ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES

P2-S

COMPULSORY GRAMMAR PACK

Spring 2025
CDO
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 CONTENTS
WEEK 1
• Question Forms
WEEK 4
• Reduction of Relative Clauses
WEEK 7 • Verb Patterns - Gerunds and Infinitives
• Verb Patterns - Passive Infinitives and Gerunds
WEEK 8
• Reduction of Noun Clauses
WEEK 9
• Conditional Sentences (If Clause Type 2-3)
WEEK 10
• Present and Past Modals of Deduction
WEEK 13 • Causative Forms
• Participle Clauses

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 WEEK 1 - QUESTION FORMS

INTRODUCTION
PART A. Read the following dialogue between Emma and Jack, paying attention to the question forms.

Emma: Hey, Jack! Have you ever traveled abroad?

Jack: No, I haven’t. But I really want to! Have you?
Emma: Yes, I have. I went to Italy last year. It was amazing!
Jack: That sounds great! Did you visit Rome?
Emma: Of course! Who wouldn’t like to see the Colosseum?
Jack: So true! How many days did you stay there?
Emma: I stayed for two weeks. It wasn’t enough to see everything, though.
Jack: Are you planning to travel again soon?
Emma: Yes! I’m going to Spain next summer.
Jack: Wow! Where are you going to stay?
Emma: I haven’t booked a hotel yet because I’m thinking of renting an apartment. What do you think?
Jack: That sounds like a good idea. Will you visit Barcelona while you’re there?
Emma: Yes, definitely! I love cities with a lot of history. Do you like historical places?
Jack: I do, but I just prefer nature more. Who doesn’t enjoy a beautiful landscape?
Emma: That’s true. So, do you want to come with me?
Jack: I wish I could! But I have to work during the summer.
Emma: Oh no! Can’t you take some days off?
Jack: I don’t think so. My boss doesn’t like giving summer vacations.
Emma: That’s unfair! Who works all summer without a break?
Jack: Unfortunately, I do!
Emma: Well, maybe you should talk to your boss again. Did you ask him about it before?
Jack: No, I didn’t. But I’ll try. What should I say?
Emma: Just explain that you need some time to relax. Isn’t it important to take a break sometimes?
Jack: You’re right. I’ll ask him tomorrow. If he says yes, I’ll join you!
Emma: That would be awesome! Let’s hope for the best!
PART B. Read the conversation again and identify the Yes/No Questions and Wh- Questions in the
dialogue. Later in this chapter, we will discuss Wh- Questions in terms of object and subject questions.
But for now, just focus on finding the Wh- Questions.

Yes/No Questions Wh- Questions

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 1. YES/NO QUESTIONS AND TENSES IN ENGLISH

PRESENT SIMPLE QUESTIONS

Use simple present questions to ask about regular or Do you easily make friends?
habitual actions and general truths or states. Use the Does she work on Saturdays?
auxiliary verb do/does. Don’t you work at a bank?

In questions with the verb to be (am/is/are) and with Is he the best person for the job?
modal verbs, put the verb before the subject. Can you take me to the airport tomorrow?
Should I look for a new job?
Aren’t you happy with the results?

PAST SIMPLE QUESTIONS

Use past simple questions to ask about a past action. To Did you talk to your boss about a pay-rise?
form questions in the simple past tense, use the auxiliary Did you have a lot of friends at school?
verb did. Didn’t she help you with the project?

In questions with the verb to be (was/were), put the Was she pleased with the gift that you gave her?
verb before the subject. Were they aware of their mistakes?
Were you an ambitious student?
Weren’t they at school yesterday?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS QUESTIONS

Use present continuous questions to ask about an action Is he talking to the candidates at the moment?
happening at the moment or around the time of Are they planning to move to another town?
speaking or about a changing situation. Form this Aren’t you taking Chemistry this semester?
question by putting the verb to be (am/is/are) before
the subject.

PAST CONTINUOUS QUESTIONS

Use past continuous questions to ask about an action in Were you cleaning when he arrived?
progress in the past. Form this question by putting the Was he talking about me when I entered the room?
verb to be (was/were) before the subject. Wasn’t it raining when you left home this morning?

PRESENT PERFECT QUESTIONS

Use this question to ask about the recent past or an Have you heard from them recently?
event at an unknown time. Form this question by Has he ever been rude to you?
putting the auxiliary verb have/has before the subject. Haven’t they offered you the position?

PAST PERFECT QUESTIONS

Use this question to ask about a past event that took Had you finished the chores before mum arrived?
place BEFORE another event in the past. Form this Had they dated for a long time before they got married?
question by putting the auxiliary verb had before the Hadn’t she bought presents for everyone before Christmas?
subject.

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 FUTURE QUESTIONS (WILL FUTURE)
Use this question to ask about actions in the future or to Will you join us later?
make requests. Form this question by putting the Won’t you drink something with the cake?
auxiliary verb will before the subject. Will you leave as soon as the meeting ends?
FUTURE QUESTIONS (BE GOING TO FUTURE)
Use this question to ask about planned actions in the Isn’t she going to move to Canada next month?
future. Form this question by putting the auxiliary verb Aren’t they going to announce the results on Friday?
am/is/are before the subject Are you going to have some time off next week?
QUESTIONS WITH MODAL VERBS (CAN, MAY, MIGHT, SHOULD, COULD … etc.)
To form questions with modals verbs, simply put the Can Suzie speak any foreign languages?
modal verb before the subject of the sentence. Could you read when you were 5 years old?
Should I apply for another job?
QUESTIONS WITH HAVE TO/NEED TO
Use this question form to ask about obligations or Do British citizens have to/need to get a visa to visit the
necessities. For obligations in the present, use the USA?
auxiliary verb do/does; for obligations in the past, use Doesn’t your sister have to/need to work on Saturdays?
the auxiliary verb did before the subject of the sentence. Did you have to/need to wear a school uniform when you
were a high school student?

2. SUBJECT AND OBJECT QUESTIONS

OBJECT QUESTIONS
These questions ask about the object of a sentence. The What did John give you?
most common word order for object questions is as Who are you going to live with next year in college?
follows: How many jackets do you have?
Wh- word + auxiliary verb + subject + verb What kind of music does she enjoy?
Wh- word + modal verb + subject + verb What can you tell me about your new boss?
What should I do to improve my English?
SUBJECT QUESTIONS
These questions ask about the subject of a sentence. In Who designed the White House?
this question type, the question word is the subject of James Hoban designed the White House.
the sentence. The most common word order for subject Who annoys you the most?
questions is as follows: Rude people annoy me the most.
Wh- word (who/which/what) + verb + object Which student should get the highest grade?
DO NOT use the auxiliary verb in subject questions. Timmy should get the highest grade.
Subject questions are formed in the singular form. The What happened on the motorway?
answer may be singular or plural. An accident happened.

3. INDIRECT QUESTIONS
INDIRECT QUESTIONS
Use indirect questions to be more polite or distant. They Could you tell me when the bus leaves?
start with introductory phrases such as “Could you tell I wonder why he doesn’t talk to anyone.
me…?, Can I ask you…?, I wonder…? Use a question I’d like to know if she wants to join us.
word after the introductory phrase, or with YES/NO Can you tell me how I can get to the train station?
questions, use “whether” or “if”. Use a question mark if
I love your scarf! Can I ask you where you bought it?
the introductory phrase is a question, but not if it is a
statement.

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Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks to form questions.
1. A: __________ he the right person for the job? B: Yes, definitely.
2. A: __________ he work well in a team? B: Yes, he’s good with other people.
3. A: What exactly __________ she tell you? B: She said she was running late.
4. A: __________ they completed all their work? B: Yes, they have.
5. A: What __________ you working on at the moment? B: I’m working on a proposal for a film.
6. A: __________ we ask you a few questions? B: Yes, of course.
7. A: When __________ your youngest sister born? B: In 2012.
8. A: What __________ you study at university? B: Medicine, from 2001 to 2007.
9. A: __________ she taken her final exam yet? B: Yes. She took it last week.

Exercise 2. Ask questions for the underlined parts in the sentences.

1. The school organized a writing competition last week.
________________________________________________________________________________?
2. Yes, French sculptor Auguste Bartholdi designed the Eiffel Tower.
________________________________________________________________________________?
3. Jenny will go to the concert with her cousins.
________________________________________________________________________________?
4. Tim usually works on Saturdays.
________________________________________________________________________________?
5. No, I don’t have an Instagram account.
________________________________________________________________________________?
6. This café closes at 20:30 on weekdays.
________________________________________________________________________________?
7. Julia generally wakes up late, goes for a run, and then relaxes at home at weekends.
________________________________________________________________________________?
8. I am disappointed with myself because I failed my driver’s license. Again!
________________________________________________________________________________?
9. In Amsterdam, most people go to work by bike.
________________________________________________________________________________?
10. She has lived in Toledo – a small town near Madrid – for the last ten years.
________________________________________________________________________________?
11. That red jacket on the sofa is Phillip’s.
________________________________________________________________________________?
12. I don’t know when the film starts. Could you tell me?
Could you _______________________________________________________________________?
13. Eating well, exercising regularly, and sleeping enough make us healthy.
________________________________________________________________________________?
14. Spiders and heights scare me.
________________________________________________________________________________?
15. The Williams family live in the house up the hill.
________________________________________________________________________________?
16. Those pink gloves belong to Michael.
________________________________________________________________________________?
17. Is there a supermarket near here? I wonder.
I wonder _________________________________________________________________________
18. How can I access the online application form. I’d like to know.
I’d like to know _____________________________________________________________

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Exercise 3. Read the statements and then write subject or object questions for the answers given.
Examples: Who ate the apple? Toby did. What did Toby eat? An apple.
1. Ed ate one of the sandwiches.
__________________________________________________? One of the sandwiches.
2. Adam made Suzie cry.
__________________________________________________? Adam did.
3. George met Emma at the gate of the museum.
__________________________________________________? Emma.
4. Fred was flirting with Sarah.
__________________________________________________? Fred was.
5. Mary was writing a horror story.
__________________________________________________? Horror.

Exercise 4. Read the statements and then write subject or object questions.
Examples:
Something is making a strange noise. What’s making a strange noise?
One of the boys will play in goal. Who will play in goal?

1. Pete has got something in his bag. What ________________________________________?

2. Marcus gave me something to eat. What ________________________________________?
3. Something is missing from the cupboard. What ________________________________________?
4. Jess saw somebody in the park. Who ________________________________________?
5. I’d like the mushroom pizza. Which _______________________________________?
6. Somebody phoned Sally last night. Who ________________________________________?

EXTRA SPEAKING ACTIVITY

Put the words in order to make questions. Then work with a partner to ask and answer the questions
you formed.
1. you / worried / do / get / ever __________________________________________________________
2. confident / you / person / are / a ________________________________________________________
3. easily / you / friends / do / make ________________________________________________________
4. happy / what / you / makes ____________________________________________________________
5. who / you / worried / you / call / do / are / when ___________________________________________
6. in / who / the / person / most / life / important / is / your ____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7. worries / the / you / what / most ________________________________________________________
8. best / you / the / gives / who / advice ____________________________________________________

For extra online activities on making questions, you may visit:

1. https://www.english-grammar.at/worksheets/question-negation/question-negations.htm

2. https://www.english-grammar.at/worksheets/question-negation/qn006.pdf

3. https://www.english-grammar.at/worksheets/question-negation/qn4.pdf

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 WEEK 4 - REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES

Introduction - PART A. Answer the following questions.

1. Can you name a famous person born in the 1980s or 1990s? What makes them unique?
2. Think about people growing up in the 80s or 90s. How do you think their childhood was different
from yours?
3. How do you feel about participation awards? Should everyone competing get a reward, or should
only the winners receive one?
4. Which generation do you belong to? What do you know about it?

PART B. Read the following text. Pay attention to the phrases in bold.

MILLENNIALS IN THE WORKFORCE

Millennials, also known as Generation Y, are people born in the
1980s and 1990s. There are over 70 million of them in the United
States alone, where they are now the fastest-growing group in the
workplace. It is hard to generalize about such a large group, but
these young workers often share certain positive and negative traits.

This group has high opinions and expectations of themselves. Bruce

Tulgan, a Generation Y expert, believes this is the result of the way
they were raised. They were raised at a time when parents and teachers believed in a lot of praising and
rewarding. For example, everyone playing a game was often given a reward, not just the members of the
winning team.

Generation Y is the first generation to grow up in the digital world of 20th century. Millennials, raised in
the era of computers, cell phones, and the Internet, understand technology very well. They are also
multitasking experts. They can text, listen to music, and chat online at the same time. Their experience
with technology usually makes them good at technology-based jobs. These are the traits helping them
succeed in workplaces around the world.

PART C. Read the sentences below. What words could you add to the phrases in bold to make them
relative clauses?

1. Millennials are people born in the 1980s and 1990s.

2. Bruce Tulgan, a Generation Y expert, believes this is the result of the way they were raised.
3. For example, everyone playing a game was often given a prize, not just the members of the winning
team.
4. Millennials, raised in the era of computers, cell phones, and the Internet, understand technology
very well.
5. These are the traits helping them succeed in workplaces around the world.

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 REDUCING RELATIVE CLAUSES

We sometimes shorten adjective clauses to adjective phrases with the same meaning. However, we can
only make reduced relative clauses when the relative pronoun is the subject of the relative clause.

The woman who lives upstairs is very noisy. (relative pronoun in subject position)
The woman living upstairs is very noisy. (reduced relative clause)

You should securely store the boxes which contain important documents. (subject position)
You should securely store the boxes containing important documents. (reduced relative clause)

The money which was stolen from the bank has been recovered. (subject position)
The money stolen from the bank has been recovered. (reduced relative clause)

RULES FOR MAKING REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES

RULE 1: Tenses in the active form are replaced with a PRESENT PARTICIPLE (Ving).

Delete the relative pronoun and change the verb to its -ing form. This can be done only when “who,
which, or that” is in the subject position. When you make reduced non-defining relative clauses,
keep the comma(s).
Note that the present participle (Ving) can replace various active tenses, not only the present
continuous.

EXAMPLES
1. We stood on the bridge which connects the two halves of the city.
We stood on the bridge connecting the two halves of the city.

2. He was the actor who played the king.

He was the actor playing the king.

3. Avatar, which stars Sam Worthington, is the top-earning film of the year 2009.
Avatar, starring Sam Worthington, is the top-earning film of the year 2009.

4. The children who were playing in the rain seemed very happy.
The children playing in the rain seemed very happy.

Exercise 1. Change the adjective clauses to adjective phrases.

1. The woman who is sitting at the corner table seems familiar to me.
_______________________________________________________________________
2. The students who participated in the school play designed their own costumes.
_______________________________________________________________________
3. I prefer to buy a house which overlooks the sea rather than the mountains.
_______________________________________________________________________

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 RULE 2: Passive simple forms are replaced by the PAST PARTICIPLE (V3).

In passive simple forms, delete the relative pronoun and “be” of the passive structure.
In non-defining relative clauses, keep the comma(s).

EXAMPLES
1. The information which is given in the brochure is wrong.
The information given in the brochure is wrong.

2. The boy who was attacked by a dog was taken to hospital.

The boy attacked by a dog was taken to hospital.

3. The Maldives, which is visited by lots of honeymooners, consists of 1192 coral islands.
The Maldives, visited by lots of honeymooners, consists of 1192 coral islands.
Visited by lots of honeymooners, the Maldives consists of 1192 coral islands.

RULE 3: Passive continuous forms are replaced by BEING + PAST PARTICIPLE (V3).

In passive continuous forms (present or past), delete the relative pronoun and “be” of the passive
structure. Keep “being” and “V3”. In non-defining relative clauses, keep the comma(s).

EXAMPLES
1. The innovative skyscraper “The Peak”, which is being built by Green-Tech Construction, is a sustainable
architectural achievement.
The innovative skyscraper “The Peak”, being built by Green-Tech Construction, is a sustainable
architectural achievement.
Being built by Green-Tech Construction, the innovative skyscraper “The Peak” is a sustainable
architectural achievement.

2. The issues which are being discussed at the board meeting need urgent solutions.
The issues being discussed at the board meeting need urgent solutions.

3. Everybody was amazed by the song which was being played so beautifully by the orchestra.
Everybody was amazed by the song being played so beautifully by the orchestra.

Exercise 2. Change the adjective clauses to adjective phrases.

1. His first book, which was published in 1975, didn’t get as much praise as he expected.
_______________________________________________________________________
2. None of the models that have been inspected so far have passed the test.
______________________________________________________________________
3. The saplings which are being planted today will one day grow into huge trees.
_______________________________________________________________________
4. The driver who was stopped by the police was three times over the legal limit.
_______________________________________________________________________

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 RULE 4: Non-Defining Relative Clauses with VERB TO BE

In non-defining relative clauses, “verb to be” can be omitted to reduce the relative clause. The
commas cannot be omitted.

EXAMPLES
1. Mr. Thomas Belcher, who is the owner of Meta-Tech Industries, is willing to offer internships to more
than 100 university students.
Mr. Thomas Belcher, the owner of Meta-Tech Industries, is willing to offer internships to more than 100
university students.
The owner of Meta-Tech Industries, Mr. Thomas Belcher, is willing to offer internships to more than 100
university students.

2. The Nile, which is the longest river in the world, flows through several countries in Africa before
reaching the Mediterranean in Egypt.
The Nile, the longest river in the world, flows through several countries in Africa before reaching the
Mediterranean in Egypt.
The longest river in the world, the Nile, flows through several countries in Africa before reaching the
Mediterranean in Egypt.

Exercise 3. Change the adjective clauses to adjective phrases.

1. February, which is my favorite month, lasts 29 days every four years.
_______________________________________________________________________
2. The team was weakened when Gordon Hamilton, who was the star player of the World Cup team last
season, withdrew yesterday because of a back injury.
______________________________________________________________________
3. Kudzu (Pueraria Montana), which is an invasive plant species, is often called "the vine that ate the
South" because of how aggressively it spread in the southeastern USA.
_______________________________________________________________________

WATCH OUT!
Omitting the relative pronoun is something different from reduction.
If the relative pronoun is the object of the verb in a defining relative clause, then it can be omitted:

• This is the skirt that I bought in the sales.

• This is the skirt which I bought in the sales.
• This is the skirt I bought in the sales.

In this sentence ‘skirt’ is the object of the verb (buy). ‘I’ is the subject. When the relative pronoun is
the object, it can be omitted. Note that if the relative pronoun is the subject of the verb, then it
cannot be omitted.

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Exercise 4. Rewrite the sentences below, reducing the adjective clauses.
1. The new law which was put in effect last month will benefit the whole country.
_________________________________________________________________________________.
2. Julie Andersen, who is the youngest member of our choir, is going to sing “Silent Night”.
_________________________________________________________________________________.
3. The students who are involved in cheating should get severe punishments.
_________________________________________________________________________________.
4. The woman who has been chosen to play Juliet is a famous Australian actor.
_________________________________________________________________________________.
5. The woman who was being interviewed by reporters pointed out some serious issues about local
elections.
_________________________________________________________________________________.
6. For a balanced diet, you should eat vegetables which contain high amounts of vitamins and fibre.
_________________________________________________________________________________.
7. Passengers who wanted to go to Liverpool had to change in Manchester.
_________________________________________________________________________________.
8. The students that adopt good study habits and know how to plan their time efficiently will definitely be
successful.
_________________________________________________________________________________.
9. I don’t know much about the games which are being played by children nowadays.
_________________________________________________________________________________.
10. Mr. Charles Demsey, who is the delegate from New Zealand, did not take part in the final vote.
_________________________________________________________________________________.
11. One of the houses that overlook the park is for sale.
_________________________________________________________________________________.
12. Paris, which is the capital of France, is a lively city with grand hotels.
_________________________________________________________________________________.

Exercise 5. Choose the correct option to complete the sentences.

1. The criminals _______________ at the high school have not been caught.
a. responsible for the vandalism c. who responsible for the vandalism
b. are responsible for the vandalism d. been responsible for the vandalism

2. Star Wars, __________________, is considered one of the greatest science fiction movies in history.
a. directing by George Lucas c. was directed by George Lucas
b. directed by George Lucas d. which directed by George Lucas

3. ____________________, Star Wars is considered one of the greatest science fiction movies in history.
a. Directing by George Lucas
b. The film was directed by George Lucas
c. Directed by George Lucas
d. Is directed by George Lucas

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4. John Grisham has written many novels, _______________________.
a. included The Firm, The Pelican Brief, and The Brethren
b. it includes The Firm, The Pelican Brief, and The Brethren
c. which was included The Firm, The Pelican Brief, and The Brethren
d. including The Firm, The Pelican Brief, and The Brethren

5. ______________________, Martha, is going to advance her language skills in an attempt to increase

her potential to earn more.
a. A student studying in the U.S. c. A student is studying in the U.S.
b. A student studies in the U.S. d. She studies in the U.S.

6. Professor Hyun, ___________________ for her class lectures, has been a great help to a large number
of students at University of New York for many years.
a. always well prepared c. is always well prepared
b. who always well prepared d. always well preparing

7. The student __________________ is a friend of Tomo.

a. studying in the library c. studied in the library
b. is studying in the library d. that studying in the library

8. _________________________ for over three hours, the eager students were finally able to purchase
the tickets to the concert.
a. Have stood in line c. Having stood in line
b. Having been stood in line d. They have stood in line

RESTATEMENT QUESTIONS WITH RELATIVE CLAUSES

1. My mother-in-law has made an appointment with a chiropodist to ask about her left foot, troubling
her lately.
A. A chiropodist is treating my mother-in-law's left foot, which has been unbearably painful for ages.
B. My mother-in-law should go and see a chiropodist about her left foot because it has been very painful
to walk on lately.
C. My mother-in-law suggested that I arrange to visit a chiropodist about my left foot, which has been
quite sore lately.
D. In order to find out what is wrong with her left foot, from which she has been experiencing pain lately,
my mother-in-law has arranged to see a chiropodist.

2. Canaima is home to the yellow-banded poison dart frog, easily differentiated from other species by
its brightly-coloured body.
A. Canaima is the natural habitat of the yellow-banded poison dart frog, whose colours cannot be detected
easily by other animal species.
B. The natural habitat of the yellow-banded poison dart frog, whose brightly-coloured body enables us to
distinguish it easily from other animals, is in Canaima.
C. In Canaima, a yellow-banded dart frog that has a very different type of poison from other animals
became extinct.
D. Canaima, which is a yellow-banded poison dart frog, draws our attention with its different bright
colours on its body.

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3. The eye, one of our most delicate organs, needs to be protected with great care.
A. The eye is the organ which is so delicate that it needs the most care.
B. The most delicate of our organs is the eye; thus, it should be well-protected.
C. We should protect our eyes with great care as they are among the most delicate organs of our body.
D. The eye, which is one of our most delicate organs, requires special care and treatment in case of an
injury.

4. Gorillas, vegetarians by nature, have been observed to demonstrate gentle behaviour toward small
creatures in the wild.
A. All gorillas are naturally vegetarian, and people have seen them in the wild treating small animals
gently.
B. Observation reveals that those gorillas that treat small creatures gently in the wild are only the
vegetarian ones.
C. Only vegetarian gorillas have been observed demonstrating gentle behaviour toward small creatures
in the wild.
D. All vegetarians have been observed to demonstrate gentle behaviour toward gorillas and small
creatures in the wild.

5. The Pyramids, built by the Egyptians, were lit up by a laser show at 11.59 p.m. on December 31,
which amazed the audience.
A. The Pyramids, which amazed the audience, were built by the Egyptians by a laser show at 11.59 p.m.
on December 31.
B. That the Pyramids, which were built by the Egyptians, were lit up by a laser show at 11.59 p.m. on
December 31 amazed the audience.
C. The Pyramids amazed the audience when they were lit up by a laser show at 11.59 p.m. on December
31.
D. After amazing the audience, pyramids that were built by the Egyptians were lit up by a laser show at
11.59 p.m. on December 31.

6. The world’s longest fence, located in Australia, was erected to keep wild dogs away from sheep.
A. Despite finding another way to protect sheep from wild dogs, Australians built the world’s longest
fence.
B. While Australians were building the longest fence in the world, they didn’t let wild dogs eat their
sheep.
C. Wild dogs attacking their sheep kept the Australians from making a fence longer than any other in the
world.
D. In order to save their sheep from wild dogs, Australians constructed the world’s longest fence.

7. Foods rich in calcium should be included in your diet as they build up resistance to various diseases.
A. It is a good idea to eat foods which contain high levels of calcium since they make you immune to
different illnesses.
B. Limiting your diet to foods with high levels of calcium does not keep you from getting sick.
C. Certain contagious diseases could be prevented by eating foods with high levels of calcium because
they increase your immunity.
D. Strengthening your immunity against a variety of diseases is possible only through including foods
with high levels of calcium in your diet.

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 WEEK 7 – VERB PATTERNS – GERUNDS and INFINITIVES

Introduction – PART A. Think about the following questions.

1. Do you like dancing? Are you interested in learning to dance?
How does dance make you feel?
2. How important is dancing in your country?
3. What are some health benefits of dancing?
4. Why do we dance?

PART B. Now, watch the video in the link. Why do people dance? Write down the purposes of dancing
you hear.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kClzsIO7G1k
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
PART C. Read the text and underline the ideas either you have mentioned while discussing the
questions above or you have heard while watching the video.

Dance Like Nobody’s Watching, Science Says.

It's Good for You.

If you have never considered adding dance into your lifestyle, reading this article will be a milestone in your
life. Dancing is fun, exciting, and creative; and recently, research has shown that it has unique health benefits as
well. Like most sports, dancing improves heart and lung functions, muscular strength, and weight management.
Dancing also increases bone strength, flexibility, coordination, and balance.

If you're not motivated by the physical benefits of dancing, consider this: new research suggests that just
five minutes of dancing can enhance cognitive functions. In a study by the Universities of York and Sheffield,
participants who chose to dance displayed improved problem-solving skills and increased mood levels compared to
participants who only listened to music or exercised on a stationary bike during the experiment.

While most forms of exercise stimulate endorphins, dancing seems to release more endorphins than typical
aerobic movement. Dancing is also effective in lowering cortisol levels. Since cortisol is a stress hormone, this is
another reason why dancing can increase feelings of happiness and relaxation. As you dance, you may find that you
become good at expressing your emotions and connecting with the music on a deeper level.

Fitness expert Dr. Matt Roots also explains that dancing gives us an opportunity to free up our bodies by
allowing us to move freely and that in today’s society, we just don’t do that quite enough. He states that modern
living often leaves us feeling disconnected from our bodies because we spend so much time sitting down and
without moving. Dancing makes you feel good because it makes you feel so alive. There is also a social element to
dancing, where we connect to other people through our movement and through the music.

Regardless of your age, background, or gender, dancing has something for everyone. Incorporating dance
into your routine may take some time, but as you keep practicing, you'll discover the great pleasure and satisfaction
it brings. So, put on your favorite music, move to the rhythm, and let the dance floor be your canvas for self-
expression and well-being. Your body, mind, and spirit will thank you.

15
PART D. Pay attention to the parts written in bold in the text above to answer the following questions.
1. A gerund can be the subject of a sentence. TRUE / FALSE
2. We use enough + infinitive after an adjective. TRUE / FALSE
3. Many preposition combinations are followed by infinitives. TRUE / FALSE
4. To express purpose, we use a gerund. TRUE / FALSE

GERUNDS (Ving)

RULE EXAMPLE
A gerund can be the subject of a sentence. It is Dancing makes you feel good and alive.
always singular. Use the third-person-singular Cheating is not allowed.
form of the verb after gerunds.
Not calling her was a big mistake.
Gerunds can be made negative by adding "not". Not sharing your emotions is not healthy.

A gerund can be the object of certain verbs. Use a If you don’t wash your hands after going to the
gerund after these verbs: toilet, you risk catching diseases.
I cannot imagine not needing money to live.
admit, advise, appreciate, enjoy, imagine, mind, Do you mind waiting here for a few minutes?
spend, avoid, consider, deny, fancy, recommend, The job involves traveling to Japan frequently.
involve, practice, keep, risk, suggest, quit, He spent all his time doing research on
suggest, finish, can’t help endangered species.
I can’t help worrying about his health.

Use gerunds after prepositions such as: I read this article without looking up any words
in the dictionary.
about, before, for, on, against, between, in, to, People from different cultures have different
at, by, of, with, without. ways of keeping clean.
I’m against smoking in public.

Use a gerund after expressions with prepositions: It is difficult for women to succeed in building
careers in a male dominated business world.
verb + preposition: believe in, apologize for, feel I can’t get used to working for such a large
like, succeed in, worry about, advise against, look company.
forward to, get used to, be used to …

adjective + preposition: afraid of, interested in, The team were worried about losing in the
fed up with, excited about, keen on, sorry for, second half because their best player had been
opposed to … injured.

After certain expressions such as: She is busy writing her end-of-term paper.
There is no point in getting angry with him. It’s
it’s no use, it’s (not) worth, there is no point (in), not his fault.
can’t stand, have difficulty (in), have trouble, be It’s no use asking Paul. He won’t be able to help
busy, etc. you.

16
 INFINITIVES (TO+VERB)

RULE EXAMPLE
Certain verbs are followed directly by an The children have promised to play more quietly.
infinitive. Some of these verbs are: She agreed to give a presentation at the meeting.
She is very talented. She deserves to win the
afford, agree, appear, attempt, choose, decide, prize.
deserve, expect, hesitate, hope, learn, manage, He hesitated to tell me what the problem was.
offer, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, The client demands to speak to Mr. Harris.
volunteer, wish, would like, would love He managed to open the door without the key.

The children promised not to make too much

Infinitives can be made negative by adding "not". noise.
After hours of discussion, we have decided not to
launch the project.

Some verbs, such as the ones below, need an I warned Stan to make the payments.
object before the infinitive: He had reminded me to buy the tickets.
We told Nancy to come early.
advise, allow, convince, encourage, expect, force, I finally persuaded her to go out for a drink with
invite, persuade, recommend, remind, teach, tell, me.
warn I wouldn’t recommend you to walk home alone.
We often use the words too and enough before We are too tired to do any work today.
infinitives. Mia ran fast enough to win the race.

“To + infinitive” is also used to express purpose. She does yoga every morning to improve her
flexibility.
To solve the water shortages in the region, the
government is building a new dam.

Certain adjectives can be followed by an Martin is reluctant to tell us what happened.

infinitive. These adjectives often express feelings Helen was fortunate to get a job.
about the action described in the infinitive. Some I am sorry to interrupt you, but I have to clarify a
of these adjectives are: point here.

afraid, fortunate, reluctant, sorry, glad, willing,

important, excited, proud

The verbs “let” and “make” are followed by They made me sing in front of a large number of
infinitives without “to”. The verb “help” can be people.
followed by either “to infinitive” or infinitive I let her win because she really cared about it.
without “to”. I helped her (to) get out of the car.
A university degree helps individuals (to) find
better jobs in the job market.

17
WATCH OUT!
The verbs “like, love, hate, prefer, start, continue, begin” are followed either by a full infinitive or by a
gerund with almost no difference in meaning. Look at the examples below:

They continued to study for the exam after midnight.

They continued studying for the exam after midnight.

I hate to wait for others.

I hate waiting for others.

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences using the verb in brackets in the correct gerund or infinitive form.
Dear Ms. Collins,
I am writing 1___________ (express) my interest in the position of Personal Assistant, which was
advertised in the local newspaper last week. I am proficient at 2___________ (type), and I know how to
use most word-processing software. I also have excellent organizational abilities since I used to work for
a very big company as an event planner. I always tend 3___________ (look) forward to new challenges
that can make me 4___________ (grow) in my position. I enjoy 5___________ (work) with people, I am
flexible, and I don't mind 6___________ (work) overtime. As you can see from the attached letters of
reference, my previous employers considered me to be a skilled secretary and a fast learner. I would like
7
___________ (extend) my career by working for a prestigious company like yours.
I look forward to 8___________ (hear) from you.
Yours sincerely,
Jessica Jones

Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks with the gerund or infinitive forms of the verbs in parentheses.
1
___________ (travel) to Mars might become reality sooner than you think. Scientists are planning
to send astronauts 2___________ (explore) Mars in the near future. Even though they know that it may
be risky 3___________ (send) people rather than animals to Mars, they insist on 4___________ (use)
people for this mission. The scientists believe that it’s the only way to find out if there has ever been life
on the planet and if there could ever be. “We think it is important 5___________ (check) the chances of
being able 6___________ (live) on another planet. After all, it doesn’t seem impossible 7___________
(create) Earth-like conditions on Mars,” says Professor Huxley from Michigan University.

Some other experts in the field, however, do not like this idea. They are trying to stop their
colleagues from 8__________ (send) people up there so soon in the experiment. “We need 9__________
(study) the planet and the conditions there before we start doing anything like this. There will be many
challenges that we have to consider,” says a group of scientists from the same university.

The argument is likely to continue for a long time, and this might be bad news for those who are
looking forward to 10___________ (start) a completely different life on another planet.

18
Exercise 3. Rewrite the sentences using the words given in brackets.
1. Mary’s parents didn’t allow her to go to the disco, and she had to stay at home. (MADE)
___________________________________________________________________.
2. If you want to get this job, you need to speak English fluently. (IMPORTANT)
___________________________________________________________________.
3. It is difficult to download large files from the Internet. (DOWNLOADING)
_____________________________________________________________ difficult.
4. Dylan never studies for his lessons, but he watches TV all the time. (INSTEAD OF)
___________________________________________________________________.
5. He thinks that Nicolas Cage will get the star role in the film. (EXPECT)
___________________________________________________________________.
6. It’s not a problem for me to prepare the slides for the oral presentation. (MIND)
___________________________________________________________________.
7. They put a plaster on his wound. They did not clean it. (WITHOUT)
___________________________________________________________________.
8. Katrina does not think about anything except making money. (OBSESSED)
___________________________________________________________________.
9. I am very sorry. I just can’t remember people’s names. (GOOD)
___________________________________________________________________.
10. Mick showed me how I could solve a Sudoku puzzle. (TO)
___________________________________________________________________.
11. I am afraid Jessica won’t be able to finish all the work by herself. (MANAGE)
___________________________________________________________________.
12. Using the photocopier is not allowed. (ALLOW)
We ________________________________________________________________.
13. It was difficult for Ms. Sun to read some of the students’ handwriting. (DIFFICULTY)
Ms. Sun ____________________________________________________________.
14. Could you give me a lift to the office, please? (MIND)
Would _____________________________________________________________?
Exercise 4. Circle the correct option.

1
Making/Make money from your hobby is not easy, but Sarah Amari is lucky 2 earning/to earn
money from her hobby: photography. At first, she didn’t expect 3 making/to make money from
photography, but now she runs a successful business.
Sarah was always interested in 4 taking/to take photographs. She was also good at 5 editing/to
edit them on her computer by using the Photoshop program. She always continued working on her
photographs until she was happy with the result. Although she had a lot of excellent photographs, she
never planned 6 giving/to give them to people.
Then one day, a friend wanted 7 using/to use one of Sarah’s photographs. He wanted 8 putting/to
put it on a birthday card. 9 Using/Use a photograph on a card gave Sarah an idea. She decided 10 making/to
make greeting cards with her photographs. She learned 11 designing/to design her own website, and then
she started selling her cards online. She kept 12 adding/to add new cards for different holidays and
celebrations.
Her business is growing every day. Now, she is looking forward to 13 opening/to open a photo
studio. It is not important for her 14 earning/to earn a lot of money from that business; she is happy to do
something she likes.

19
 VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS or INFINITIVES with a DIFFERENCE in MEANING

The verbs forget, remember, regret, try, stop, mean, and go on can be followed by to-infinitive or the
-ing form, but with a change in meaning. Look at the table below to see the changes in meaning.

Gerund (Ving) Infinitive (to V1)

I will never forget visiting Paris. Don’t forget to call me when you land.
Don’t worry! Dan remembers locking I remembered to post the letters on my way
forget the door. back home.
remember (= We refer to something that has (= to remember or not to forget a duty or a
already happened.) responsibility)

I regret shouting at my little sister. I regret to say that I cannot join you tonight.
(= to be sorry for something you did in (= to be sorry to communicate bad news; this
regret the past) form is used as a form of formal apology.)

Try sleeping for a while. It might make I’m very busy, but I’ll try to come to your
your headache go away. house for dinner tonight.
(= to express that we will do something The little kitten tried to climb over the wall,
try to see if it will work) but couldn’t.
(= to make an effort to do something)

Glen stopped smoking two years ago. Kate stopped to drink a cup of coffee on her
(= to not continue an action or quit doing way home.
stop something) (= to pause in order to do something else, to
take a break from doing something)

Working in Istanbul means leaving home I don’t mean to hurt you by criticizing, but it’s
at 6 am to be on time for work. for your own sake.
(= to express that something involves (= to express our intention; I didn’t intend to
mean another thing) hurt you; I didn’t want to hurt you; this was
not my intention.)

The kids went on laughing even after the Janet attended Edinburg High School and then
teacher told them to stop. went on to study philosophy at Cambridge.
go on (= to continue doing an action, keep on (= to state that we stop one action and start
doing something) another)

20
Exercise 5. Match the pairs with the explanations.
1. Martha stopped eating ice cream. _____
2. Martha stopped to eat ice cream. _____
a. She took a break in order to eat ice cream.
b. She doesn’t eat ice cream anymore.
3. Richard remembered mailing the invitation. _____
4. Richard remembered to mail the invitation. _____
a. He mailed the invitation. He fulfilled his responsibility.
b. First, he mailed the invitation. Then he remembered that he did it.
5. Martha forgot meeting Richard. _____
6. Martha forgot to meet Richard. _____
a. Martha met Richard, but afterwards she didn’t remember the event.
b. Martha had plans to meet Richard, but didn’t meet him because she forgot about the plans.
7. He welcomed the new students and went on to explain the college regulations. _____
8. He went on explaining the college regulations even though the students didn’t want to listen. _____
a. He continued talking about the college regulations.
b. He greeted the students and then talked about the college regulations.

Exercise 6. Put the verbs into the correct form.

1. Why don't you try __________________ (cook) it in the microwave? It'll be much quicker.
2. The thief tried _________________ (climb) the wall, but he couldn’t.
3. He was rushing down the road when suddenly he stopped _______________ (buy) some flowers from
a stall.
4. I did not mean _______________ (overhear) your conversation. It was not my intention.
5. I will never forget _________________ (see) the Queen. It is one of my greatest memories.
6. I don't regret ___________________ (tell) her what I thought, even if she is upset. I am not sorry for
expressing my thoughts and feelings.
7. I regret _________________ (inform) you that you are dismissed. Please pack your belongings and
leave the office by noon.
8. The accused said that he regretted ________________ (hit) the old woman. However, the judge still
gave him a harsh sentence.
9. Don’t forget ___________________ (reserve) a seat for me before the concert.
10. She just went on ________________ (talk) even though he was clearly asleep.
11. After that boring story, he went on __________ (explain) how he had got his arm trapped in the
door.
12. If we want to catch the 9:30 train, that means _______________ (get up) at 6:30 at the latest.

Exercise 7. Circle the correct option.

1. Mario remembered to give/giving his assignment to his teacher because he had spoken to her about
its length, but she insisted that she had never received it.
2. If you can't find the information at the library, try to look/looking on the Internet.
3. She studied medicine at university and went on to become/becoming a surgeon.
4. I’ll never forget to fall off/falling off that swing when I was a child.
5. I was really nervous about the interview, and although I tried not to worry/not worrying, I was awake
most of the night.
6. It seems that the new system of sending out reminders has worked because this year, 90% of our
members remembered to renew/renewing their membership in time.
7. Economists predict that house prices will go on to rise/rising for at least another year.

21
 WEEK 7 – VERB PATTERNS – PASSIVE INFINITIVES and GERUNDS

Introduction: Read the quotes below. Do you agree with the ideas expressed? Why/why not? Discuss
with a partner.

Everyone enjoys being

acknowledged and I like being We know what needs
appreciated. Sometimes challenged. to be done – all
even the simplest act of That’s the only that is missing is
gratitude can change way you grow. the will to do it.
someone’s entire day. NELSON MANDELA
JASON RITTER
ROY BENNETT

Exercise 1. Read the quotes again focusing on the gerund and infinitive forms of verbs and complete
the table below.

To make a passive gerund, you need ___________ + ___________

To make a passive infinitive, you need ___________ + ___________

Analyze the examples below to compare active gerunds and infinitives with the passive ones.

ACTIVE PASSIVE

I expect them to invite me to the I expect to be invited to the wedding.

wedding.
It is awful to criticize people in public. It’s awful to be criticized in public.
to infinitive
I want you to tidy up this place by the I want this place to be tidied up by the
time I get back. time I get back.

Let’s not risk going to prison for spying. Let’s not risk being sent to prison for
spying.
Gerund
Parents enjoy taking their children to
the zoo. Children enjoy being taken to the zoo.

22
 REMEMBER!
We can sometimes use “get” instead of “be” with passive forms.
I don’t expect to get invited to the wedding. (= be invited)
Let’s not risk getting arrested for spying. (= being arrested)

Exercise 2. Use the verbs in parentheses to create a passive gerund or passive infinitive for each
sentence or question.

Example: He hates ________ what to do. (tell) He hates being told/to be told what to do.
1. Customers expect ___________________ by shop assistants when they are in the store. (help)
2. They're afraid of ___________________ because the neighborhood is dangerous. (attack)
3. The students don't look forward to ___________________ on their math skills. (test)
4. He doesn't want ___________________ to Afghanistan. (send)
5. Rabbits live in fear of ___________________ alive by a fox or a large bird. (eat)
6. Babies like ___________________ by their mothers. (hold)
7. The new workers need ___________________ how to use the machines. (show)
8. John hopes ___________________ by that company. (hire)
9. ___________________ for a suit is necessary if you want it to fit properly. (measure)
10. Gertrude doesn't like ___________________ around town by her daughter. (drive)

Exercise 3. Rewrite the following sentences using passive gerunds and infinitives.

1. Thanks for taking me to the station.

I appreciate _____________________________________________________________________ station.
2. Thanks for praising me in front of all the people.
I appreciate _______________________________________________________ in front of all the people.
3. I hate it when people ask me stupid questions.
I hate __________________________________________________________________ stupid questions.
4. I'm tired of people telling me what to do.
I’m tired of __________________________________________________________________ what to do.
5. I dislike someone interrupting me while I am working.
I dislike _______________________________________________________ by anyone while I’m working.
6. Susie wants them to consider her for the role of Queen Victoria in the play.
Susie _______________________________________________ for the role of Queen Victoria in the play.
7. The teacher expects us to hand in our homework on Monday.
The teacher _______________________________________________________________ in on Monday.
8. Everybody likes someone giving them a present.
Everybody ____________________________________________________________________ a present.
9. As it is dark, I would like someone to accompany me home.
As it is dark, I ____________________________________________________________________ home.

23
 RESTATEMENT QUESTIONS WITH GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

1. He always remembers to lock the door when he leaves his room.

A. He always reminds himself to lock the door when he leaves his room.
B. He often forgets to lock the door when he leaves his room.
C. He always remembers the moment he locks the door when he leaves his room.
D. He clearly remembers locking the door when he left his room.

2. Talking on the phone and using a laptop are not allowed during the flight.
A. They won’t let you talk on the phone or use a laptop during the flight.
B. Neither of you can use a phone or laptop during the flight.
C. There is neither a phone to talk on nor a laptop to use on the flight.
D. The flight allows not only talking on the phone but also using a laptop.

3. The one thing Patrick Swayze regretted in his life was not having children.
A. Patrick Swayze apologized for not having children in his life.
B. The only thing Patrick Swayze was sorry about in his life was not having children.
C. The one thing Patrick Swayze couldn’t stand doing in his life was having children.
D. Patrick Swayze was only congratulated on not ever having children in his life.

4. After I immigrated to Canada five years ago, suffering from culture shock was inevitable for me as I
had to deal with many new situations and traditions.
A. I did not have any difficulty overcoming culture shock after I settled in Canada five years ago although
I had to cope with a lot of new situations and troubles.
B. I couldn’t avoid experiencing culture shock when I settled in Canada five years ago since I had to handle
a lot of new situations and customs.
C. Avoiding culture shock when I moved from Canada five years ago was impossible for me as I failed to
adapt to some new situations and rules.
D. Five years ago, after I returned to Canada, I saw that I would have to adapt to many new situations and
rules, which was really difficult.

5. Increasing wealth inevitably leads to more water consumption.

A. Wasting water definitely has an impact on how rich people are.
B. The higher people’s income becomes, the more water they conserve.
C. Many people have become more prosperous due to their improved water supply.
D. As people become more prosperous, the amount of water they use goes up.

6. Women no longer need men for financial security or to feel socially secure.
A. Women aren’t in need of the company of men any longer for social protection or economic confidence.
B. It’s been a very long time since women last needed men for financial or social requirements.
C. Until recently, women would prefer to marry men who were financially and socially in a good position.
D. Women are not looking for financial security and self-confidence in men any longer.

7. The president regretted to say that the current death toll due to cold was 135.
A. The president shouldn’t inform he people about the death toll of 135 related to weather.
B. The president was reluctant to explain the death toll of 135 because of cold, yet he had to.
C. The president felt sorry because 135 people had died due to cold in the past.
D. The president was sorry to say that the number of people who died on account of cold was 135.

24
8. It was a recommendation from a friend that made us change our minds at the last minute and go to
the Italian restaurant instead of the Chinese one.
A. Our friend thinks the Italian restaurant is not very good, so he suggested at the last minute that we
should go to the Chinese one instead.
B. If our friend hadn't suggested going to the Italian restaurant at the last minute, we would have taken
him to the Chinese one.
C. Taking our friend's suggestion into account, we decided, just before we went, not to go to the Chinese
restaurant, but to go to the Italian one.
D. There were two restaurants, one Italian and the other Chinese, either of which we were considering
going to, but a friend recommended the latter.

9. His being discontent with the conditions in his present employment is common knowledge.
A. We know that he wants to leave his job because the work is not very satisfying.
B. It isn't known how he copes with working under such awful job conditions.
C. Everybody knows that he is dissatisfied with the conditions in his current job.
D. He knows that he has to tolerate working conditions in his job although, at times, they appear to be
unbearable.

10. In order to be accepted into the reception, you should be neatly dressed and have a membership
card for the society.
A. Regarding to formality of invitations, you are to be well dressed and bear a membership card, or else
you will be turned away.
B. Since receptions are usually formal gatherings, attendants are required to be properly dressed and they
need to have a membership card.
C. Unless you are properly dressed and have a membership card for the society, you cannot gain access
to the occasion.
D. The reason for your refusal to get into the reception is that you were dressed improperly and did not
have a membership card.

11. A person should always keep his/her promise.

A. A person shouldn’t ever forget to keep promising.
B. Forgetting to promise is not ever acceptable.
C. A person should do what s/he promises at all times.
D. A person should never to forget to promise and keep it.

For extra online exercises, you may visit:

https://agendaweb.org/verbs/infinitive-gerund-worksheets-lessons.html

https://www.english-grammar.at/worksheets/gerund_infinitive/gerund_infinitive.htm

https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/gerunds-and-infinitives-exercises.html

25
 WEEK 8 – REDUCTION OF NOUN CLAUSES

Introduction: Let’s remember Noun Clauses. Read the text below. Pay attention to noun clauses in
bold.

Why some very good students often fail exams was studied by a
professor of psychology at New York University. Professor Iris
Fodor conducted research on the anxiety of some students before
taking exams. Professor Fodor stated that many students fail
exams because they become extremely nervous and cannot think
logically. Furthermore, although they have studied, they are afraid
of what is on the exam. Extremely nervous students forget
everything they have studied, and some of them even become sick
before a test. Dr. Fodor says how a student feels before a test is very important. She worked with fifty
students and taught them how they could reduce their test anxiety and perform well on their exams.
She found out that the students in the program were able to cope with their anxieties better than
others.

NOUN CLAUSES

A noun clause is a type of dependent clause that functions as a noun within a sentence. It can serve various
roles typically performed by nouns, such as the subject or object of a verb, or the object of a preposition.
Noun clauses are introduced by words like that, whether, who, whose, what, which, how, … etc. Noun
clauses are an essential part of constructing varied and expressive sentences in English.

Here are a few examples of noun clauses in sentences. Can you add one more sentence for each group?

Subject of a sentence:
That she didn’t know the answer surprised everyone.
What he said was very rude; he must apologize to her.
Whether they will finish the construction on time or not is still not certain.
Your sentence: _________________________________________________________________________

Object of a sentence:
I believe that she can achieve any goal that she sets for herself.
I know where my mom hides the cookies in the house.
I wonder whether she will arrive on time.
Your sentence: _________________________________________________________________________

Object of a Preposition:
He is responsible for what happened.
They were shocked by the fact that he resigned so soon.
They are concerned about whether the project will be completed on time.
We need to focus on how we can improve efficiency in production.
Your sentence: _________________________________________________________________________

26
 REDUCTION OF NOUN CLAUSES

Introduction: Read the text below. Pay attention to the phrases in bold.

TAKING UP A HOBBY
If you're planning to start a new hobby, there are many options for you.
First, you should think about 1 what to do. Would you like to try
something creative like painting, knitting, or photography? Or perhaps
something more active like hiking, yoga, or dancing? After this decision,
it is 2 important to think about 3 how to get started. Should you take a
class, watch online tutorials, or join a local group? There are many
resources available. Next, you'll need to decide 4 where to go. Are there
any nearby studios, parks, or community centers that offer classes for
your chosen hobby? I am sure you will find so many options. Finally, you'll
have to decide 5 which one to choose. With so many options, it can be
6
difficult to know where to start. However, you should take the time to explore your interests and try
new things because it can lead to an enjoyable hobby.

In the paragraph above, the parts written in bold are reduced noun clauses. You may replace each part
in bold with the phrases below if you want the longer version of the text.

1. what to do = what you would like to do

2. important to think = important that you think
3. how to get started = how you can get started
4. where to go = where you can go
5. which one to choose = which one you should choose
6. where to start = where you need to start

RULES FOR MAKING REDUCED NOUN CLAUSES

RULE 1. Noun clauses that contain modal verbs can be reduced to infinitive phrases. As a rule, the subjects
of the main clause and the noun clause must be the same.

1. I wonder how I can do this homework. → I wonder how to do this homework.

2. We don’t know where we need to go next. → We don’t know where to go next.
3. She can’t decide whether she should stay or go. → She can’t decide whether to stay or go.
4. Could you tell me how I can get to the station? → Could you tell me how to get to the station?
5. We don’t know how John might go there. → We don’t know how to go there. (meaning changes)

RULE 2. Noun clauses that follow adjectives can be reduced to infinitive phrases. As a rule, the subjects
of the main clause and the noun clause must be the same.

1. He is happy that he is here. → He is happy to be here.

2. We are glad that you are here. → We are glad to be here. (meaning changes)

27
RULE 3. That clauses following “it’s important/necessary/essential, etc. (that) somebody (should) do
something” can be reduced to “it’s important/necessary/essential, etc. for somebody to do something”.

1. It is very safe that children swim here. → It is very safe for children to swim here.
2. It is dangerous that people take photos here. → It is dangerous for people to take photos here.

Exercise 1. Reduce the following noun clauses.

1. I watched a YouTube tutorial and learned how I could fix the leak in the sink.
________________________________________________________________________________
2. I really don’t know where I should meet you.
________________________________________________________________________________
3. Don had an excuse for being late for his date, but Sandy didn’t know whether she should believe him
or not.
________________________________________________________________________________
4. It is important that she should stay here.
________________________________________________________________________________
5. Jim found two shirts he liked, but he had trouble deciding which one he should buy.
________________________________________________________________________________
6. She is happy that she is alive after that awful accident.
________________________________________________________________________________
7. I have done everything I can think of to help Andy, and I don’t know what else I can do.
________________________________________________________________________________
8. They wondered whether they should buy an expensive present or a cheap one.
________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 2. Read the text below and fill in the blanks with the prompts in the box. Make necessary
changes to the prompts in the box so that you have reduced noun clauses to fill in the blanks.

which ones / choose where / stay

how / say what / do

If you're planning a trip to Paris, there are many things that you need to think about and plan.
Firstly, you'll need to decide 1_____________ during your stay. Do you want to visit famous landmarks
like the Eiffel Tower, the Louvre Museum, or Notre-Dame Cathedral? Or would you prefer to take a boat
trip, watch a cabaret, stroll through beautiful parks, or do some shopping?
You will also need to think about and try to learn 2____________ some things in French. While
many people in Paris speak English, it's always a good idea to learn a few key phrases like "bonjour" (hello),
"merci" (thank you), and "au revoir" (goodbye).
Of course, knowing 3_____________ is also important. Should you stay in the lively city center or
go for a quieter, more residential area? There are plenty of neighborhoods that you can choose from, and
each of them has its own unique character.
Finally, there are countless hotels, restaurants, and cafés in Paris; do you know 4_____________?
With so many options, it can be overwhelming, but doing some research beforehand can help ensure you
have a memorable trip.

28
 RESTATEMENT QUESTIONS WITH NOUN CLAUSES
1. She is so miserable these days that she dismisses whatever I suggest as boring.
A) She is really unhappy, and I admit that everything I recommend these days is particularly boring,
B) I am trying to cheer her up at the moment by suggesting interesting things to do, but she is still bored.
C) Because she is very unhappy at the moment, she rejects anything I suggest on the grounds that it is boring.
D) She rejects me as boring, but, at least, I'm not as miserable as she is.

2. Why this car broke down on the mountain will probably remain a mystery forever.
A) It appears that it will take a very short time to prove why this car broke down on the mountain.
B) The reason for the breakdown of the car has to be discovered.
C) It isn't yet clear why such a breakdown of the car on a mountain top took place.
D) It is likely that the reason for the breakdown of this car on the mountain will never be known.

3. He should face the fact that he'll never be as great a pianist as his father.
A) The father is a wonderful pianist, but the son shows even more promise than his father.
B) The father is a great pianist, and the son is hoping to be at least his equal in the future.
C) I don't think he'll ever admit that his father is the greatest pianist in the family.
D) It is a good idea for him to accept the fact that he’s not the equal of his father as a pianist and
never will be.

4. He really doesn’t mind who he works for, but the pay has to be good.
A) It is the money that interests him, not his employer.
B) With him, it is the money that matters, not the type of work.
C) To his way of thinking, the job should be well-paid.
D) He is the kind of person who will do anything for money.

5. When he asked which one I wanted, I said that I didn't mind.

A) He said I could choose, but I said it didn't matter to me.
B) He said that I had to choose, but I didn't want to.
C) It was up to me to choose between the two, but I really didn't want to.
D) He wanted me to choose for him, and I agreed to do so.

6. It is well-known that celebrities themselves inform journalists about the places they’ll visit.
A) Journalists learn about the places that celebrities will visit from celebrities themselves as everyone
knows.
B) Everybody knows that celebrities and journalists visit the places where they can see each other.
C) Famous people often give advice to journalists about popular places to hang around.
D) Journalists often find out celebrities’ places themselves, not learning from someone else.

7. Over the years, researchers have learned a lot about how and why cancer forms.
A) Through their research into cancer, scientists have finally discovered the causes of the disease and
suggested various forms of treatment.
B) For many years, scientists have carried out much research into different types of cancer, and they are
now able to discuss them fully.
C) It has taken a long time for scientists to find out about various kinds of cancer and suggest different
methods of treatment.
D) Researchers who are involved in cancer research have, over time, come to know much about the
ways and causes of the disease’s development.

29
 WEEK 9 – CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

1. SECOND CONDITIONAL / IF CLAUSE TYPE 2

Introduction – PART A. Discuss the following questions with a partner.

1. Do you ever imagine having superpowers? Which superpower would you like to have? What would
you do if you had that superpower?
2. Do you think life would be better or worse if people had superpowers? Why?

PART B. Read the following text and answer the questions.

Have you ever imagined what life would be like if humans
had superpowers? If people had the ability to fly, cities
would look very different. There wouldn’t be traffic jams,
and people would travel through the sky instead of using
cars or buses. If we had the power to breathe underwater,
we’d explore the deep ocean and discover new species.
Maybe we’d even build underwater cities!

If humans were much stronger, we wouldn’t need machines

to lift heavy objects. If we had unlimited energy and never got tired, we could work or play all day without
needing sleep. Life would be exciting, but would it really be better? If people had superpowers, the world
would change completely — but no one knows if it would be a good or bad thing!

1. What superpowers are mentioned in the text? Write two of them.

2. What would happen if humans were able to fly?
3. How would life change if people were able to breathe underwater?

PART C. Read the text again and underline all the conditional sentences before answering the
questions below.
1. What tense is the verb after IF? ___________________
2. What form of the verb is used after the IF CLAUSE? ___________________
3. What is the contracted form of WOULD? ___________________
4. Are each of these situations REAL or IMAGINARY?
5. Are these situations referring to the PAST \ PRESENT \ FUTURE?

PART D. Look at these two sentences and answer the questions.

A. If I have some free time next week, I’ll go to the cinema with you.
B. If I had some free time next week, I’d go to the cinema with you.

1. In which sentence does the speaker think it is possible he will have some free time?
2. In which sentence does the speaker think it’s improbable or impossible that he will have some free
time next week?

REMEMBER! We use second conditional sentences to talk about hypothetical/imaginary/unreal

situations in the PRESENT. To make second conditional, we use if + past simple, would/could/might.

30
Exercise 1. Choose the correct option to complete the sentences.

LIFE ON MARS
If we 1_________ to, could we really transform the frozen surface of Mars into something
friendlier – a place where humans could live? This question 2_________ a clear answer: Yes, we probably
3
_________. NASA planetary scientist Chris McKay says that most of the work in ‘terraforming’
4
_________ happen by itself if humans transformed the Red Planet. “We 5_________ have to build Mars,
just modify its atmosphere,” McKay says. “If we 6_________ it up and threw in some seeds, plants would
grow there.”

Enthusiasts such as Robert Zubrin, president of the Mars Society, dream of Martian cities. As an
engineer, Zubrin believes that civilisation cannot succeed without limitless expansion. He also thinks that
if we 7_________ Mars, we could learn to manage our limited Earth better. But personally, if I 8_________
an astronaut, I wouldn’t be keen on that six-month journey!

1. a. try b. tried c. will try d. would try

2. a. had b. is having c. has d. has had
3. a. could b. should c. will d. must
4. a. would b. will c. should d. had to
5. a. would b. wouldn’t c. will d. won’t
6. a. would warm b. warm c. warmed d. have warmed
7. a. can alter b. would alter c. alter d. altered
8. a. were b. weren’t c. would be d. can be

Exercise 2. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs to form sentences in the Second
Conditional.

IN CASE OF FIRE
If your house 1__________ (be) on fire, you 2__________ (get out) quickly, surely. However,
you 3__________ probably 4__________ (take) some things, too. What 5__________ (you/take) with you
in case of a fire? An insurance company asked people this question in a survey. Most men, it seems,
6
_________ (look for) something valuable like their wallet, computer, or smartphone if their house were
on fire. Most women, however, 7_________ (save) personal things. “I 8_________ (not/save) my purse,”
said one woman. “You can replace things like that. I 9_________ (take) things that you can’t buy, like
family photographs or sentimental objects. I 10_________ (save) our pet first if we 11_________ (have)
one.

Exercise 3. Rewrite the sentences using IF CLAUSE TYPE 2.

1. It is freezing today, so we’re at home.
If ___________________________________________________________________________________
2. It isn’t Sunday, so I can’t have a football match with my friends.
If ___________________________________________________________________________________
3. Liz is colorblind, so she can’t differentiate between green and red.
If ___________________________________________________________________________________
4. Tom has such a demanding job that he doesn’t have much free time.
If ___________________________________________________________________________________
5. I don’t speak German, so I can’t apply for this job. They are looking for German speakers.
If ___________________________________________________________________________________

31
2. THIRD CONDITIONAL / IF CLAUSE TYPE 3

PART A. Think about a time in the past when you made a critical decision.
1. What was the decision?
2. Can you imagine what would have happened if you hadn’t made that decision? Share your story with
your friends.

PART B. Listen to the story about a big decision Kate made. Your teacher will read it aloud. Try to fill in
the missing parts, and then answer the questions below.

1. How old was Kate when she had to make an important decision?
2. What options did she have to consider?
3. What advice did her mother give her?
4. What did she choose to do after taking a year off?

I had to make a huge decision when 1_____________. I didn’t really know what I wanted
to do with my life, so I applied to a variety of courses. I was accepted into a course to become
a chef, and I was also offered a place at university to study geography.
I really didn’t know what to do and 2_____________ between the two options. My mum
gave me some good advice and said, “Why don’t you just get a job for a year and think about
what you really want to do? You can decide which one to study next year.”
So, anyway, I got a job as a florist for a year and took the time to think about my future.
Finally, I 3_____________ that I was more interested in going to university. However, I
4
_____________ geography, I chose French!
I’m really glad I 5_____________ to think about things because I realized that I
6
_____________ in cooking or geography! Studying French sparked my interest in languages,
which eventually led me to become an English teacher.
If I 7_____________ a teacher, I 8_____________ so many amazing young people. Also,
if I _____________ that year off, I 10_____________ a chef, and I think my life 11_____________
9

more boring.

PART C. Read the sentence below and answer the questions.

“If I hadn’t become a teacher, I wouldn’t have met so many amazing young people.”
1. Did Kate become a teacher? ____________________
2. Did she meet a lot of young people? ____________________
3. Is this situation real or imaginary? ____________________
4. Is Kate talking about the past, present, or future? ____________________

32
 We use third conditional sentences to talk about hypothetical/imaginary/unreal situations in the
PAST. To make third conditional, we use if + past perfect, would/could have V3.

EXAMPLES
If I hadn’t become a teacher, I wouldn’t have met so many amazing young people.
If Jason had talked to me about his problems, I could have helped him.
I would have apologized to Jill if I had realized that she was offended.

We can use might or could instead of would to make the result less certain.
If I had become a chef, my life might have been more boring.
If you had informed me about the situation, I could have helped you.
She might have succeeded if she had tried a bit harder.

Exercise 1. Put the words in the correct order to form grammatically correct third conditional sentences.
These sentences follow a logical order to form a paragraph.
1. become / chef / I / had / a / if / I / have / spent / my / life / kitchen / the / in / would /
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. my /kitchen / life / in / spent / I / had / the / if / really / bored / become / I / would / have
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. become / if / bored / I / had / wouldn’t / very / been / I / have / happy
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. happy / been / hadn’t / very / I / if / have / decided / change / my / career / to / I / would
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. career / to / decided / had / my / change / I / if / instructor / become / surfing / a / would / I / have
__________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 2. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense to make third conditional sentences.

EXAMPLE: We wouldn’t have met (not meet) if you hadn’t invited (not invite) us both to dinner that night.
1. If I ________________ (know) how cold it was going to be in London, I ________________ (take)
warmer clothes.
2. You ________________ (enjoy) the party if you ________________ (go).
3. If you ________________ (be) quieter, the baby ________________ (not wake up).
4. I ________________ (not open) the attachment if I ________________ (know) that it had a virus.
5. ________________ (you / go) to Katia’s wedding if she ________________ (invite) you?

33
Exercise 3. Rewrite the sentences using the Third Conditional.

EXAMPLE: The accident happened because the driver in front stopped so suddenly.
If the driver in front hadn’t stopped so suddenly, the accident wouldn’t have happened.
1. I didn’t know that George had to get up early, so I didn’t wake him up.
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. I was able to buy the car only because Jim lent me the money.
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. She performed so badly because she didn’t practice regularly.
_________________________________________________________________________________
4. The reason why we got lost last night is that we didn’t have a map.
_________________________________________________________________________________
5. He didn’t stop at a red light. That’s why he failed the driving test.
_________________________________________________________________________________

RESTATEMENT QUESTIONS WITH IF CLAUSES

1. He didn’t reserve a table a couple of days ago, so we had to wait for an hour last night.
A) If he books a table, we won’t be waiting in front of the restaurant for an hour.
B) If he had reserved a table in advance, we wouldn’t have waited for an hour last night.
C) If he booked a table in advance, we wouldn’t wait for an hour yesterday.
D) He booked a table a few days ago, but we still had to wait for an hour last night.

2. If the skiers had not ignored the warning signs, seven members of the group wouldn’t have died in
the avalanche.
A) Seven skiers hadn’t understood the warning sign, so they died in the avalanche.
B) Seven skiers died in the avalanche since they hadn’t seen the warning signs.
C) The skiers saw the warning sign, but they didn’t follow its warning. Fortunately, seven of them didn’t
die.
D) The skiers didn’t pay attention to the warning sign, so seven of them died in the avalanche.

3. If you had brought it to me this morning, I could have repaired it in time for the weekend, but it's
too late now.
A) This morning, I thought I could mend it before the weekend, but it looks doubtful now.
B) Unfortunately, I don't have time to mend this for you before the weekend, but you can drop it in any
morning next week.
C) I would have been able to mend it in time for the weekend if I had been given it this morning, but
there isn't enough time now.
D) You should have brought it to me this morning for repair if you wanted it ready for the weekend, but
still, I will try my best.

34
4. If conditions had been more favorable, we might have made a large investment.
A) Because there had been favorable conditions, we were able to invest a lot of money.
B) With favorable conditions, there is still a possibility to make a lot of money on the investment.
C) The favorable conditions meant that we got a large profit on our investment.
D) The conditions weren't good enough for us to consider investing a great deal of money.

5. We would have taken a boat trip if the weather had been more pleasant.
A) Not wanting to get caught in bad weather, we had to bring our boat trip to an early end.
B) To avoid being out on a terrible day, we had better consider putting off the boat trip.
C) Even if we were not happy with the weather, we tried taking a boat trip on a grey day.
D) Due to the poor weather, we decided against going on a boat trip.

6. I wouldn't have entered the golf championship if I hadn't believed I could win it.
A) I will enter the golf championship because I believe I have a chance of winning the event.
B) As I am quite good at golf, I decided to enter the golf championship.
C) Even if I didn't believe I could win the golf championship, I would have entered.
D) I was confident that I could win, so I entered the golf championship.

7. If someone had told me about the meeting, there’s no way I would have missed it.
A) Although no one told me where the meeting was, I managed to find my way to it.
B) Whether I'm told or not, I never go to the meetings.
C) The only reason why I didn't attend the meeting is that I wasn't informed about it.
D) Though I knew about the meeting, I couldn't attend it as I didn't know how to get there.

8. If you had told us you were a vegetarian, we would have made you something else.
A) Although we weren't sure that you didn't eat meat, we prepared some vegetarian food anyway.
B) We had no idea you were a vegetarian, so we didn't make anything you could eat.
C) If you'd told us that you don't eat meat, we wouldn’t have prepared all these dishes.
D) As we're all vegetarians here, we didn't have to make anything special for you.

9. He couldn't have held a party on his birthday last year if it hadn't happened to fall on a Saturday.
A) Although it was a Saturday, he couldn't give a party on his birthday last year.
B) On one Saturday last year, he decided to have a party as his birthday had been a failure.
C) He had an accident on his birthday last year, which was a Saturday, so he couldn't have a party.
D) It was because his birthday coincided with a Saturday last year that he was able to give a party.

10. The bank HBOS might not have failed if experienced bankers had been in charge of it.
A) It’s possible that the bank HBOS hasn’t failed if experienced bankers have been working for it.
B) The bank HBOS wouldn’t be closed if it worked with experienced bankers.
C) Not having proficient bankers in control might have been the reason why the bank HBOS failed.
D) Anybody who worked at the bank HBOS was experienced, which led to its failure.

11. We could have had better results if we had found extra funds.
A) We couldn’t have better results as we weren’t able to find extra funds.
B) We can still have better results if we can find extra funds.
C) When we had found extra funds, we had better results.
D) The extra funds we had found may lead to better results.

35
12. If I had heard about this conference on Satellite Services even a little earlier, I would most certainly
have prepared a paper for it.
A) Unfortunately, I haven’t had sufficient time to write a paper for that conference on Satellite Services,
though I would very much have liked to have done so.
B) I knew nothing about this conference on Satellite Services until it was too late to write a paper for it,
but I certainly would have prepared one if time had allowed.
C) There’s still time to write a paper for that conference they are talking about on Satellite Services, and I
would certainly like to do so.
D) If only they had informed me about the conference on Satellite Services, I would definitely have got
this paper ready a lot earlier.

13. If there hadn’t been that strong wind, the fire would never have spread so fast.
A) It was that wind that caused the fire to spread at such speed.
B) Even without the wind, the fire would have spread so fast.
C) The force of the wind affected the way the fire spread.
D) Unless the wind developed, the fire would spread so fast.

14. The government did not enforce strict laws to protect animal rights, so some people did not
hesitate to harm stray cats and dogs.
A) Some people might kill stray dogs and cats, but the government does not take the necessary
precautions.
B) If the government had enforced strict laws to protect animal rights, some people might have hesitated
to harm stray dogs and cats.
C) The government might not have enforced strict laws to protect animal rights if some people had
hesitated to harm stray cats and dogs.
D) Some people, who did not hesitate to harm stray cats and dogs, could be punished by the
government’s new strict laws.

EXTRA PRODUCTION ACTIVITY

Watch the music video of "Blame It on Me" by George Ezra and write five conditional
sentences about how events in the video could have happened differently.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4ifSrE8iSg

1. If a bird hadn’t pooped on the man, ________________________________________________.

2. ______________________________________________________________________________.

3. ______________________________________________________________________________.

4. ______________________________________________________________________________.

5. ______________________________________________________________________________.

Show your sentences to your partner. Do you have the same sentences or different sentences?

36
 WEEK 10 – MODALS OF DEDUCTION

1. PRESENT MODALS OF DEDUCTION

Somebody is knocking on the door. Who might that be/who is that?

It may / might / could

It must be Jerry. be my nextdoor It can’t be Sarah.
He promised to neigbour Sarah. She She is in Finland
visit me today. sometimes drops by in now.
the afternoons.

Modal verbs are also used to make guesses (deductions) about the present, based on evidence.
Different modal verbs express different levels of certainty.

must
• We are almost sure that something is true in the It’s getting dark. It must be quite late.
present or in the future. You haven’t eaten all day. You must be hungry.
must + V1 He said he was tired and went into his room. He
must + be Ving must be sleeping.

could / might / may

• It is possible that something is true in the If we don’t hurry, we could be late.
present or in the future. (= Perhaps/Maybe we will be late.)
Bill might be at home now.
may/might/could + V1 (= Perhaps/Maybe Bill is at home now.)
may/might/could + be Ving Look! Isn't that Liz walking up the street? Where
may/might/could she be going?
may not /might not + V1 I don't know. She may be going to the
may not /might not + be Ving cinema, or she might/may/could be going
shopping.

can’t / couldn’t
• We are almost sure that something is Your brother says he is very hungry.
impossible in the present or in the future. No, he can't/couldn't be hungry. He ate a
huge meal just half an hour ago.
can’t + V1 Bill says he is short of money.
can’t + be Ving No, he can't/couldn't be broke. I lent him
couldn’t + V1 $150 yesterday.
couldn’t + be Ving Sarah can’t/couldn’t be studying for the English
exam at the moment. The test was two days
ago.

37
Exercise 1. Use the modal verbs “must”, “can’t/couldn’t”, “may/might/could” to write sentences that
make guesses and explain the following situations.
1. That woman drives a very expensive car. I’m sure she has a lot of money.
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. There are some weird lights in the sky tonight; perhaps they are the Aurora Borealis.
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. Why is that man looking around like that? He is definitely lost.
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. You’ve already eaten enough for three people! You are definitely not hungry anymore!
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. Julie certainly doesn’t have much money, or she would buy a new car. Her old one is falling apart.
__________________________________________________________________________________
6. This bill is definitely not right! 800 TL for two cups of coffee!
__________________________________________________________________________________
7. There is a possibility that this cup of hot milk will help me sleep.
__________________________________________________________________________________
8. I’m certain this is John’s car. See, his blue backpack is lying in the back seat.
__________________________________________________________________________________
9. It only takes three hours to fly from London to Sydney? That certainly isn’t correct!
__________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 2. Complete the sentences with modal verbs and the correct form of the words in brackets.
1.The lights are on in your friend’s house, but she isn’t answering the door.
A. She ______________________________________ (watch/favorite show). It’s on now.
B. She ______________________________________ (sleep/now). It’s 7 pm and she never goes to bed
before midnight.
2. You wake up in the middle of the night. You hear a strange noise.
A. It ______________________________________ (be/burglar). All the doors and windows in the house
are locked.
B. My cat ______________________________________ (run) up and down the stairs. He’s full of energy
at night.
3. The witness who is answering the judge’s questions seems very nervous, and he’s speaking very quietly.
A. He ______________________________________ (feel/guilty).
B. He ______________________________________ (tell/truth). Otherwise, he wouldn’t be so nervous.
4. You see a neighbor driving a very expensive car.
A. She ______________________________________ (have/very good job) and a high salary.
B. This ______________________________________ (be/own car). I saw her this morning in a different
car.

38
2. PAST MODALS OF DEDUCTION

Introduction: Below are some pieces of evidence on the

Rapa Nui people and archaeologists’ conclusions based on
this evidence. Read the evidence and conclusions focusing
on the phrases in bold.

Evidence 1: We have found a lot of gold jewelry in their city.

Conclusion 1: The Rapa Nui must have been very rich.

Evidence 2: There are two pictures of a giant fish with a

woman’s head in a temple.
Conclusion 2: They might have believed in a fish goddess.

Evidence 3: The doors into their houses are only 1.4 meters high.
Conclusion 3: They can’t/couldn’t have been very tall.

Evidence 4: We’ve found large bird cages in some Rapa Nui houses.
Conclusion 4: They must have kept birds as pets.

Evidence 5: There is no Rapa Nui writing of any kind on any object.

Conclusion 5: They can’t/couldn’t have had an alphabet.

Evidence 6: We have found many excellent Rapa Nui boats in the sand near the coast.
Conclusion 6: They must have been good sailors.

Evidence 7: We haven’t found many human bones in their city.

Conclusion 7: They must have put people in the sea after they died.

must have V3
• We are almost sure that something was true in He left two hours ago. It is only a 30-minute drive.
the past. He must have arrived by now.

could/might/may have V3
• It is possible that something was true in the Jenny was late for school yesterday.
past. She might have overslept.
She may have missed the bus.
She could have had an accident on the way.

can’t/couldn’t have V3
• We are almost sure that something was I saw Jack at the party last Friday.
impossible in the past. You can’t have seen Jack. He was out of town on
Friday. It couldn’t have been Jack.

39
Exercise 3. Complete the following sentences using “must have, may/might/could have or can’t have”
and the correct form of the verb in brackets.
1. A: James was at the conference in San Francisco last Tuesday.
B: He _____________________ (be) at the conference in San Francisco! He has been in China for the
last six months.
2. You __________________________ (be) pleased when you passed your driving test. I’m sure of it.
3. Anna wasn't at work yesterday. She __________________________ (take) the day off. I’m almost sure
of it.
4. A: Where's Mike?
B: I'm not sure. He __________________________ (go) home.
5. There was so much traffic, and I heard the siren of an approaching ambulance. There
_____________________ (be) an accident.
6. Janet __________________________ (call) you last night. Her phone isn't working.
7. Gloria has won every game she's played today. She __________________________ (practice) a lot.
8. A: Why was she upset?
B: I don't know. She __________________________ (hear) some bad news.

could have V3

We use could have V3 to show we had the ability or the opportunity to do something in the past, but
we didn’t do it.
• I could have studied medicine at university, but I didn’t want to.
• I had lots of spare time yesterday. I could have gone to the cinema, but I preferred to stay at
home.

We use could have V3 to show an action that almost happened, but it didn’t. (So, we are shocked.)
• Be careful! That car could have knocked you over.
• Thank heavens he is safe! He could have drowned.

Exercise 4. Rewrite the following sentences using the form “could have V3”.
1. I actually had the opportunity to travel to Europe last summer, but I decided to explore local
destinations instead.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. She chose not to buy a new car because she wanted to save money by repairing her old one.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Harry was not paying attention to the road and had an accident. Thankfully, he didn’t hurt anyone or
himself.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. Mary had the opportunity to learn how to play the guitar, but she focused on mastering the piano
instead.
_____________________________________________________________________________________

40
 RESTATEMENTS WITH MODALS OF DEDUCTION
1. He must have changed his phone number because I can't get hold of him.
A. He could have changed his phone number after I last got in touch with him.
B. He had to change his phone number because I couldn't get through to his old one.
C. He should have changed his phone number because no one could get in touch with him.
D. I am unable to get in contact with him, so it is highly likely that he has a new phone number.

3. This can't be the house I grew up in because I don't recognize anything.

A. I should have come here to find my home before it changed so much and there were still familiar things.
B. It is not possible that this is the house where I spent my childhood as nothing is familiar to me.
C. As this is the house where I was raised, I am surprised that I recognize so little.
D. I can tell that this used to be my home when I was a child, even though everything is so different now.

4. It is possible that this will be your last opportunity if you do not do well on the report.
A. You should do a good job on the report, or you may never get another chance.
B. You will only get another chance if you have done your best on this report.
C. As soon as you are better, you will get another chance to do a good report.
D. I think it is better if you don't get another chance to do a report after the last one.

5. You can't have written this paper yourself because the English is perfect.
A. You did not write the paper in perfect English because you are not able to.
B. The English in this paper is so good that I know you must have worked hard on it.
C. It is not possible for this paper to be your own work because you are unable to write such good English.
D. You must not have worked very hard on this paper, or the English would have been perfect.

6. It must have been a terrific feeling when you heard about your lottery win.
A. I'm sure you felt great upon learning that you were the winner of the lottery.
B. I can imagine how you felt when you learned that you had almost won the lottery.
C. I guess your first feeling was fear when you heard about winning the lottery.
D. You should have felt better about all the money you won from the lottery.

7. You should wait for the rain to stop before you leave, or you might catch a cold.
A. It is so cold and rainy that it would be a good idea for us not to leave just now.
B. It's likely that you'll catch cold in this rain, so you shouldn't leave until it stops.
C. You will certainly get cold and wet if you go out into this rain.
D. Do you really think it is a good idea to risk catching a chill in this rain?

WEEK 13 – CAUSATIVE FORMS

Introduction: Read the text below paying attention to the parts written in bold. They are examples of
causative forms.

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 Last weekend, Sarah decided to have her apartment
redecorated. She had a professional painter repaint the
walls in vibrant colors. She got her friend, Mark, to
rearrange the furniture to create a more spacious living
room. Sarah also got the curtains replaced with new ones
that she had bought online. While the work was in progress,
Sarah made her brother, Jake, pick up some decorative
items from the store. Jake even had his cousin, Lily, help
him choose the right accessories. By the end of the
weekend, the apartment looked completely transformed.
Sarah was delighted with the results. She had successfully
turned her dull space into a lively and cozy home. She thanked everyone who had helped her and treated
them to a homemade dinner as a gesture of her appreciation.

Exercise 1. Decide if the following statements are TRUE or FALSE.

_________ 1. Sarah painted the walls herself.
_________ 2. Sarah and Mark rearranged the furniture.
_________ 3. Sarah picked up some decorative items from the store.
_________ 4. Jake helped Lily to choose the right accessories.

What is the causative structure and why do we use it?

The causative form is used when we do not do something ourselves, but arrange someone else (e.g. an
expert) to do it for us. It means that the subject causes the action to happen, but doesn't do it
themselves. Maybe they pay, or ask, or persuade another person to do it.

Below are the causative structures and their uses:

EXAMPLE SENTENCE USE STRUCTURE

We have recently had a barbecue built This form is used to talk about have something done (V3)
in our back yard. things that other people do for get something done (V3) (more
We’re also going to get the back us, but the focus is on the things informal)
windows painted. instead of the person.

We have the gardener mow the lawn This form is used to explain that have somebody do (Vbase) something
once a fortnight in the summer. we pay someone else to do
something for us.
Yesterday, I got my friend to write an This form is used to explain that get somebody to do (Vbase) something
essay for me. we ask or persuade someone
else to do something for us.

We also use have/get something done when somebody does something to us that we didn’t want or
ask for, often something bad, such as accidents or misfortunes. Look at the examples below:
Grace had/got her handbag stolen yesterday.
We had/got our flight delayed due to bad weather.

v Causative structures can be used with all the tenses in English. Look at the examples below.

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 The customs officer had me open my suitcase.
I’m sorry about the mess in your room, sir. I will have someone clean it immediately.
Gerald is having a tailor make a winter suit for him.
I have already got the children to clear out their rooms.
When you go to the shop, get them to give your money back.
The secretary is going to get the patients to fill in the forms.
Where did you have/get your hair cut? I have been looking for a good hair salon for ages.
My father is having/getting his car repaired today, so he cannot drive us to school.
Penny will have/get her suit cleaned tomorrow. She needs it for a job interview.
The neighbors haven’t had/got their house painted yet.

Exercise 2. Read about “The Spoil Yourself Club” and choose the correct option.
THE SPOIL YOURSELF CLUB
The Spoil Yourself Club is there for your every need. Once you pay the $10,000 membership fee,
you can call us at any time and get us 1arrange/to arrange almost anything you want.

What can you get for me?

We can get almost anything for you. For example, if you need a new designer dress for a special
party, we can have a top designer 2produce/produced something for you within a few days. If you need a
table at a five-star restaurant, we can 3had/have the best table 4reserved/to reserve for you in just an
hour’s notice. If you have 5cancel a flight/a flight cancelled, we can get one of our pilots 6to fly/fly you
anywhere you desire in one of our private jets.

What about other services?

If you have had a hard day at the office and just want a relaxing massage, we have a team of
excellent massage therapists ready to help. You can have your hair and make-up 7done/to be done by our
expert beauticians. We also haven’t forgotten about those everyday problems. For example, if your
central heating system breaks down, we will get a plumber 8coming/to come to your house in half an
hour. If your car needs servicing, we can have a mechanic 9collect/to collect your car and return it to you
later the same day.

Exercise 3. Choose the correct answers.

1. Brian will ____________ by the dentist tomorrow.
a. get his teeth polished b. polish his teeth c. have his teeth polish

2. When ______________ your new carpet fitted?

a. had you b. did you have c. you had

3. He often _______________ at the dry-cleaner’s.

a. has his suits cleaned b. has cleaned his suits c. cleans his suits
4. Debbie knows how to sew and ________________ herself.
a. has all her clothes made b. gets all her clothes made c. makes all her clothes

5. Please, ________________ the accounts checked by the accountant first thing tomorrow morning.
a. you have b. have c. will have

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6. Jake ________________ her passport renewed last week.
a. didn’t have b. hadn’t c. not had

7. We postponed _______________ because we didn’t have enough money.

a. having painted our house b. have painted our house c. having our house painted

8. She ________________ while shopping yesterday.

a. had stolen wallet b. stole her wallet c. had her wallet stolen

Exercise 4. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one using the
word given.
1.Someone is fixing George’s motorbike for him today. (GETTING)
George is __________________________________________________ today.
2. My sister helped me by checking my essay for me. (CHECK)
I got _____________________________________________________ my essay.
3. Pauline told her secretary to send the e-mail immediately. (SEND)
Pauline had ________________________________________________ immediately.
4. The dentist is whitening my teeth tomorrow. (HAVING)
I am ______________________________________________________ tomorrow.
5. The washing machine does not need fixing – it works fine. (GET)
We do not need to __________________________________________ – it works fine.
6. Does the same hairdresser always cut your hair? (HAVE)
Do you always ________________________________________ by the same hairdresser?
7. A plumber is repairing my dishwasher this afternoon. (REPAIRED)
I __________________________________________________ this afternoon.

EXTRA SPEAKING ACTIVITY: Complete the questions in your own words, then ask and answer them with
a partner.
1. How often ______________________ your hair ____________?
2. Have you ever ______________________ your car _____________?
3. When did you last ______________________ your teeth ___________________?
4. Have you ever _____________ a tattoo artist __________________________?
5. Have you ever_____________ a maid _____________ your home?
6. Has your family ever ___________________ you ___________________?
7. Do you ___________________ your pet ___________________?
8. Where do you ___________________ your computer ___________________?
9. Have you ever ___________________ your house ___________________?
10. Would you prefer to ___________________ your dinner ___________________ for you, or would you
prefer to do it yourself?

RESTATEMENTS QUESTIONS WITH CAUSATIVES

1. I must get my car repaired before going on holiday next week, so I will visit the mechanic.
A. I will go to the mechanic since I must have him fix my car before my vacation next week.
B. Since the mechanic will be on holiday, I must have my car repaired before next week.
C. As I will be on holiday next week, I won’t be able to have my car repaired by the mechanic.

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D. Since my car has to be fixed, I will visit the mechanic next week.

2. If you have had your car modified, it is still covered by your auto insurance.
A. If you decide to get somebody to modify your car, that person should be from your insurance
company.
B. If you hadn’t had your car modified a year ago, your car would be covered by auto insurance now.
C. Unless your car is covered by auto insurance, you can’t modify your car.
D. Your auto insurance still covers your car even if your car has been modified.

3. The police forced the criminals to evacuate the building belonging to the government immediately.
A. The police got the criminals to abandon the governmental building instantly.
B. The police made the criminals leave the building that belonged to the government rapidly.
C. The police convinced the criminals to leave the building that belonged to the government as soon as
possible.
D. The criminals were asked by the police to leave the governmental building instantly.

4. Jane’s parents made her leave her boyfriend.

A. Jane didn’t leave her boyfriend even though her parents put pressure on her.
B. Jane’s parents forced her to break up with her boyfriend.
C. Jane’s boyfriend was forced to break up with her because of her parents.
D. Jane would leave her boyfriend if her parents didn’t like him.

5. The employee was forced to apologize for his rude words by the disciplinary committee.
A. The unkind words which were said by the worker shocked the disciplinary committee.
B. The employee was forced to say impolite sentences by the disciplinary committee.
C. The disciplinary committee made the worker apologize for his unkind words.
D. When the rude employee apologized, the disciplinary committee was forced to release him.

6. I had to have my hair done at an expensive hairdresser's because I attempted to dye my hair red
myself unsuccessfully.
A. As I wanted my hair dyed red successfully, I thought I had better go to an exclusive hairdresser's.
B. I wouldn't have come to the hairdresser's just to have my hair cut, but I want it dyed red as well.
C. If I hadn't failed to dye my hair red properly myself, I wouldn't have needed to go to an expensive
hairdresser to correct it.
D. This hairdresser hasn't done a very good job of dying my hair red, yet she still she charged so much
money for doing it.

WEEK 13 – PARTICIPLE CLAUSES

Introduction: Read the sentences below and try to guess what they mean.

1. Shouting, she ran out of the house.

a. She ran out of the house, and at the same time she was shouting.

45
b. First she ran out of the house, then she shouted.

2. Being an experienced driver, I offered to be their driving tutor.

a. Since I was an experienced driver, I offered to be their driving tutor.
b. First I became an experienced driver, then I offered to be their driving tutor.

3. Travelling around the world, John met a number of very interesting people.
a. After John had travelled around the world, he met a number of very interesting people.
b. While John was travelling around the world, he met a number of very interesting people.

4. Seriously injured, Neil has to stay in the hospital for a while.

a. Because Neil is seriously injured, he has to stay in the hospital for a while.
b. Because Neil has injured someone, he has to stay in the hospital for a while.

5. Completed, the report was published without any delay.

a. As soon as it was completed, the report was published without any delay.
b. Since we had completed the report, we published it without any delay.

6. Having seen the film, Mary doesn’t want to see it again.

a. Since she is going to see the film herself, Mary doesn’t want to see it again.
b. Since she has already seen the film, Mary doesn’t want to see it again.

7. Hidden in the Himalayas, Bhutan is a small kingdom with beautiful mountain landscapes and unique
cultural traditions.
a. Bhutan hides in the Himalayas, and it is a small kingdom with beautiful mountain landscapes and unique
cultural traditions.
b. Bhutan, which is hidden in the Himalayas, is a small kingdom with beautiful mountain landscapes and
unique cultural traditions.

The sentence parts above written in bold are PARTICIPLE CLAUSES. They enable us to convey
information in a more economical way – with fewer words. They might carry meanings such as when,
while, after, as/since/because, if … etc. We are going to discuss these meanings in more detail later in
this chapter.

We must also keep in mind that we can use participle clauses when the participle and the verb in the
main clause have the same subject.
For example:
Waiting for John, Suzie made some tea. (While Suzie was waiting for John, she made some tea.)

There are several different participle forms in participle clauses. They are:
1. Present Participle: Ving
2. Past Participle: V3
3. Perfect Participle: Having V3 (active) / Having been V3 (passive)
In the following sections, you will see some of the situations where we find participle clauses.

1. PRESENT PARTICIPLE – Ving

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 When two sentences have the same subject, we can often make one shorter sentence with them, using a
participle. Look at the examples below:
1. She was hungry. She stole some bread. (Here we have two short sentences that belong together.)
2. Because she was hungry, she stole some bread. (Here we’ve put them together with the conjunction
“because”, but this sentence is longer than the two short ones.)
3. Being hungry, she stole some bread. (In the third sentence, we’ve removed the subject and replaced
the past tense verb (was) with the present participle (being). “Being hungry…” is a participle clause.

THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE (Ving) EXAMPLES

1. We can use participle clauses with a - Walking home, he was attacked by a strange man.
present participle to replace adverbial As he was walking home, he was attacked by a strange man.
clauses. - (On/Upon) Opening the door, I found the newspaper on the
floor. (specific)
When I opened the door, I found the newspaper on the floor.
- Not wanting to miss the bus, they ran to the bus stop.
As they didn’t want to miss the bus, they ran to the bus stop.
- When taking this medication, avoid drinking alcohol. (general)
When you take this medication, avoid drinking alcohol.
- After speaking to her, I felt much better.
After I spoke to her, I felt much better.
- Before making a decision, I need to talk to my partner.
Before I make a decision, I need to talk to my partner.
- Since getting a new a job, I’ve had no time to go out.
Since I got a new job, I’ve had no time to go out.
2. We can also use them to replace
actions.
- Waiting for the bus, she saw her friend.
a) a lengthy action interrupted by a She was waiting for the bus, and she saw her friend.
shorter or a sudden one
- Walking down the street, he was singing a song.
b) an action taking place at the same He was walking down the street and singing a song.
time as another one
- Entering the room, he noticed that the windows were open.
c) an action taking place immediately He entered the room and noticed that the windows were open.
before another one

Exercise 1. Use the “Present Participle” to rewrite the following sentences.

1. Because he did not know his way around, Simon had to ask for directions.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. When you adjust the machine, you must switch off the electricity.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. The detective opened the file and took out a newspaper cutting.
_____________________________________________________________________________________

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4. Our neighbor fell off a ladder and broke his arm.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5. She did not go to the party because she knew that John wouldn’t be there.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6. Bill was listening to the lecture, and he fell asleep.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7. He was well-qualified, so he got the job.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
8. Since I wanted to finish my work, I stayed in.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
9. After I moved here, I felt much healthier.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
10. After she added the water, she began to stir the mixture.
_____________________________________________________________________________________

2. PAST PARTICIPLE – V3

Exercise 2. Use the “Past Participle” to rewrite the following sentences.

1. The passengers were soaked to the skin, and they managed to get on another coach for the next town.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. If this product is used economically, it lasts for at least six weeks.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Children who are left on their own without any adults enjoy themselves at first.

THE PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) EXAMPLES

1. We can use participle clauses with a Shocked by the tragedy, they did not know what to say.
past participle instead of a subject+ They were shocked by the tragedy, and they did not know what
verb in the passive voice. to say.

2. We can also use them to replace an Stored in the fridge, the pudding will keep for up to one week.
adverbial clause in the passive voice. If it is stored in the fridge, the pudding will keep for up to one
week.)
Convinced that they were trying to poison him, he refused to
eat anything.
Because he was convinced that they were trying to poison him,
he refused to eat anything.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. The driver was shocked by the accident, and he couldn’t say a word at first.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5. When they are planted in early spring, these vegetables can be harvested in the summer.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6. Since he was woken up by the noise in the street, he couldn’t get back to sleep.
_____________________________________________________________________________________

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 3. PERFECT PARTICIPLE – HAVING V3/HAVING BEEN V3

THE PERFECT PARTICIPLE EXAMPLES

(HAVING V3) - (ACTIVE)
1. when the first action is completed Having finished lunch, we set off on our journey.
before the second action (a time gap) We finished lunch, and then we set off on our journey.
After we (had) finished lunch, we set off on our journey.

2. when the earlier action covers a Having gained so much experience in his field, he was appointed
period of time to a government post.
He had gained so much experience in his field that he was
appointed to a government post.
3. to replace a relative clause containing Having finished earlier, the students were allowed to go out.
a time gap with the main clause The students having finished earlier were allowed to go out.
The students who had finished earlier were allowed to go out.

THE PERFECT PARTICIPLE (HAVING EXAMPLES

BEEN V3) - (PASSIVE)
1.when the first action is completed Having been bitten twice by our dog, he refused to deliver our
before the second action (a time gap) post.
He had been bitten twice by our dog, so he refused to deliver our
post.
2. when the earlier action covers a Having been involved in a number of crimes, he was sentenced to
period of time life imprisonment.
Since he had been involved in a number of crimes, he was
sentenced to life imprisonment.
3. to replace a relative clause containing Having been interviewed three times, the boy was offered the
a time gap with the main clause job.
The boy having been interviewed three times was offered the job.
The boy who had been interviewed three times was offered the
job.

Exercise 3. Use the “Perfect Participle” where necessary.

1. Since I had not seen him for a long time, I didn’t recognize him.
____________________________________________________________________________
2. The man who had worked in the garden all day couldn’t sleep well.
____________________________________________________________________________
3. After he had been turned down by many universities, Charlie decided to join the army.
____________________________________________________________________________

49
4. The room had not been tidied up yet and looked like a battlefield.
____________________________________________________________________________
5.The painting which had been stolen from a museum was found and taken back to the museum.
____________________________________________________________________________

RESTATEMENT QUESTIONS WITH PARTICIPLES

1. Having just bought a brand-new car, he was angry when the electric windows on it stopped working.
A. He bought a new car because he was fed up with the electric windows not working properly on his old
one.
B. The failure of the electric windows on his new car annoyed him because he had only recently purchased
it brand new.
C. Although he was not happy to discover that the car did not have electrically operated windows, he
bought it anyway.
D. Feeling annoyed that the electric windows no longer worked on his car, he bought a new one.

2. Having considered all the risks beforehand, the police did not take action without a plan.
A. While they were considering the risks, the police did not take action without a plan.
B. Although they did not take action without a plan, the police considered the risks beforehand.
C. By the time the police thought about taking action, they had made a plan.
D. Because the police had considered all the risks beforehand, they did not take action without a plan.

3. Few of the people attending the opening of the exhibition realized just how remarkable the exhibition
was.
A. Many people at the opening were unable to appreciate the worth of the exhibition.
B. Most people who came to the opening did not expect the exhibition to be of any value.
C. A great majority of the people were, in fact, impressed by the exhibition when it was opened.
D. Of those who attended the opening, some thought the exhibition was rather disappointing.

4. Being totally unfamiliar with the situation, he could only offer very little help.
A. Because he didn't offer any assistance, he wasn't able to learn much about what was happening.
B. As he only knew very little about the case, his offer of help was of no use.
C. Not knowing anyone involved in the event, he decided not to offer to do anything about it.
D. He was unable to offer much assistance as he didn’t know anything about the case.

5. Not being satisfied with my declaration, the customs officer directed me for a detailed examination
of my baggage.
A. The customs officer made me open my suitcase without even looking at my declaration form.
B. My suspicious behavior got the attention of the customs officer, and he wanted to examine my baggage.

C. Although the customs officer was not satisfied with my declaration, he did not examine my baggage in
detail.
D. The customs officer did not find my declaration satisfactory and decided that my baggage needed
further inspection.

6. When driving at night, I cannot bear people driving towards me without dipping their headlamps.
A. If drivers don't dip their headlamps at night, they can dazzle drivers coming in the opposite direction.

50
B. When at the wheel at night, I get annoyed with the drivers coming in the opposite direction who don't
dip their headlamps.
C. I get dazzled if a driver who is coming in the opposite direction does not dip his headlamps at night,
which is very annoying.
D. The thing I find most annoying when driving at night is drivers who don't dip their headlamps for
oncoming traffic.

7. Considering I was knowledgeable, the boss told me that I was supposed to inform our guests about
our factory at the meeting to be held on Friday.
A. The boss thought I was always open to new ideas, so he considered that my informing our guests about
the factory would be a good experience for me.
B. As the boss thought that my knowledge was sufficient, he assigned me to enlighten the guests about
the factory at the meeting on Friday.
C. I thought my knowledge would serve well to let our guests learn more about factory, so I expected the
boss would appoint me for the task on Friday.
D. The boss expected that I would assist him in informing the guests about our company as my skills were
sufficient.

8. Being disturbed by the alterations made by one of the shareholders of the company, the factory
manager is likely to resign his position.
A. The manager is leaving his job because he doesn’t like the changes made at the factory by one of the
shareholders.
B. As a result of the disturbance caused by the changes at the factory, the manager is going to resign.
C. As a result of what has happened, the manager has no other choice but to leave his work at the factory.
D. The manager of the factory may give up his job as he is not satisfied with the changes made by one of
the investors of the company.

9. Having read the novel both in original and translated versions, Jane concluded that the translated
one lacked many parts.
A. Jane decided to read the translation because she did not understand the language of the original text.
B. Jane felt that if she had read the book in its original language, she would have appreciated it more.
C. After Jane had read the story in its original and translated versions, she realized that the latter missed
out a lot of sections.
D. Jane was unsure of some of the ideas in the story and so read the translated version to check.

10. Encouraged by his colleagues’ positive opinion, the manager decided to go ahead with his new
project.
A. After receiving support from his colleagues, the manager proceeded with his new scheme.
B. The director had to quit his plan due to the lack of support.
C. To implement his project, the manager wanted his colleagues to sustain him.
D. But for his colleagues’ support, the director wouldn’t have been able to succeed in his plan.

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