavelength Conversion Board.
WMU— Wavelength Management Unit
LBFS— Transmit-receive Line Wavelength Conversion Unit For 10GE (LAN/WAN) With AFEC, Super
WDM.
ETMXS— Enhanced Quadruple 2.5G (4 client) Transparent Multiplex Unit.

PSS cards and detail.

ALPHG — Low Power High Gain DWDM Amplifier

AHPHG — High Power High Gain DWDM Amplifier (Output: 20dBm/Input: -30dBm to +7dbm)
AHPLG — High Power Low Gain DWDM Amplifier (Output: 20dBm/Input: -24dBm to +7dbm)
ALPFGT — Low Power Fixed Gain Amplifier Total Power
A2325A — Amplifier, 23db power, variable gain, C-band (Output: 23dBm/Input: -33dBm to +7dbm)
AM2325B — Amplifier, 23db power, variable gain, C-band, no DCM
AM2017B — High Power Low Gain DWDM Amplifier, no DCM
RA2P—Raman amplifier, 2pumps
SFD44— (even channels) 44 Channel Optical Mux/Demux
SFD44B— (odd channels) 44 Channel Optical Mux/Demux
ITLB: 88— channel interleave card for SFD40, SFD44 & SFD40B, SFD44B
ITLU— Unidirectional Interleaver card
CWR8 (or CWR8B) — 8 Channel Colorless Wavelength Router
CWR8-88— Colorless Wavelength Router with 88-channel, 50GHz spacing
WR8-88A— 8 Channel Wavelength Router Card with Add-Side 9x1 WSS Supporting 50GHz Channel
Spacing
WTOCM— Wavelength Tracker Optical Channel Monitoring Card
11STAR1— 11G Single Port Tunable Any Rate (1 client)
11QPA4 (A) — 11G Quad Port Tunable Any Rate 4 Client Transponder
11DPM12— Two LINE port and client port 12x any-rate ports MUX OT
43SCX4— 43G Single Port Tunable Coherent Mux Transponder (4 clients)
EC— Equipment Controller

Digital Communication Bit Times

What is linear and nonlinear?

What is Romans Amplifiers?

Transponder card in PSS?

Function of supervisory channel SC2?

VOA: Variable Optical Attenuator

OTS: Optical Transmission Section

OTM: Optical Transport Module

OCh: Optical channel
SONET: Synchronous optical network

TDM: Time division multiplexing

CRZ: Chirped Return to Zero

FIU: Fiber interface Unit.