G R A M M A R

T e n s e s
ACTIVE VOICE PAST PRESENT FUTURE
SIMPLE I (buy) my first
computer in 1995.

(you go) shopping
yesterday?

I (play) basketball
every Sunday.

(you do) any sports?
Its cloudy. I think it
(rain).
CONTINUOUS

Form: be+ -ing
Use: action in
progress
We (have) an English
class when we (hear)
the noise.
I (work)! (not disturb)
me now.
I (attend) the Open
Office seminar this
time next week.
PERFECT

Form: have+ -ed/pp
Use: action
completed

I (already leave) when
you called for me.
(wash) your hands
before cleaning the
wound?

(order) the book thru
the Amazon?
In 5 yrs time, I (finish)
my studies
ACTIVE VOICE PAST PRESENT FUTURE
SIMPLE I bought my first
computer in 1995.

Did you go shopping
yesterday?

I play basketball every
Sunday.

Do you do any sports?
Its cloudy. I think it
will rain.
CONTINUOUS

Form: be+ -ing
Use: action in
progress
We were having an
English class when we
heard the noise.
I am working! Dont
disturb me now.
I will be attending the
Open Office seminar
this time next week.
PERFECT

Form: have+ -ed/pp
Use: action
completed

I had already left
when you called for
me.
Had you washed your
hands before cleaning
the wound?

Have you ordered the
book thru the
Amazon?
In 5 yrs time, I will
have finished my
studies
PASSIVE VOICE

Form: be+ -ed/pp
Use: emphasis on the
action, not the agent
PAST PRESENT FUTURE
SIMPLE The data (process)
yesterday.
Market prices
(determine) by supply
and demand.
Your tuition (pay) by
tomorrow.

CONTINUOUS

Form: be+ being + pp
Use: action in
progress
The data (process)
when there (be) a
black out.
The company
(inspect) for quality
assurance standards
at the moment.
PERFECT

Form: have+ been+ pp
Use: action
completed

The data (check)
before they (process).
Your car (service). The class (finish) by
the time we arrive at
the uni.
PASSIVE VOICE

Form: be+ -ed/pp
Use: emphasis on the
action, not the agent
PAST PRESENT FUTURE
SIMPLE The data were
processed yesterday.
Market prices are
determined by supply
and demand.
Your tuition will be
paid by tomorrow.

CONTINUOUS

Form: be+ -ing
Use: action in
progress
The data were being
processed when there
was a black out.
The company is being
inspected for quality
assurance standards
at the moment.
PERFECT

Form: have+ -ed/pp
Use: action
completed

The data had been
checked before they
were processed
Your car has been
serviced.
The class will have
finished by the time
we arrive at the uni.
Verb forms (1)
1. By the end of the year, she ___ with a degree in business. (already
graduate)
2. As soon as I ___ home, it started to rain heavily. (get)
3. We ___ the chance to visit many museums in Paris last vacation.
(have)
4. I ___ on this project for days without success. (work)
5. I ___ hard until I pass the TOEFL. (study)
6. Next month we ___ our 5th wedding anniversary. (celebrate)
7. He ___ to class this morning because he was sick. (come)
8. He denied ___ it on purpose. (do)
9. ___ a UFO? (see)
10. Whenever I ___ to my boss, I get butterflies in my stomach. (talk)
11. They ___ together for five years when they decided to get married.
(be)
12. While the reporter ___ the policeman, the robber escaped.
(interview)
13. She ___ extremely quiet since her husband died. (be)
Verb forms (2)
14. She ________ a headache for several hours. (have)
15. I _______ a movie when you called last night. (watch)
16. Do you think it _______ tomorrow? (rain)
17. Where's Tom? He said he _______ here at 4:30 PM. (be)
18. If I _______ so much coffee, I wouldnt be able to sleep. (drink)
19. I recommend that Bob _______ much more if he wants to pass all
his classes. (study)
20. I'm really looking forward to _______ a vacation! (take)
21. I'm hungry because I _______ breakfast or lunch. (have)
22. He can't send e-mail because he _______ a modem for his
computer. (not get)
23. By the time I got to Lucy's house, she _______ for work. (already
leave)
Verb forms ANSWERS
1. By the end of the year, she WILL HAVE GRADUATED with a degree in business.
2. As soon as I GOT home, it started to rain heavily.
3. We HAD the chance to visit many museums in Paris last vacation.
4. I HAVE BEEN WORKING on this project for days without success.
5. I WILL STUDY hard until I pass the TOEFL.
6. Next month we WILL CELEBRATE our 5th wedding anniversary.
7. He DID NOT COME to class this morning because he was sick.
8. He denied DOING it on purpose.
9. HAVE YOU SEEN a UFO?
10. Whenever I HAVE TO talk to my boss, I get butterflies in my stomach.
11. They HAD BEEN together for five years when they decided to get married.
12. While the reporter WAS INTERVIEWING the policeman, the robber escaped.
13. She HAS BEEN extremely quiet since her husband died.
14. She HAS HAD a headache for several hours.
15. I WAS WATCHING a movie when you called last night.
16. Do you think it WILL RAIN tomorrow?
17. Where's Tom? He said he WOULD BE here at 4:30 PM.
18. If I HAD DRUNK so much coffee, I WOULDNT be able to sleep.
19. I recommend that Bob STUDIES much more if he wants to pass all his classes.
20. I'm really looking forward to TAKING a vacation!
21. I'm hungry because I HAVE NOT HAD breakfast or lunch.
22. He can't send e-mail because he HASNT GOT a modem for his computer.
23. By the time I got to Lucy's house, she HAD ALREADY LEFT for work.
Reported Speech
We use reported speech when we are saying what other
people say, think or believe.
He says he wants it.
We think you are right.
Yesterday you said you didn't like it but now
you do!
When we are reporting things in the present, future or present
perfect we don't change the tense.
He thinks he loves her.
I'll tell her you are coming.
He has said he'll do it.
When we tell people what someone has said in the past, we
generally make the tense 'more in the past'.
1. You look very nice.
2. He works in Siberia.

3. Polly has bought a
new car.
4. Jo can't come for the
weekend.
5. Paul called and left a
message.
6. I'll give you a hand.
1. I told him he looked very nice.
2. She told me he worked in
Siberia.
3. She said Polly had bought a
new car.
4. She said Jo couldn't come for
the weekend.
5. He told me Paul had called
and had left me a message.
6. He said he would give me a
hand.
Indirect questions
"What time is
it?"
"Why hasn't he
come?
"When will you
be arriving?"
"What were
you doing?"
He asked me what time it
was.
She wondered why he hadn't
come.
He wanted to know when we
would be arriving.
They questioned him about
what he had been doing.

when we report answers: we use
intro verbs relevant to the mg of
the answer
"147 Oak Street."

"I didn't have time
to do it."
"Look at this dress
and bag."
"Put the paper
here and press
this button."

I told him what my
address was.
She explained why she
hadn't done it.
She showed me what
she had bought.
He demonstrated how
the scanner worked.
Yes/no questions
are reported with
if or whether.

Do you want a ride?

Are you coming?

Will you be here
later?
Mike asked me if I
wanted a ride.
They wanted to know if
I was coming.
She asked me
whether I would be
here later.
Reported Speech: if the introductory verb is in
the PAST
Present
becomes
Past
Past
becomes
Past
Perfect
Will
becomes
Would
This
becomes
That
Here
becomes
There
Now
becomes
Then
Indirect questions
1. Who built that enormous bridge? (I wonder...)
2. What's Brazil like? (I want to find out...)
3. Did Benjamin Franklin write 'Poor Richard's Almanac'? (I can't
remember ....)
4. How do you do it? (Can you tell me ...)
5. Who did you meet at the party? (I'd like to know ...)
6. How long have you been waiting for me? (I wonder ...)
7. What happened to them? (Nobody cares ...)
8. How important is that meeting to the company? (Can you tell me ...)
9. When was the film produced? (Nobody remembers ...)
10. Have they flown an ultralight too? (I don't know ...)
11. What is it called in English? (I can't remember ....)
12. Should people be allowed to smoke in public places? (I'd like to
know ....)
Indirect questions- Answers
1. I wonder who built that enormous bridge.
2. I want to find out what Brazil is like.
3. I can't remember if Benjamin Franklin wrote 'Poor Richard's
Almanac
4. Can you tell me how you do it.
5. I'd like to know who you met at the party.
6. I wonder How long you have been waiting for me.
7. Nobody cares about what happened.
8. Can you tell me how important that meeting is to the company.
9. Nobody remembers when the film was produced.
10. I don't know if they have flown an ultra light too.
11. I can't remember what it is called in English.
12. I'd like to know if people are allowed to smoke in public places.
Conditionals
1a. General truth
If demand is increased, prices also
increase.
If supply is increased, prices fall.




IF + PRESENT PRESENT
1b. Possible in the Future
If the weather is fine, well go for a
walk tomorrow.
If you study regularly, you will pass
your exams with flying colours.



IF + PRESENT FUTURE
2. Unreal/unlikely in the
PRESENT
If I were rich, I would travel around
the world.
If I won the lotto, I would give
some of the money to charity.



IF + PAST WOULD+INFINITIVE
3. Unreal in the PAST
If you had come to the faculty
meeting yesterday, you would have
met the new head of the department.
If I had studied more, I would
have finished my studies.


IF+PAST Perf WOULD Have DONE

Conditionals exercises 1
1. If I (be) stronger, I'd help you carry the piano.
2. If we'd seen you, we (stop).
3. If we meet him tomorrow, we (say) hello.
4. He would have repaired the car himself if he
(have) the tools.
5. If you (drop) the vase, it will break.
6. If I hadn't studied, I (pass) the exam.
7. I (not go) to school by bus if I had a bike.
8. I won't travel to London if I (not get) a cheap
flight.
9. We'd be stupid if we (tell) him about our secret.

Conditionals -exercises 2
10.If you go out with your friends tonight, I
(watch) the football match on TV.
11.I would buy these shoes if they (fit).
12.She (come) to our party if she had not been on
holiday.
13.If it had been a home game, our team (win)
the match.
14.I (earn) a lot of money if I get that job.
15.It (not surprise) me if he did not know the
answer.
16.If we had listened to the radio, we (hear) the
news.
17.If she (not hurry), we will miss the bus.
Conditionals -exercises 3
18.If our team (win) the match, they would have
moved up in the league.
19.If he (try) harder, he would reach his goals.
20.If you had switched on the lights, you (not fall)
over the chair.


Conditionals Answers to exercises
1. If I were stronger, I'd help you carry the piano.
2. If we'd seen you, we would have stopped .
3. If we meet him tomorrow, we'll say hello.
4. He would have repaired the car himself if he had had the tools.
5. If you drop the vase, it will break.
6. If I hadn't studied, I would not have passed the exam.
7. I wouldn't go to school by bus if I had a bike.
8. I won't travel to London if I don't get a cheap flight.
9. We'd be stupid if we told him about our secret.
10. If you go out with your friends tonight, I will watch the football match on TV.
11. I would buy these shoes if they fitted.
12. She would have come to our party if she had not been on holiday.
13. If it had been a home game, our team would have won the match.
14. I will earn a lot of money if I get that job.
15. It would not surprise me if he did not know the answer.
16. If we had listened to the radio, we would have heard the news.
17. If our team had won the match, they would have moved up in the league.
18. If she does not hurry, we will miss the bus.
19. If he tried harder, he would reach his goals.
20. If you had switched on the lights, you would not have fallen over the chair.

Indefinite Articles: a (n) (1)
"A" or "an" signal that the noun modified is
indefinite, referring to any member of
a group, e.g.

"My daughter really wants a dog for
Christmas." This refers to any dog. We don't
know which dog because we haven't found the
dog yet.

"Somebody call a policeman!" This refers to
any policeman. We don't need a specific
policeman; we need any policeman who is
available.

Indefinite Article: a(n) (2)
The indefinite article is used to indicate
membership in a group:

I am a teacher. (I am a member of a large
group known as teachers.)
Brian is an Irishman. (Brian is a member of
the people known as Irish.)
Seiko is a practicing Buddhist. (Seiko is a
member of the group of people known as
Buddhists.)

Definite article: the
It is used before singular and plural nouns
when the noun is specific or particular. It
signals that the noun is definite, that it refers
to a particular member of a group, e.g.
"The dog that bit me ran away." Here, we're talking
about a specific dog, the dog that bit me.
"I was happy to see the policeman who saved my
cat!" Here, we're talking about a particular
policeman. Even if we don't know the policeman's
name, it's still a particular policeman because it is
the one who saved the cat.

Geographical use of the
Do not use the before:
names of most countries/territories: Italy, Mexico,
Bolivia; except for: the Netherlands, the United
Kingdom, the Philippines, the United States
names of cities, towns, or states: Seoul, Athens,
Miami
names of streets: Oxford St., Tsimiski St.
names of lakes and bays: Lake Titicaca, Lake Erie
except with a group of lakes like the Great Lakes
names of mountains: Mount Everest, Mount Fuji
except with ranges of mountains like the Andes or the
Rockies or unusual names like the Matterhorn
names of continents (Asia, Europe)
names of islands (Easter Island, Maui, Key West)
except with island chains like the Dodecanese, the
Ionian Islands, the Hebrides, or the Canary Islands
Geographical use of the
Do use the before:
names of rivers, oceans and seas: the Nile,
the Mediterranean, the Agean
points on the globe: the Equator, the North
Pole
geographical areas: the Middle East, the
West
deserts, forests, gulfs, and peninsulas: the
Sahara, the Persian Gulf, the Black Forest,
the Iberian Peninsula

Articles with Countable and Uncountable Nouns
The can be used with uncountable nouns, or
the article can be omitted entirely.
"I love to sail over the water" (some specific body
of water) or "I love to sail over water" (any water).
"He spilled the milk all over the floor" (some
specific milk, perhaps the milk you bought earlier
that day) or "He spilled milk all over the floor" (any
milk).

A/an can be used only with countable nouns.
"I need a bottle of water."
"I need a new glass of milk."

A/n vs The
a + singular noun beginning with a
consonant: a boy; a car; a bike; a zoo; a
dog
an + singular noun beginning with a
vowel: an elephant; an egg; an apple; an
idiot; an orphan

The definite article is used before
singular and plural nouns when the
noun is specific or particular.
Omission of Articles
Some common types of nouns that don't
take an article are:
Names of languages and nationalities:
Chinese, English, Spanish, Russian (unless you
are referring to the population of the nation:
"The Spanish are known for their warm
hospitality.")
Names of sports: volleyball, hockey, baseball
Names of academic subjects: mathematics,
biology, history, computer science

Articles (1)
1. This coat was designed by ___ famous
New York artist.
2. Can you tell me how to get to ___ bank
from here?
3. ___ city museum is closed today.
4. He is one of ___ smartest people I know.
5. I recommend you eat ___ apple pie at
this restaurant.
6. ___ milk is good for you.
7. Would you like to see ___ movie?
8. ___ apple a day keeps ___ doctor away.
9. I can't believe I failed ___ yesterday's
test!
10. Do you have ___ dictionary that I can
borrow?
Articles (2)
11. Albert Einstein was ___ famous scientist.
12. Einstein was born in ___ Germany in 1879.
13. Einstein won ___ Nobel Prize in Physics in
1921.
14. Einstein left his country and lived in ___
States until he died in 1955.
15. Einstein is known for his theory of ___
relativity.
16. Roentgen was ___ German physicist who
discovered x-rays, revolutionizing medical
diagnosis.
17. Roentgen won ___ 1901 Nobel Prize.
Articles (3)
18. Mandela was born in ___ South Africa.
19. Mandela was ___ first President elected in
___ South Africa after ___ Apartheid was
revoked.
20. Mandela was imprisoned for ___ nearly 30
years for his anti-apartheid activities.
21. Mother Teresa was ___ Roman Catholic
nun.
22. Mother Teresa became famous for her hard
work with ___ poor.
23. She was ___ founder of ___ order of nuns
called the Missionaries of Charity.
24. Mother Teresa lived in ___ Calcutta, India.
25. Mother Teresa received ___ her Nobel Peace
Prize in 1979.
Articles - ANSWERS
1. This coat was designed by A famous New York artist.
2. Can you tell me how to get to THE bank from here?
3. THE city museum is closed today.
4. He is one of THE smartest people I know.
5. I recommend you eat THE apple pie at this restaurant.
6. Milk is good for you.
7. Would you like to see A movie?
8. AN apple a day keeps THE doctor away.
9. I can't believe I failed THE yesterday's test!
10. Do you have A dictionary that I can borrow?
11. Albert Einstein was A famous scientist.
12. Einstein was born in -Germany in 1879.
13. Einstein won THE Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921.
14. Einstein left his country and lived in THE States until he died in 1955.
15. Einstein is known for his theory of - relativity.
16. Roentgen was A German physicist who discovered x-rays, revolutionizing medical diagnosis.
17. Roentgen won THE 1901 Nobel Prize.
18. Mandela was born in South Africa.
19. Mandela was THE first President elected in - South Africa after THE/- Apartheid was revoked.
20. Mandela was imprisoned for - nearly 30 years for his anti-apartheid activities.
21. Mother Teresa was A Roman Catholic nun.
22. Mother Teresa became famous for her hard work with THE poor.
23. She was THE founder of A order of nuns called the Missionaries of Charity.
24. Mother Teresa lived in - Calcutta, India.
25. Mother Teresa received - her Nobel Peace Prize in 1979.

Make or Do ???? 1
I have to ___ a telephone call.
She didn't ___ her best so she felt sad.
It was the first time she didn't ___ the beds.
She was late so she didn't ___ breakfast for
them.
He ___ the assignment, but forgot to bring it to
school.
He has to ___ the housework before he can go.
There are so many decisions to ___.
Did you ___ a reservation for tonight?
Did he ___ the doctor's appointment yet?
He was busy ___ the food shopping.

Make or Do ???? 2
He ___ a lot of research.
The people wanted to ___ peace.
The children are ___ to much noise.
It was a pleasure ___ business with you.
I must ___ my homework before I go to bed.
Why does he always ___ a promise and then
break it?
A famous movie star is going to ___ an
appearance here tonight.
I will ___ the dinner dishes.
You can ___ the dinner.
You are going to have to ___ some changes
here.

Make or Do ???? 3
Can you tell me how much money he ___?
Can you ___ me a favour and lend me some
money?
She spends too much time ___ her hair and
nails.
I think he is trying to ___ trouble for you.
Hurry up and ___ a decision.
I don't know why he's not ___ progress with his
English.
Good students hate ___ spelling mistakes.
She'll have her hair ___ before she goes to the
party.
Don't ___ so much fuss over having to type the
report again.
Make or Do ???? 4
They ___ fun of her because she couldn't
pronounce the word correctly.
Could you please ___ me a favor?
Those two companies don't like to ___ business
with each other.
It won't ___ her any harm to stay up a little
later.
They ___ a great effort to get what they
wanted.
To ___ him justice, we must admit that his
intentions were good.
After a few drinks, he often ___ a scene in the
bar.
___ the most of your stay in Paris visiting the
famous museums.
Make
an appearance
an appointment
breakfast
a decision
dinner
an effort
fun of sth
fuss about sth
a mistake
money

noise
peace
progress
promise
a reservation
a scene
a telephone call
the beds
the most of
trouble

Do
an assignment
my best
business
the dishes
me a favour
my hair
harm
homework
housework
justice
research
shopping