Virginia Department of Education

45-Hour
Parent/Teen
Driving Guide
Revised July 2023

Name: _____________________________________

With Freedom
Comes Great Responsibility
 45-Hour Parent/Teen
Driving Guide

With Freedom
Comes Great Responsibility

http://www.doe.virginia.gov/instruction/driver_education/parent_teen_driving_guide.pdf

Virginia Department of Education Staff

Coordinator for
Family Life Education, Health Education, Physical Education, and Driver Education
Vanessa C. Wigand

Specialists for Driver Education

Janet Ragland
Sheila Jones

Creative Services Manager

Timothy Nuthall

© Commonwealth of Virginia
Department of Education
P.O. Box 2120
Richmond, Virginia 23218-2120
Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023 Page-1

Parenting the Driving

Experience
Your child has reached an important milestone: A
LEARNER’S PERMIT. It is our hope that acquiring mature
driving skills and judgment will be a rewarding experience
for you and your teenager. With your involvement, it can
also be a safe experience. This 45-hour parent/teen driving
guide provides sample lessons and coaching tips to help
you guide your child in making this step to adulthood more
successful for both of you.

Cars do not crash; people crash them. The driver, especially

the young driver, continues to be a weak link in traffic safety. traffic, to rural highways, to expressways and then to city
Motor vehicle injuries account for more years of productive driving. Each lesson provides you with an estimated amount
life lost by students than all other causes. In addition, of time your child will need to achieve mastery; however,
hospitalization, rehabilitation, lost time from school, and because students have different abilities you need to spend
other costs associated with long-term injuries create as much time as necessary to allow your child to master
substantial emotional, physical, and financial problems for the skills before moving on to the next lesson. Periodically,
families. Research shows that in order for teens to remain you will be asked to evaluate your child’s skills. Place “S” for
collision-free, parents must model safe driving behaviors satisfactory or “NP” for needs practice for the skills listed
and invest in meaningful guided practice over a long period after each session. Please also record the time you invest
of time to turn safe driving skills into good driving habits! practicing safe driving skills on the 45-hour driving log
located at the end of this booklet. Give the completed log to
To address traffic crashes involving teenagers, action was your child’s in-car teacher/instructor to document that your
taken by the Virginia General Assembly to require parents, child has gained these driving experiences and worked on
foster parents, or guardians to certify that their children improving driving skills for at least 45 hours. This log must
have driven motor vehicles for at least 45 hours, 15 of be completed prior to issuance of the 180-day temporary
which must be after sunset, before they are eligible for a provisional driver’s license.
provisional driver’s license.
If neither parent has a valid driver’s license, a friend or
How do you teach a 16-year-old not to be a 16-year-old relative can conduct the guided practice sessions. Because
behind the wheel of an automobile? Unfortunately, there parents and guardians play such a significant role in the
is no magic formula to prepare your teenager for the development of safe driving habits and have the greatest
responsibilities of driving. Most teen crashes are caused by influence on teen behaviors, parents should remain involved
lack of experience and attitude, not poor driving skill. And in the learning process as observers in the car during the
teens who take more risks are setting themselves up to guided practice sessions. Knowing your child is a skilled,
crash regardless of their driving skills. The ability to move safety-conscious driver will give you peace of mind in years
a car skillfully is not the same thing as the ability to drive to come.
safely. Steering the vehicle is a relatively simple skill that
most people can master in a short period of time. Driving is In addition to sharpening your driving skills, it is our hope
a complex psychomotor task requiring mastery of various the guided-practice sessions presented in this guide will
performance skills. It requires processing and accurately provide your child with a solid foundation to develop safe,
evaluating risks in the driving environment, developing collision-free driving habits that will last a lifetime. After
appropriate responses to minimize risks, and gaining each driving session, don’t forget to evaluate your child’s
experience to predict what action others may take. skills and document your driving time on the log.

This guide provides a systematic approach for coaching

your child towards remaining collision-free in both low-
and high-risk driving environments. The suggested lessons
in this guide follow a sequential learning pattern that
progresses from the parking lot to neighborhoods, to light
Page-2 Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023

The Juvenile Licensing Process Effective July 1, 2023

Eligibility for a learner’s permit and 180- • The in-car teacher/instructor will administer the
road skills test. If your child successfully passes the
day temporary provisional driver’s license road skills test, meets all licensing requirements,
and the parent grants the school permission, the
To reduce young driver crashes and save lives, the Virginia
in-car teacher/instructor will issue a 180-Day
General Assembly enacted the following graduated driver
Temporary Provisional Driver’s License to your
licensing (GDL) restrictions:
child, which is a valid Virginia driver’s license when
accompanied by a learner’s permit.
• To obtain a learner’s permit, your child must have
parent permission; be at least 15 years and 6
months old; provide proof of identity, residency, Graduated licensing restrictions for a
and legal presence (be a US citizen or legally
authorized to be in the US); and pass the learner’s
learner’s permit and provisional driver’s
permit sign and knowledge tests. license
• A Driver Privilege Card is a driver’s license for • Virginia law prohibits driving with more than one
Virginia residents who are non-US citizens that non-family passenger less than 21 years old until
allows the applicant to become a legal driver the student has held a provisional license for one
without requiring proof of legal presence or U.S. year. After the first year, the holder of a provisional
citizenship. license may operate a motor vehicle with up to
three non-family passengers who are less than 21
• Approximately 50% of the teens who take the years old when (i) the student is driving to or from
learner’s permit test do not pass it on their first a school-sponsored activity, or (ii) a licensed driver
attempt. After the third failure, your child must who is at least 21 years old is occupying the seat
complete a classroom driver education course beside the driver, or (iii) in cases of emergency.
or take an eight-hour driver’s manual course
before being able to take the learner’s permit test • Virginia law requires passengers younger than 18
a fourth time. Teens should be encouraged to take years old who are occupying the front or rear seats
the learner’s permit test PRIOR to completing of a vehicle to use safety belts.
classroom driver education. If your child passes a
classroom driver education course after failing the • Virginia law restricts licensed drivers younger than
learner’s permit test three times, your child can take 18 years old from operating a vehicle between
the permit test for the fourth time. Hopefully, your midnight and 4 a.m., except when driving (i) to and
child will use DMV’s online study guide, https:// from work; (ii) when accompanied by a parent or
www.dmv.virginia.gov/general/#ske_intro.asp, person in loco parentis, or by a spouse who is 18
and pass the test on the first attempt! DMV offers years old or older; (iii) to or from an activity that is
the learner’s permit test at the DMV’s Customer supervised by an adult and is sponsored by a school
Service Centers and some public high schools. or by a civic, religious, or public organization; (iv)
in cases of emergency when responding to fire or
• Your child must hold a learner’s permit for nine some other emergency as a volunteer firefighter or
months, or until the learner’s permit holder turns rescue worker.
18 (whichever comes first). A learner’s permit
allows your child to practice driving with a • Virginia law prohibits drivers from using any
licensed driver at least 21 years old, or with a handheld personal communications device while
licensed family member at least 18 years old. driving a motor vehicle on the highways within the
Commonwealth, except in a driver emergency and/
• To obtain a driver’s license in Virginia, your child or the vehicle is lawfully parked or stopped.
must be at least 16 years and 3 months old;
practice driving with a learner’s permit for at least • Virginia law requires drivers younger than 20
nine months; complete 45 hours of guided practice, years old to attend a driver improvement clinic
at least 15 of which were after sunset; and if convicted of a demerit point offense (moving
successfully complete a state-approved classroom violation), or a seat belt or a child safety seat
and in-car driver education program. violation.
Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023 Page-3

The Parents’ Role in the Juvenile Licensing Process

The family, not the school, is in the best
Parent Requirement
position to have a sustained effect on
minimizing risks faced by inexperienced
• The Code of Virginia (§ 22.1-205) requires an
drivers and encouraging responsible
additional minimum 90-minute parent/student
behavior. Parents are in control of
driver education component be administered
the licensing process and have the
as part of the classroom portion of the driver
greatest influence on teen behaviors.
education curriculum. In Planning District 8,
Parents must:
which includes the counties of Arlington, Fairfax,
Loudon and Prince William and the cities of
• Model safe driving behaviors.
Alexandria, Fairfax, Falls Church, Manassas
• Grant DMV permission to issue your child a and Manassas Park, the parent/student driver
learner’s permit and a driver’s license. education component shall be administered in-
person. Outside Planning District 8, the parent/
• Grant the school permission to enroll your child in student driver education component may be
the in-car phase of driver education. administered either in-person or online by a public
school or a driver training school that is licensed
• Provide your child with at least 45 hours of guided as a computer-based driver education provider.
practice, 15 of which must be after sunset. The participation of the student’s parent or
• Complete and sign the 45-hour log certifying guardian in the parent/student driver education
that your child has completed 45 hours of component shall be required in Planning District 8.
guided practice, 15 of which were after sunset, Outside Planning District 8, the participation of the
and provide your DMV-issued driver license or student’s parent or guardian in the parent/student
identification number. This certification is part driver education component shall be encouraged,
of the driver’s license application process, and but shall not be required. To opt-out of participation
anyone who certifies to a false statement may be in the 90-minute Parent/Student program, parents
prosecuted. must submit a 90-Minute Parent/Student Driver
Education Program PARENTAL OPT-OUT FORM,
• Sign the Temporary Provisional Driver’s License https://www.doe.virginia.gov/home/
form, and provide your DMV-issued driver’s license showpublisheddocument/42807/
or ID number. 638131731592800000. As the parent/student
component is a mandatory component of classroom
• Determine when your child is ready to drive driver education, the student is required to
unsupervised. complete it with or without a parent. The program
shall emphasize (i) parental responsibilities
• Suspend your child’s driving privileges if your child
regarding juvenile driver behavior, (ii) juvenile
is not demonstrating safe, responsible behavior.
driving restrictions pursuant to this Code, (iii) the
• Notify your insurance agent when your child dangers of driving while intoxicated and underage
receives a 180-Day Temporary Provisional Driver’s consumption of alcohol, and (iv) the dangers of
License. distracted driving.

• Continue to monitor your child’s driving behaviors

after receipt of a provisional license, reinforce
safety belt use and limit or prohibit passengers and
other driving distractions.

• Establish family driving rules that include no

passengers, limited or no driving at night, and zero
tolerance for cell phone use and text messaging
while driving.
Page-4 Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023

Parenting Tips for In-Car Guided Practice • Explain the objectives of the lesson and review
what was learned in the previous lessons.
Sessions
• If possible, the initial guided practice sessions
Parental reinforcement of safe driving skills and good should begin in a car with automatic transmission to
decision making will lead to safe driving habits that will last allow your child to focus on mastering basic vehicle
a lifetime. control skills.

• Enjoy your time together. Have fun! This is a great • Select driving environments that complement the
“bonding” opportunity. Focus on the driving task objectives of the lesson and your child’s ability.
and leave family issues at home. Start in parking lots and progress to low volume
neighborhood roads. Stay in a safe, low-risk driving
• When you drive, set a good example to model. environment as long as needed, and practice driving
Children learn from the choices that adults make. on routes that are familiar to your child.
Always wear your safety belt. Try to correct any
unsafe driving habits that you may have acquired; • Feedback should be precise and immediate. Be
such as rolling through stop signs, accelerating patient, calm, and alert at all times. Make positive
through yellow lights, exceeding the speed limit, etc. remarks frequently.

• Always check to make sure your child has the • If a mistake is made, repeat the maneuver taking
learner’s permit, vehicle registration card, and your child step by step through the process, and
insurance information when operating a vehicle. then allow practice without any assistance.

• In a parking lot, practice steering the car with your • Have short, well-planned practice sessions. At the
left hand from the passenger seat. beginning, thirty minutes is the optimum period for
learning. The first 20 minutes of each session should
• If you have a car with a parking brake between the be used to introduce and practice new skills. Assess
seats, practice stopping the car by depressing the your child’s understanding of the lesson objectives
release button and raising the parking brake. and skill acquisition during the second half of the
session. Set high standards and evaluate each
• Practice shifting the transmission from Drive to
driving session together.
Neutral from the passenger seat to regain control
of the vehicle in the event your child panics and • Encourage commentary driving! This is the most
accelerates too much. valuable tool you have for checking how your child
is processing the driving environment. Ask your
• Adjust the mirror on the passenger’s sun visor
child to “read the traffic picture aloud” describing
so you can use it as a rearview mirror. If the right
anything that may affect your path of travel. For
side view mirror is properly adjusted to reduce
example, when your child changes speed, your
blind spot and glare for the driver, you can also use
child may say: “red light, check mirror, ease foot off
that mirror to monitor traffic to the rear from the
accelerator and begin braking.” Actually, you should
passenger seat.
hear “check mirror and ease off accelerator” a lot!
• Keep instructions simple and concise. First direct
• Emphasize driving with a large anticipation zone by
where to go, and then state the action to take
looking at least 20 seconds ahead. To determine 20
(e.g., “At the next intersection, slow down and turn
seconds ahead, select a stationary object in front of
right.”) Enhance verbal instructions with hands
the vehicle and count how long it takes to reach that
signals (e.g., make a fist, extend your thumb and
object. This will allow time to identify an escape
point and move your hand/arm several times in the
route if needed, or an alternate path of travel.
direction you want your child to go.)
• Play the “what if game”; what if a car suddenly
• Before giving instructions check mirrors, and the
changes lanes, stops, turns, etc.
space ahead and to the sides of the vehicle.
• Reinforce that a green light means search the
intersection before proceeding.
Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023 Page-5

• Encourage your child not to panic if approached by

Changing traction
an emergency vehicle, and to focus on looking for a
safe area to pull over.
conditions
Traction or adhesion
• Discuss the rules for passing a stopped school bus is the grip the tires have on
with flashing lights. the road surface, which allows
the vehicle to start, stop, and/
• Encourage your child to avoid making a difficult left or change directions. As speed
turn whenever possible. increases, traction between the
tires and the road decreases.
• There is a lot to learn in each lesson, so your child
Ice, snow or frost, wet surfaces
may need extra time to attain the necessary skills.
or standing water, mud or wet
Proficiency at each level is important before moving
leaves, uneven surfaces, sand,
on to the next lesson.
gravel, and curves decrease
• If possible, integrate practicing driving after sunset traction. Reduce speed in these
into each area of instruction. conditions.

Tires
Driving in the 21st Century Tires are critical for vehicle
control and good gas mileage.
Improvements in vehicle and highway design have increased Tires should be inflated to
highway safety. Many new cars are equipped with safety the vehicle manufacturer’s
features that dictate basic vehicle control procedures. Your recommended pressure printed on the vehicle’s door
child must understand these new technologies, and the need placard or in the owner’s manual, not the maximum
for basic vehicle maintenance. limit listed on the tire sidewall. Under-inflated tires
flex too much and build up heat, which can lead to
Tires, wheels, brakes, shock absorbers, drive train, steering blowouts or the tread separating and peeling off.
and suspension systems function together to provide a safe,
comfortable ride and better gas mileage. The actual size of the tire patch in contact with the

Seat Belts
Seat belts save lives and prevent injuries.
Approximately 45% of vehicle occupants killed in
crashes were not wearing seat belts. Buckling up
not only dramatically increases your chances of
surviving a crash, it also helps to prevent internal
injuries by spreading the force of a collision across road is about the size of a dollar bill. Vehicle control
the pelvis (hips) and upper chest (sternum), which is dependent upon traction and the tires’ response
are two of the human body’s strongest areas. Seat to acceleration, braking, and steering. The word
belts are designed to protect the brain and prevent traction refers, in general, to your car’s ability to
spinal cord injuries. Did you know that if your maintain adhesive friction between the vehicle
vehicle is traveling at 50 mph, hits an object and (specifically, your tires) and the pavement. Vehicle
comes to an abrupt stop, inertia will continue control and performance is affected by the traction
moving your body at the same speed in the same between the tire patches and the road surface.
direction? In this situation, you will either be held in Without traction you have no control.
the seat by a seat belt; or if unbelted, your body will
be slammed into the steering wheel, hit something With this narrow margin of safety, it is important
else, or you will go flying face-first through the to check tire pressure and tread at least once a
windshield at 50 mph. It only takes a few seconds to month. Proper tire tread reduces traction loss on
buckle up, and with coaching from parents wearing a wet surfaces by channeling water through the
seat belt quickly becomes a habit. tread. Minimum tire tread depth can be measured
by placing a penny in the tread, and if the tread does
not reach the top of Lincoln’s head, driving in wet
weather is very dangerous. Properly maintained
Page-6 Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023

tires improve the steering, stopping, traction, and

Anti-lock Braking System (ABS)
load-carrying capability of your vehicle.
Anti-lock braking systems automatically check if the
system is working when the car is started. The anti-
Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems (TPRS) lock brake system light will come on momentarily
A tire pressure monitoring sensor is mounted if the system is functioning properly. To safely stop
directly on the wheels or tires, and continually and maintain steering control in an ABS-equipped
monitors the pressure inside the tires, including vehicle, teach your child to use firm brake pressure
the spare tire. If the pressure falls 25% below and maintain this pressure on the brake pedal even
the required inflation, a warning is sent via radio if the pedal pulsates or makes a grinding noise. The
frequency from the tire-mounted transmitter to a ABS system will rapidly engage the brakes up to 15
sensor in the vehicle that sets off the warning light times a second to avoid lockup and allows the tires
(tire/exclamation point icon) on the instrument to keep rolling. Rolling tires allow you to steer—you
cluster. cannot change direction if your tires are sliding.
Have your child practice engaging the ABS system
Driver and Front Passenger Air Bags in a vacant parking lot before using this crash-
Are designed to inflate in a frontal impact. Drivers avoidance technology in a real emergency.
should sit at least 10 inches from the air bag because
when the bag deploys it inflates to six or seven inches Backup Camera
in size at speeds up to 200 mph. If you can, adjust A rear view camera shows a simple video feed from
the steering wheel to point the air bag at your chest, a camera mounted on the rear of a vehicle. Some
not your face. Always wear a safety belt and secure systems also have overlay distance and trajectory
children in the rear seat. To reduce forearm and hand lines to help the driver judge vehicle position. The
injuries, place hands on the lower half of the steering back-up camera’s field of vision is directly behind
wheel, with knuckles on the outside and thumbs the vehicle, and is at least 10 feet wide and 20 feet
along the inside of the rim of the wheel. in length. Families touched by tragic back-over
accidents, especially those involving children, have
pushed hard to require back-up cameras in all
vehicles.

Electronic Stability Control (ESC)

Is a computerized technology that improves the
safety of a vehicle’s stability by detecting and
minimizing skids. When ESC detects loss of steering
control, it automatically applies the brakes to
help “steer” the vehicle in the direction the driver
intended to go. Braking is automatically applied to
individual wheels, such as the outer front wheel
to counter oversteer or the inner rear wheel to
counter understeer. Some ESC systems also reduce
Side Impact Air Bags engine power until control is regained. ESC does
Are designed to protect the torso and head in side not improve a vehicle’s cornering performance,
impact collisions. Care should be taken not to sit too but it does help minimize the loss of control. ESC
close to the door or to lean towards the air bag. incorporates yaw rate control into the anti-lock
braking system (ABS). Yaw is a rotation around the
Brakes vertical axis (i.e., spinning left or right). Anti-lock
Brake pads or shoes provide stopping power for brakes enable ESC to brake individual wheels. Many
your vehicle and should be in good working order. ESC systems also incorporate a traction control
Refer to the owner’s manual for recommended system (TCS or ASR), which senses drive-wheel
maintenance tips for your brakes. slip under acceleration, and individually brakes the
slipping wheel or wheels and/or reduces excess
engine power until control is regained.
Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023 Page-7

Traction Control Systems Mirror Setting (BGE)

Traction control systems monitor any difference Have your child adjust the inside rear view mirror so
in rotational speed between the wheels. This that it frames the entire back window and becomes
differential in wheel rotation may occur on uneven the primary mirror for viewing what’s behind the
or slippery surfaces. When the system is activated, vehicle. Traffic safety experts recommend setting
an automated combination of brake and/or engine the side mirrors out approximately 15° to reduce
speed comes into play to provide controlled the blind zone area and glare from headlights from
acceleration and tire traction. the rear. Adjust the left side mirror by leaning your
head slightly towards the left side window, and set
Blind Spot Monitoring Technologies the left mirror so that the driver can barely see the
A blind spot monitor is a detection device that is side of the car. To adjust the right side mirror, lean
usually mounted on the side view mirror or near the to the right over the center console, and then set
rear bumper. When one of these detectors notices the right mirror so the driver can barely see that
another vehicle is too close, it warns the driver side of the car. This side mirror setting reduces the
by flashing a light or making an audible sound. In overlap between the inside rear view and side view
advanced systems, the car will even steer itself into mirrors so the driver can monitor the lanes next
a safety zone. to the vehicle. The driver must also monitor the
blind spot area, not covered by the side view mirror,
by turning head to check over the shoulder (head
check).

Adaptive/Active/Autonomous/Intelligent
Cruise Control
This technology helps the driver maintain a safe
following distance by slowing down or speeding up
Steering Control
Due to changes in steering ratios and effort needed
the vehicle automatically. Adaptive cruise control
to turn the wheel, smooth, controlled steering
uses a radar sensor to monitor the vehicle in front
requires a balanced hand position on the lower half
of your vehicle, and an onboard computer calculates
of the steering wheel.
the distance and relative speed to the vehicle
ahead. When the space in front changes, the system
will automatically send a message to apply brakes Hand Position on the Steering Wheel
or accelerate back to the previously set speed. Placing the left
hand at the 8
Lane Departure Warning System o’clock position, the
A lane departure warning system uses a camera, right hand at the
usually mounted as part of the rear view mirror and 4 o’clock position
warns a driver when the vehicle begins to move and keeping the
out of its lane when the turn signal is not on in that elbows at your
direction. side improves
driver stability.
Lane keeping systems, automatically steer the It also reduces
vehicle away from the lane markings when it senses unintended and
the tires have crossed the line. These systems rely excessive steering wheel movement which is a
on visible lane markings (not faded or covered with primary cause of young driver fatalities. This more
snow), and help to prevent collisions caused by natural seating position also helps the driver keep
drowsy or distracted drivers. both hands on the wheel and reduces back pain
often associated with driving for long periods of
time.
Page-8 Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023

Steering—Push-Pull-Slide Steering Drowsy Driving

This steering technique keeps both hands on the Drowsy driving is a form of impaired driving that
wheel at all times and reduces excessive steering negatively affects a person’s ability to drive safely
wheel movement. In the event of a frontal crash, by severely limiting reaction time and decision-
this steering method also reduces the chance of making skills. Fatigue or drowsy driving can be
injury to the arms and face because the arms do not caused by a lack of sleep, a body’s normal circadian
cross over the center of the steering wheel where rhythm and/or driving for long periods of time.
the air bag is housed. Circadian rhythm is the body’s natural “downtime”.
For most people, this is between 1 and 5 pm as well
To push/pull steer: as around a person’s normal bedtime.

• When making a right turn, push the To avoid drowsy driving take scheduled breaks,
steering wheel with the left hand from the keep the vehicle cool and be aware of your body’s
8 o’clock position to the 10 o’clock position. “downtime”. Drowsy driving is a serious problem
Slide the right hand to the 2 o’clock for 16-24 year olds, who comprise 14 percent of all
position, and pull the steering wheel to the drivers, but are involved in 50 percent of fatigue/
4 o’clock position. drowsy driving-related crashes.

• When making a left turn, reverse this

process. Glare
Sources of glare include headlights of oncoming
To straighten the vehicle, allow the steering or following vehicles, misaligned headlights,
wheel to slide (unwind) through the hands improperly loaded vehicles, a dirty windshield,
until the vehicle’s wheels move to the paper on the dashboard, facing the sun at dusk or
straight-ahead position. At very low speeds, dawn, snow-covered landscapes, and traditional
the driver may need to push the steering versus contemporary (BGE) side mirror settings. To
wheel to move the tires to the straight combat glare, only wear sunglasses during the day,
ahead position. adjust sun visor as needed, keep windows clean,
reduce speed, and look to the right-hand side of

Tips for Driving in Adverse

the road when meeting a vehicle with high beam
headlights on.

Conditions Fog
During foggy conditions
reduce speed; use low beams,
Driver Inattention and Distractions windshield wipers, defroster/
Driver inattention is a primary cause of crashes. defogger and flashers, as
Distractions (multitasking), such as interacting with needed. Look for a safe area to
passengers, talking on the phone, text messaging, pull off the road.
setting the GPS, or adjusting the audio system,
are especially dangerous for young drivers.
Multitasking is a myth. Your brain can’t do it, (e.g., Reduced Visibility Due to Heavy Smoke,
you can’t simultaneously talk on the phone and type Rain or Snow
a coherent email). When you switch from one task When driving in low
to another you are actually dividing your attention visibility conditions,
between multiple tasks. Teach your child to limit slow down, turn on
distractions by pulling safely off the road into a windshield wipers;
designated parking area to perform activities not and make gentle
related to the driving task. steering, accelerating,
or braking actions.
Be alert for stopped vehicles on the highway,
and be prepared for wind gusts or strong steady
crosswinds. Turn on the radio to monitor weather
and road conditions, and if possible, leave the
roadway.
Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023 Page-9

Flooded Roadways Strong Wind Conditions

Nearly half of all flash flood Strong wind conditions on bridges, through
fatalities are vehicle related. mountain passes and ravines, and when being
In severe rainstorms watch passed by large trucks cause significant problems
for flooding at bridges and for drivers. Reduce speed, check traffic, be
low areas. Most vehicles will prepared to steer windward, and counter steer in
float. In fact, as little as two the direction you want the vehicle to go.
feet of water will “carry” most
vehicles.

Hot or Cold Temperatures

Hot or cold temperatures place demands on tires,
radiator coolant, hoses, connections, and drive belts
and increase driving risks. Check these items prior
to and after driving during these conditions.

Safe Interaction with Law Enforcement

If stopped by a police officer, teach your child to: • Carry proper identification: a valid driver’s
license, proof of vehicle registration and proof
• Remain calm;
of insurance; and if the officer asks for these
• Pull the vehicle to the side of the road in a safe documents, tell the officer where they are and
location and park; reach for them slowly, keeping one hand on the
steering wheel;
• Turn on the flashers;
• Ask to see identification if the officer is driving an
• Turn on your vehicle’s interior lights at night; unmarked car or not in uniform;

• Turn off the engine, radio, and any other device • Answer the officer’s questions fully and clearly;
that could block communication with the officer;
• If you disagree with the officer, do not discuss
• Roll down your window to communicate with the your point of view at that time - you will have your
officer who, for safety reasons, may approach the chance to make your case in court; and
vehicle on the driver or passenger side;
• Sign the citation; this is not an admission of guilt.
• Keep safety belts fastened and ask passengers to Refusal to sign the citation may result in arrest.
keep their belts fastened;

• Stay in the vehicle. Do not get out unless the

officer asks you to;

• Keep hands in plain view, preferably on the

steering wheel, and ask passengers to keep their
hands visible so the officer can see them at all
times;

• Do not make any movement that

will make the officer think you are
hiding or reaching for something.
Page-10 Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023

Sessions 1 and 2: Getting Ready, Starting, Placing the Vehicle

in Motion, and Stopping
Types of Collisions simulate continuously monitoring the path ahead
Driver error is the primary cause of collisions. This includes, while operating each control.
but is not limited to:
• Speed/reckless driving; • Discuss how proper seating position is essential
• Distracted, drowsy, drunk/drugged driving; for optimizing control of the vehicle. Your child
• Following too closely; should be taught to sit with his or her back firmly
• Disobeying traffic signs or signals; and against the seat with at least 10 inches between
• Poor skills, weather, vehicle failure, road design, the steering wheel and his/her chest. The steering
night driving and road obstructions. wheel should be positioned so the air bag points
towards the driver’s chest. The top of the steering
Head-On Collisions have a higher rate of fatalities than wheel should not be higher than the top of the
other collisions and are more likely to occur on two-lane driver’s shoulders.
highways, narrow lanes, curved roads, and in construction
• Adjust the seat so the heel of the foot maintains
zones.
contact with the floor when pivoting the foot
between the brake and accelerator pedals. Short
Rear-End Collisions
drivers may need a seat cushion or pedal extenders
Rear-End Collisions are one of the most common types of
to sit at least 10 inches from the air bag.
multiple-vehicle collisions. Vehicles stopped in traffic and
tailgaters contribute to many of these collisions. Adverse • Adjust the head restraint to align with the center of
conditions, such as dense fog or smoke, heavy rain, and snow the back of the driver’s head.
increase risk because of reduced visibility.
• Adjust the inside mirror so that it frames the entire
Side-Impact Collisions rear window and explain how it is the primary
Most vehicles cannot withstand a side impact. If your mirror for viewing traffic behind the vehicle. Adjust
vehicle is in danger of being hit on the side, your best option side mirrors to see the lanes next to your vehicle
is to accelerate out of danger (if the way ahead is clear) and reduce headlight glare at night from the drivers
rather than apply brakes. behind you. See Mirror Setting (BGE) on page 7.

• Seat belts prevent injuries when worn properly.

Sessions 1 and 2
Improper use may cause injuries. Place the lap
Sessions 1 and 2 will introduce your child to the instrument
portion of the seat belt low and snug across the
panel, vehicle controls, and mirror blind zones. Please invest
hips. The shoulder portion should be worn snug
at least 2 hours to work on these skills. You will need the
across the chest away from the neck and face.
owner’s manual, a measuring tape, cones, plastic cups or
chalk to use in these and future lessons. • Practice starting the engine and adjusting the sound
system, temperature, and other accessories.
Begin in a large, level parking lot free of obstacles. Use the
checklist at the end of Sessions 1 and 2 to help organize • With the right foot firmly on the brake and the
your lessons and evaluate your child’s driving skills. parking brake engaged, and explain when each gear
is used.
• Show your child how to check tire pressure, engine
oil, antifreeze, and other fluid levels. • If the vehicle does not have daylight running lights,
turn on the low-beam headlights.
• Prior to entering the vehicle, coach your child to
check for fluid leaks, broken glass, objects behind • Have your child continue pressing the brake pedal,
the vehicle, etc. Enter the vehicle and review release parking brake and shift to Drive.
interior controls. Turn on the ignition switch
without engaging engine, and discuss the function
of the warning lights, gauges, and accessories. Ask
your child to operate and explain all controls, and to
Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023 Page-11

Moving the Vehicle while maintaining a constant speed and practicing push-
pull-slide steering.
Explain the following to your child:

When practicing turning, coach your child to reduce speed

Smooth Accelerating-requires a gradual increase in
prior to a turn; to use slight acceleration when reaching the
pressure on the gas pedal until the appropriate speed is
middle of the turn; and to allow the steering wheel to slowly
reached. Then, maintain the same amount of pressure to
unwind while tracking the vehicle on the intended path
keep speed consistent.
of travel, in the proper lane position. Discuss the vehicle’s
pivot point for left and right turns, which on most cars is
Smooth Braking-uses a “medium” pressure, at first, followed
even with the driver’s seat. Continuously coach your child to
by softer brake pressure until your vehicle gently rolls to a
focus on looking at and steering toward a target far ahead
stop at the designated point.
of the vehicle in the center of the intended path of travel.
Your child will use these skills when slowing, turning and
Both smooth accelerating and smooth braking require that
accelerating at intersections/curves.
only your toes and ball of your foot press the appropriate
pedal while your heel maintains contact with the floorboard.
Have your child practice commentary driving whenever he/
she changes speed or position. At intersections coach your
Smooth Steering-with hands at 8 and 4, gently move the
child to say, “clear left, clear right, clear left, clear ahead”
steering wheel using push-pull-slide to direct the vehicle to
while moving. Make sure your child signals and checks
your target.
mirrors/blind zones prior to changing speed, position or
direction.
Practice smooth accelerating, braking and steering. First, FRONT pivot point
have your child continue pressing the brake pedal, release (middle of car)

the parking brake and shift to Drive. Second, tell your child i
to identify a target. Third, have him/her release brake
pressure and with no acceleration, move the vehicle toward
a target in the parking lot. Finally, ask your child to drive f REAR pivot point
(center of rear axle)

around the perimeter of the lot focusing on the target ahead

This activity demonstrates that there is a large area

around the vehicle that the driver cannot see while 4. Repeat this process by walking backward from
sitting in the driver’s seat. With your child sitting in the the right and left front corners of the vehicle.
driver’s seat with the front windows down and engine
5. Finally walk backwards from the rear of the
off, get out of the car and stand close to the front bumper
vehicle and mark the area your child cannot see.
facing your child.
Ask your child to measure and record these distances
1. Begin walking backward and ask your child to
on the illustration below. Discuss why it is important for
tap the horn when he/she can see your feet.
your child to know that there is a large area of pavement
Place a cone, cup or mark this spot with chalk
you cannot see from the driver’s seat (e.g., to avoid
to illustrate the pavement area in front of the
running over objects, pedestrians, etc.).
vehicle that cannot be seen from the driver’s
seat.

2. Ask your child to look over the right

shoulder, and repeat this process by
walking away from the right rear of 3 2
the vehicle. Repeat to the left. 4

5
3. Walk backward from each of the 1

front passenger doors and mark the 4

3 2
pavement area not seen by your
child.
Page-12 Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023

Evaluate Skills and Competencies for Sessions 1 - 2

Area around the vehicle that the driver cannot see (record distance in feet)
_____ Distance in front of the vehicle that the driver cannot see
_____ Distance to the rear of the vehicle that the driver cannot see
_____ Distance to the left side of the vehicle that the driver cannot see
_____ Distance to the right side of the vehicle that the driver cannot see

Place “S” for satisfactory or “NP” for needs practice for the following skills:
Getting Ready to Drive
_____ Approaches the vehicle with awareness; checks for fluid leaks, tire condition/position, etc.
_____ Locks doors, fastens safety belt, and checks all occupants for safety belt use
_____ Adjusts head restraints, seat and steering wheel position
_____ Adjusts mirrors to reduce blind spots and puts on safety belt
_____ Identifies vehicle controls (refer to owner’s manual for explanation)
_____ Checks to see if parking brake is set

Starting the Vehicle

_____ Pivots heel and places foot securely on brake pedal
_____ Demonstrates proficient use of ignition switch or starting device
_____ Starts the vehicle and demonstrates ability to select/use appropriate accessories
_____ Puts headlights on both day and night to increase safety
_____ Releases the parking brake and makes appropriate gear selection for movement

Placing Vehicle in Motion

_____ Visually identifies open space and target before moving foot from brake to gas
_____ Looks well ahead of the vehicle at the target to identify the path of travel
_____ Communicates with other users
_____ Puts the vehicle in motion smoothly and uses commentary driving

Stopping Vehicle in Motion

_____ Searches ahead of the vehicle to determine deceleration or braking needs
_____ Checks rear zone space prior to braking
_____ Uses controlled braking efficiently with heel of foot on floorboard
_____ Applies adequate force at the beginning of the braking process
_____ Eases off brake pressure during the last second of braking to reduce vehicle pitch
_____ Brings the vehicle to a smooth stop
_____ Checks the rear zone space during and after braking

Steering
_____ Uses a balanced 8 and 4 hand position on the steering wheel
_____ Uses the push-pull-slide steering method effectively
_____ Turns head and visually checks target area prior to turning
_____ Visually checks the rear/side view mirrors and mirror blind areas

Securing the Vehicle

_____ Sets parking brake; shifts into appropriate gear before removing foot from brake
_____ Turns off appropriate accessories prior to turning off ignition and removing key
_____ Visually checks traffic flow before opening door
_____ Locks doors and activates alarm system if the vehicle is equipped with this device

I certify that __________________________________________ has spent at least two hours practicing the above tasks.

Parent/Guardian’s signature __________________________________________ Date ________________________

Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023 Page-13

Sessions 3-5: Stopping and Steering, Knowing Where You Are

Sessions 3-5 focus on learning the correct procedures reference point, your child should place the vehicle
for moving, stopping and steering the vehicle at different in Park, set the parking brake, turn off the engine,
speeds, and using reference points to perform precise and get out of the vehicle to check whether the
vehicle maneuvers. Invest at least 3 hours learning/ vehicle is 3-6 inches from the line or curb. If it is
practicing these skills, and measure your child’s progress not, your child should adjust vehicle position and
using the checklist provided on the next page. Begin in a identify the location of the “personal” reference
large, level parking lot that is free of obstacles. Place cones point which may vary depending on the vehicle,
or other “targets” at selected locations on the lot. seating position, height of the driver, etc. Practice
this skill until mastery.
Begin the lesson by having your child practice stopping and
steering around the perimeter of the lot at 10 and 15 mph. Right-Side Reference Point: To align the vehicle
Using commentary driving, have your child verbalize the 3-6 inches from a pavement line or curb on the
critical elements of smooth push-pull-slide steering and passenger’s side of the vehicle, ask your child to
stopping. Coach your child to ease off the accelerator or stop when the pavement line appears to intersect
use the brake to reduce speed before entering a curve, and the center of hood.
to use slight acceleration (to overcome inertia) to “pull” the After stopping, your
vehicle out of the curve. Practice these skills using a figure child should get out of
eight pattern. Novice drivers have a tendency to overuse the vehicle to check
the brake and under use the accelerator to control speed, whether the tires are
so coach your child to only use the brake to reduce speed 3-6 inches from the
quickly. line, and make adjustments as needed to establish
the “personal” reference point.
Ask your child to move the vehicle to specified targets in the
parking lot at 10 and 15 mph. Discuss smooth acceleration, Front Reference Point: To align
proper speed, and smooth stops. Explain to your child that the front bumper 3-6 inches
easing pressure off the brake just before coming to a stop from a pavement line or curb,
results in smoother stops by shifting some of the vehicle’s the driver should stop when the
weight from the front to the rear tires. Practice performing line or curb appears under the
smooth stops at low and higher speeds. passenger side mirror. Ask your
child to get out of the vehicle
Reference Points: To know exactly where the to check to see whether the
vehicle is positioned on the roadway, and to front bumper is 3-6 inches from
perform a task successfully every time, your child the pavement line or curb. If needed, adjust vehicle
must learn how to align a part of the vehicle with a position and evaluate the side mirror reference
reference point (curb, pavement marking, side view point. Practice until mastery.
mirror, etc.). Have your child practice this critical
skill by successfully establishing left, right, and front
reference points 8 or 10 times during each session.

Left-Side Reference Point: To teach your child to

align the vehicle 3-6 inches from a pavement line
or curb on the driver’s side of the vehicle, ask your
child to stop when the line or curb appears to
intersect a point on the hood located about one
foot from the left
edge of the car.
After attempting
to stop the vehicle
in this position
using the left-side
Page-14 Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023

Evaluate Skills and Competencies for Sessions 3 - 5

During session 5, parents should begin evaluating whether their children can perform the tasks below without any coaching.
Your child should also be able to explain why each step is important.

Check if these skills are becoming habits

_____ Approaches the vehicle with awareness; checks for fluid leaks, tire condition/position, etc.
_____ Locks doors, fastens safety belt and checks all occupants for safety belt use
_____ Makes proper adjustments
_____ Identifies and operates all controls
_____ Follows steps to put vehicle in motion
_____ Properly secures the vehicle

Place “S” for satisfactory or “NP” for “Needs Practice” for the following skills:

Moving the vehicle – check if these behaviors are automatic

_____ Uses commentary driving
_____ Places heel on floor and accelerates smoothly
_____ Uses a balanced 8 and 4 hand position on the steering wheel
_____ Looks well ahead of the vehicle at the target to effectively monitor the path of travel
_____ Maintains lane position
_____ Exhibits smooth push-pull-slide steering
_____ Checks inside rearview mirror before braking and stops smoothly

Maintaining speed
_____ 10 mph
_____ 15 mph
_____ Demonstrates hard and soft braking for a smooth stop at various speeds

Using reference points

_____ Aligns the vehicle 3 – 6 inches from a line or curb on the driver’s side of the vehicle
_____ Aligns the vehicle 3 – 6 inches from a line of curb on passenger’s side of vehicle
_____ Stops with the front bumper 3 – 6 inches from a pavement line or curb

I certify that _________________________________________ has spent at least three hours practicing the above tasks.

Parent/Guardian’s signature ____________________________________________ Date ________________________

Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023 Page-15

Sessions 6 and 7: Backing

To practice backing and turning the vehicle, have your child:

• grasp the steering wheel at 12 o’clock with the right

Many novice driver crashes are backing crashes since hand if turning to the left, or with the left hand if
few opportunities to practice and improve backing skills turning to the right;
are provided. Backing from one target to another allows
your child to practice body positioning for effective visual • look in the direction you are moving through the
monitoring and tracking, as well as both steering and left or right rear, side, and back windows, and
speed control skills. While back up cameras may provide monitor the inside rear tire tracking next to the
feedback and assistance, drivers should become proficient curb with side view mirrors;
in “technology-free” backing skills.
• keep speed slow, and remind your child that when
backing and turning the front of the vehicle is
One-Hand Steering moving in the opposite direction; and
Movement of the steering wheel with one hand is
recommended for backing maneuvers that do not require • coach your child to make frequent quick checks to
full left or right turns. Backing and steering with one hand the front and sides to monitor vehicle position.
requires shifting one’s hips and seating position so the
driver’s head can be turned to search the area in front, and
establish targets behind the vehicle. Mirrors enhance the Rear Bumper Reference Points:
visual search field while backing, but they do not provide To align the rear bumper 3-6 inches from a line or curb, the
depth perception, and mirrors limit the driver’s field of driver should stop when the line or curb appears near the
vision. Sharp turns at low speeds while backing may require middle of the rear right window when looking over the right
using both hands. Since it is more difficult to steer and shoulder. After stopping, have your
maintain control of the vehicle when moving backward, child get out of the car to see whether
emphasize always backing at slow speeds, and frequently the rear bumper is 3-6 inches from the
glancing forward to check the vehicle’s position. Reverse is a designated line. If necessary, adjust
more powerful gear than Drive, so coach your child to use the vehicle’s position as needed, and
the accelerator pedal carefully, if at all. re-establish the rear side window
reference point from the inside of the
To practice backing the vehicle in a straight line, ask your car.
child to:
When backing around a corner to
• check all the left, the driver looks over the left
areas behind shoulder and begins turning when the corner of the turn
the vehicle aligns with the rear left tire. Use your side view mirror to
before track the left tire around the corner. If a lot of steering
backing; is necessary, the driver may need to use hand-over-hand
steering.
• pivot on heel,
place the When backing around a corner to the right, the driver uses
right foot on the rear limitation reference point to determine when to
the brake, begin steering to the right. Coach your child to frequently
and shift to monitor the front of the vehicle when backing and turning.
Reverse;

• grasp the steering wheel at 12 o’clock with the left

hand;

• shift hips and seating position to look over right

shoulder through the back window; ease off the
brake, and control speed;

• coach your child to make frequent quick checks to

the front to monitor vehicle position; and stop at
the designated point.
Page-16 Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023

Evaluate Skills and Competencies for Sessions 6 - 7

Check if these skills are becoming habits
_____ Approaches the vehicle with awareness
_____ Enters the vehicle and makes appropriate checks and adjustments
_____ Locks doors, fastens safety belt, and checks all occupants for safety belt use
_____ Identifies controls
_____ Follows procedural steps to put vehicle in motion
_____ Controls speed
_____ Uses commentary driving

Place “S” for satisfactory or “NP” for “Needs Practice” for the following skills:

Backing straight
_____ Checks all areas around the vehicle prior to putting it in Reverse and while backing
_____ Pivots foot to brake pedal and shifts to Reverse
_____ Grasps steering wheel at 12 o’clock with left hand
_____ Looks through the back window and targets path of travel
_____ Uses accelerator and brake effectively for speed control
_____ Demonstrates smooth and controlled steering techniques
_____ Makes frequent quick checks to the front
_____ Stops with rear bumper 3-6 inches from a designated line or curb using reference points
_____ Stops vehicle completely before turning back around to face the front of the car

Backing and turning

_____ Searches all areas prior to putting the vehicle in Reverse and while backing
_____ Demonstrates effective one-hand, push-pull-slide and hand-over-hand steering techniques as appropriate
_____ Searches path of travel and looks at target through rear, side, and back windows
_____ Keeps speed slow using idle speed or slight acceleration
_____ Makes frequent quick checks to the front and sides opposite the direction of the turn, and looks at the inside rear tire
using the side view mirror
_____ Stops at the rear tire pivot point prior to turning
_____ Steers toward the target gradually
_____ Looks to the rear, checks front and stops at designated line
_____ Stops the vehicle completely before turning around

Securing the Vehicle

_____ Properly secures the vehicle

I certify that ___________________________________________ has spent at least two hours practicing the above tasks.

Parent/Guardian’s signature _____________________________________________ Date ________________________

Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023 Page-17

Sessions 8-10: Turning, Lane Position, and Visual Skills

Sessions 8 – 10 require knowledge of signs, signals,
pavement markings, right of way rules, and speed limits.
Review the Virginia Driver’s Manual (www.dmvnow.com/
drivers/#manual.html) to prepare for these sessions.

During these three sessions start in a parking lot and

practice 10-15 right and left turns into parking spaces and at
intersections from stopped and moving positions. Left turns
should be “squared” and right turns should be “rounded.”
Emphasize proper signals, mirror checks, speed and steering
control, use side view mirror reference point for turns,
Using commentary driving while approaching an
and look far ahead of the vehicle at selected targets in the
intersection, have your child describe:
center of the path of travel. Encourage your child to search
the driving environment and not to fixate on any one thing.
• how to search all areas of the intersection for
Prior to progressing to driving in low risk neighborhoods,
vehicles, pedestrians, traffic controls, etc.;
your child should be able to demonstrate the ability to
move and stop the vehicle smoothly, maintain a given speed, • how to check traffic to the rear, before putting on
and steer with reasonable precision. Once your child has turn signal 4 seconds before turning;
mastered these skills, begin practicing right and left turns in
a residential area. • who must yield at a signal-controlled intersection
by identifying who has the green light; and
Selecting adequate gap in traffic is a very difficult skill and
requires a lot of practice! Coach your child to look at the • how to select the best lane, lane position, and yield
approaching vehicle’s tires in contact with the pavement to pedestrians and other vehicles.
(not at the body of the car), to judge the distance and speed
of the approaching vehicle. Using commentary driving
while sitting in the parking lot, ask your child to practice
Right Turns from A Stop
judging the speed and distance of approaching traffic by
The following steps are used when turning onto one-way or
identifying vehicles that they think they can safely pull in
two-way streets.
front of or behind.
• Position the vehicle 3 feet from the curb (any closer
When turning out of a parking lot, coach your child to
the rear tire may hit curb).
identify a target 15 and 20 seconds ahead of the vehicle
(approximately one block) in the closest lane. Using • Stop with the front bumper even with the stop
commentary driving, ask your child to explain what he or line or curb line, and angle the front of the vehicle
she sees (potential risks) and the proper reaction to them. slightly to the right in position to move into the path
Also focus on enhancing awareness of signs and pavement of travel.
markings, which provide important visual search clues for
early risk identification and reference points for mastering • Search intersection to the left, right, front, left,
vehicle maneuvers. If the road has pavement markings, and back to the right, and yield to traffic in the
tell your child to look as far ahead as possible, keeping the intersection.
pavement marking on the driver’s side in the peripheral
• Look at the tires, not the body, of the approaching
field of vision, and not to look down at the lines when trying
vehicle and select a large gap in traffic.
to “center the vehicle.” Looking at the pavement directly
in front of the vehicle often causes the vehicle to “drift” in • After identifying a gap, accelerate without
the lane. Drivers steer in the direction they look, and any hesitation while looking at target.
eye motion away from the target area in the center of the
path of travel 10 – 20 seconds ahead of the vehicle should • Using push-pull-slide steering, move forward and
be a quick glance. Coach your child to continuously search begin turning the steering wheel when the vehicle’s
far ahead of the vehicle and not to fixate on anything at the right-side mirror appears to be aligned with the
sides of the path of travel. curb.
Page-18 Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023

• Select a target that is 15-20 seconds ahead in the Invest time practicing left turns and judging gaps in traffic.
center of the closest open lane, encourage your Left turns cross in front of oncoming traffic and are
child to accelerate gradually, and allow the steering extremely dangerous for novice drivers. During the first
wheel to recover by letting it slide through the year of driving, coach your child to avoid left turns whenever
hands. possible. The inability to judge gaps in traffic causes T-bone
crashes.

Roundabouts

At first, most drivers feel anxious when they approach

a roundabout. But studies show after drivers use
roundabouts, they like them because traffic is constantly
flowing through the intersection. Roundabouts help reduce
the likelihood and severity of collisions because of low
speeds, one-way travel, and there’s no incentive to speed
up to try to beat the traffic light. Drivers must yield to
pedestrians, cyclists and vehicles already in the roundabout
before entering, but they are not required to stop if there
is no traffic in the roundabout. When driving on multi-lane
roundabouts you must yield to both lanes of traffic, and
choose your lane in the same way you would in a traditional
multi-lane intersection. To go straight or right, get in the
Right of way is a gift. You do not have it unless someone right lane.
gives it to you!
Right Turn:
Left Turns on Two-Way Streets from a (When taking the first exit): Keep right, use right lane and
Stop right turn signal on approach and through the roundabout.
Straight Ahead:
• Begin by positioning the vehicle 3-6 inches from the
Select the appropriate path or designated through lane
yellow line or median in the middle of the road.
before entering the roundabout. Use right turn signal when
• Stop with wheels pointed straight ahead behind the passing the exit before the one to be taken.
stop line, pedestrian crosswalk, or before entering Left or U-Turn:
an intersection.
Enter the roundabout from the left side of the entry or the
• Search the intersection to the left, front, right, and designated left turn lane and use your left turn signal on
back to the left, and look for vehicles making a right approach. Keep to the left in the roundabout until you need
turn on red in your target area. to exit. Use right turn signal when passing the exit before
the one to be taken.
• Select a gap in traffic, avoid hesitation, move
straight forward towards the middle of the
intersection.

• Use the yellow line on the left in your target area,

yield to oncoming traffic and turn when the front
bumper appears to approach the yellow line.

• Mid-way through the turn, allow the steering wheel

to slide through your hands until front wheels are
straight and you are in the travel lane closest to the
yellow line or median.

• Select a new target 15-20 seconds ahead in

the center of the path of travel and continue
accelerating gradually to a safe travel speed.
Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023 Page-19

Evaluate Skills and Competencies for Sessions 8-10

Check if skills have become habits
_____ Approaches the vehicle with awareness
_____ Locks doors, fastens safety belt, and checks all occupants for safety belt use
_____ Identifies controls and follows procedural steps to put vehicle in motion
_____ Checks mirrors frequently
_____ Uses commentary driving
_____ Properly secures vehicle

Place “S” for satisfactory or “NP” for “Needs Practice” for the following skills:

Vehicle position and steps for right turns

_____ Selects the best lane and lane position and understands the correct path of travel
_____ Uses proper signals and positions vehicle 3 feet from the curb for a right turn
_____ Stops with the front bumper even with curb or behind stop line
_____ Angles vehicle slightly to the right when stopped at curb for a right turn
_____ Uses side view mirror even with curb as reference point to begin right turn
_____ Establishes target in path of travel in closest open travel lane
_____ Selects gap in oncoming traffic and avoids hesitation
_____ Controls speed until reaching apex of turn and accelerates towards target
_____ Uses proper push-pull-slide steering techniques
_____ Turns into the closest open travel lane and establishes new target in path of travel
_____ Successfully navigates a roundabout

Vehicle position and steps for left turns

_____ Selects the best lane and lane position and understands the correct path of travel
_____ Uses proper signals and positions the vehicle 3-6 inches from the center line to prepare for a left turn
_____ Uses front bumper approaching yellow line as reference point in target area to begin the left turn
_____ Selects gap in oncoming traffic and avoids hesitation
_____ Controls speed until reaching apex of turn and accelerates towards target
_____ Uses proper push-pull-slide steering techniques
_____ Turns into the closest open travel lane and establishes new target in path of travel

Visual skills
_____ Looks 15-20 seconds ahead of the vehicle
_____ Selects and looks at target in the center of the path of travel
_____ Recognizes and explains meaning of signs by their shape, color and message well in advance
_____ Understands meaning of yellow and white pavement markings
_____ Understands meaning of solid and broken pavement markings
_____ Recognizes a green arrow, left turn only, yellow flashing light or arrow, and no left turn signs
_____ Searches all areas of the intersection identifying open, closed and changing areas [see page 20 (SEE iT)]
_____ Effectively judges speed of approaching traffic and makes good gap selection
_____ Yields to pedestrians and oncoming traffic
_____ Checks mirrors before slowing or stopping

I certify that _________________________________________ has spent at least three hours practicing the above tasks.

Parent/Guardian’s signature ______________________________ Date ________________________

Page-20 Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023

Sessions 11-13: Searching Intended Path of Travel

In a residential area, or, if ready, on roads with light traffic, commentary driving to SEARCH and EVALUATE changing
continue working on improving visual skills, negotiating or closed space when approaching intersections, and then
curves, and right and left turns. Practice using reference demonstrate how to EXECUTE a speed or position change in
points, judging space in seconds, identifying a target, and Time to manage risks.
searching the target area and path of travel. Ask your child
to comment prior to changing speed or position. You can steer around a risk in less time than it takes to
brake and stop to avoid colliding with the risk. That is
because the distance needed for steering is much shorter
than the distance needed for stopping. Coach your child to
look for open spaces that can be used as “escape routes”
and not at what he/she is trying to avoid. Drivers steer in
the direction they look. If you coach your child to look for
and create space around the vehicle, your child is much less
likely to crash.

Judging Space in Seconds

To calculate space in seconds, have your child select a fixed
object, count one-one thousand, two-one thousand, etc.,
until the driver reaches the object. Ask your child to practice
judging space in seconds at different speeds, and discuss
escape routes and stopping distances. Drivers have the
most control over the space in front of the vehicle. When
traveling at 25 to 30 mph, look 12 to 15 seconds in the path
Novice drivers have the tendency to monitor the road ahead, which is approximately a city block. This distance
immediately in front of the vehicle. The target they should is the target area in front of the vehicle that your child
be monitoring is an area or object that is located 15-20 must monitor. Stopping zones at average speeds are 4 to 8
seconds ahead of the vehicle in the center of the path of seconds ahead, and following distance for steering evasive
travel, and is what the driver steers toward. The target can maneuvers should be 3 to 4 seconds.
be a car, a block ahead, a traffic signal, a crest of a hill, etc. To
practice this skill, use commentary driving for two to three Emphasize that on dry surfaces:
minutes, and have your child identify targets and potential
risks. Having a target helps your child: A three-second following interval at speeds under
45 mph provides the driver time to steer and brake
• visually track the space that the vehicle will be out of problem areas.
occupying;
A four-second following interval at speeds under
• look far ahead to search for and manage risks; 70 mph provides the driver time to steer and brake
out of problems.
• improve steering accuracy to perform proficient
vehicle maneuvers.
Move Over Law
Virginia’s Updated Move Over Law requires drivers to move
The SEEiT system: Search, Evaluate, and Execute in Time, is over or slow down for stopped vehicles that have their
a simple space management process your child should use hazards lights on, display road flares or other warning signs.
to control driving risks. When Searching the path of travel, Previously, drivers only had to move over for emergency
your child should look for open, changing, and closed areas. vehicles.
An example of an open area is an area with no other road
users. Examples of a closed area would be stopped traffic,
stop sign, red light, pedestrians, etc. Examples of a changing
area would be a car pulling out of a driveway, a yellow light,
a left-turning vehicle, a bicyclist, etc. Ask your child to use
Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023 Page-21

Target Pitch, Roll and Yaw

Vehicles operate in three dimensions centered on the
vehicle’s center of mass – longitudinal, vertical and
horizontal axes. Changes in the location of the vehicle’s
Area of Acceleration center of mass, relative to its track, determines load transfer
between front and rear, as well as side to side. The vehicle
will experience pitch, roll or yaw usually as the result of
the suspension reacting to turns, acceleration and road
Apex conditions.

Area of deceleration Changing vehicle balance from side to side (roll)

Steering, road design, vehicle height, and lean can affect a
vehicle’s side-to-side balance. For example: steering to the
right shifts the vehicle weight to the left, and in extreme
circumstances the vehicle may rollover. Rotation around the
vertical axis of the vehicle is called roll.
Coaching your child to maintain control of the vehicle
through a curve. Changing vehicle balance from front to rear (backward
pitch)
Discuss warning sign speeds for curves which are calculated Acceleration causes the weight or center of mass to transfer
based on the angle and bank of the curve. On approach, toward the rear tires of the vehicle. More rapid acceleration
position the vehicle in the lane to try to establish a sightline will result in greater weight transfer and reduced front
to the apex (middle) and the exit of the curve. Reduce speed tire traction. Rotation around the front-to-back axis of the
(inertia) before entering the curve, and slowly reduce the vehicle is called pitch.
pressure on the brake until reaching the apex (middle) of the
curve. At the apex, coach your child to begin applying light Changing vehicle balance from rear to front (forward
acceleration to enhance centripetal force to keep the car pitch)
moving along the circular path towards the target. When brakes are applied, weight or center of mass is
transferred toward the front of the vehicle. If braking is
The sharpness/bank of a curve in addition to the vehicle’s hard, there is a noticeable drop of the hood and reduced
speed, weight and height affect vehicle control. Traction loss rear tire traction.
when entering a curve is often caused by excessive speed,
braking, or steering. Front tire traction loss (referred to as Changing the vehicle’s rear load to the right or left
“understeer,”) causes the vehicle to “plow” straight ahead (yaw)
when the tires do not respond to steering input. “Oversteer” Hard, sudden steering, braking, a slippery road surface,
is when the rear tires lose traction and slide from one tire to or right or left elevation of the roadway can affect vehicle
the other. This causes the car to turn more than the amount balance and result in the loss of rear tire traction. When
of steering input, and one of the rear tires tries to lead the vehicle losses traction to the rear, the vehicle may slide
(fishtailing). to the left or right. Left or right rotation around the axis is
called yaw.
Vehicle Balance
The distribution of the vehicle’s weight on all four tires is
called vehicle balance. Ideal balance and tire patch size are
only reached when the vehicle is motionless. As soon as
acceleration, deceleration, steering, or a combination of
these actions occur, vehicle balance and the distribution of
vehicle weight on the tires changes. However, when the
vehicle is traveling at a constant speed, and the suspension
is set on center, steering and traction control are considered
to be in balance.
Page-22 Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023

Evaluate Skills and Competencies for Sessions 11-13

Check if behavior has become a habit
_____ Approaches the vehicle with awareness
_____ Enters the vehicle and makes appropriate checks and adjustments
_____ Locks doors, fastens safety belt, and checks all occupants for safety belt use
_____ Uses proper signals
_____ Checks mirrors before slowing or stopping
_____ Maintains and adjusts speed to flow of traffic to maintain adequate space cushion
_____ Uses commentary driving

Place “S” for satisfactory or “NP” for “Needs Practice” for the following skills:

Searching the Intended Path of Travel (evaluate these skills using commentary driving)

Target
_____ Identifies an object or area in the center of the intended path of travel
_____ Identifies and adjusts speed at entrance, apex and exit of curve

Space Management (Uses SEE-iT process)

_____ Searches the space the vehicle will occupy at least 15-20 seconds ahead
_____ Continually evaluates the immediate 4-8 second travel path
_____ Adjusts speed and/or position to maintain open space to the front and sides of vehicle
_____ Maintains a 3-4 second following interval at all times (space cushion)

Identifies Open, Closed or Changing Spaces

_____ Identifies travel path as open, closed or changing, and adjusts speed and position as needed

Searches Intersections
_____ Searches for open zones/space to the left, front, and right when approaching and entering intersections
_____ Identifies closed or changing zones/spaces and makes necessary speed and/or lane adjustments
_____ Stops in proper position; stops completely/tires are motionless
_____ Yields and understands right-of-way rules
_____ Comments prior to changing vehicle speed or position

Curves
_____ Positions the vehicle to increase line of sight
_____ Slows to the speed posted on the warning sign before entering curve
_____ Slowly lightens pressure on the brake until reaching the apex (middle) of the curve
_____ Applies light acceleration to pull the car out of the curve towards target

Securing the Vehicle

_____ Properly secures vehicle

I certify that _________________________________________ has spent at least three hours practicing the above tasks.

Parent/Guardian’s signature _____________________________________________ Date ________________________

Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023 Page-23

Sessions 14-16: Parking

• Monitor your front bumper on the opposite side of
the direction you are turning using quick glances to
the front.
Sessions 14-16 focus on learning the correct procedures for
angle, perpendicular, and parallel parking using reference • When your front bumper has cleared the space by
points and commentary driving. Begin Session 14 in a large, several feet, stop, and shift to Drive.
level parking lot free of obstacles. During each session have
your child practice angle, perpendicular, and parallel parking
on the right and the left side 8-10 times. Perpendicular Parking Steps (parking at a
90-degree angle)

• Signal intention and position the vehicle 5-6 feet

away from the space.

• Move forward until the side view mirror appears to

align with the first pavement line of the space.

• Turn the wheel rapidly left or right while controlling

speed.

• Steer towards a target in the center of the space

Angle Parking Steps and begin straightening the wheels when the front
tires are in space
• Signal intention and position the vehicle 3-4 feet
from the space in which the vehicle will be parked. • Position the front bumper 3-6 inches from the curb
or end of the space.
• Move forward until the side view mirror appears to
align with the first pavement line of the space.

• Using a slow controlled speed, visually target the

middle of the parking space and turn the wheel
rapidly.

• Steer toward the target in the center of the space

and when the front wheels are in space begin
straightening the tires and stop when the front
bumper is 3-6 inches from the curb or end of the
space.

• If you have a choice, parking on the left gives you Exiting a Perpendicular Space
more room to maneuver and a better view of traffic
when you back out of the space. • Place foot on brake, signal intention, shift to
Reverse, and look through the rear window.

Exiting an Angle Parking Space • Back until your bumper is even with the bumper of
the vehicle located on the turning side, and begin
• Place foot on brake, signal in the direction you will turning the steering wheel in the direction you want
turn steering wheel, shift to Reverse, look over your the rear to go.
shoulder to search path of travel.
• Monitor your front bumper on the opposite side of
• Back straight back until your vehicle’s front bumper the direction you are turning.
is even with the back bumper of the vehicle next to
you, and slowly begin turning the steering wheel in • When your front bumper clears the back of the
the direction you want the rear to go. vehicle by several feet, stop, and shift to Drive, and
establish a target in your intended path of travel.
Page-24 Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023

Parallel Parking Steps (parking on the Parking on a Hill

right)
When parking uphill or downhill, coach your child to
• Signal that you are stopping and turning. place the vehicle in REVERSE or FIRST gear for manual
transmissions, and PARK for automatic transmissions, and
• Stop 2-3 feet next to and slightly behind the car in make sure the parking brake is properly engaged. To further
front with your rear right tire even with the other ensure that the vehicle does not roll into traffic, turn the
vehicle’s back bumper. front wheels:

• Shift to Reverse. Check traffic behind, and back • towards the curb when parking downhill;
slowly steering sharply to the right.
• towards the road edge when parking uphill without
• Stop when the side view mirror is in line with the a curb; and
rear bumper of the vehicle you are parking behind
or when you can see the right headlight or tire of • away from the curb when parking uphill with a
the car behind in your side view mirror. curb.

• Back slowly until your front bumper clears the back

bumper of the vehicle you are parking behind.

• Continue backing slowly while steering rapidly to

the left using quick glances to the front and the rear
of the vehicle until the vehicle’s wheels are straight.

• Center vehicle in space. Wheels should be 6-12

inches from the curb.

Exiting a Parallel Parking Space

• Brake, shift to Reverse, and ease back as near as

possible to the vehicle behind you.

• Check traffic, signal, and shift to Drive.

• Move forward slowly while steering rapidly out of

the space.

• Begin straightening wheels when your vehicle’s

front seat is even with the back bumper of the car in
front, look at the target in the center of your path of
travel and begin accelerating.
Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023 Page-25

Evaluating Skills and Competencies for Sessions 14-16

Check if skill has become a habit
_____ Approaches the vehicle with awareness
_____ Enters the vehicle and makes appropriate checks and adjustments
_____ Locks doors, fastens safety belt, and checks all occupants for safety belt use
_____ Checks mirrors before slowing or stopping
_____ Avoids hesitation
_____ Uses commentary driving

Place “S” for satisfactory or “NP” for “Needs Practice” for the following skills:
Angle Parking
_____ Signals intention
_____ Approaches space at proper distance (3-4 feet)
_____ Aligns the vehicle’s side view mirror with the reference point
_____ Controls speed and monitors all four corners of the vehicle
_____ Selects target to center the vehicle in the space
_____ Controls speed and steers towards the target
_____ Positions the front bumper 3-6 inches from the curb or end of the space
Exiting Angle Parking Space
_____ Signals intention
_____ Aligns the vehicle with the reference point before turning the steering wheel
_____ Controls speed and monitors the path of travel
_____ Steers into closest lane after the front tire clears the back of the parked vehicle
Perpendicular Parking
_____ Signals intention
_____ Establishes proper distance (5-6 feet) from parked vehicles
_____ Uses reference point to begin turn (side view mirror aligns with the first pavement line of the space)
_____ Controls speed and steers toward target in center of space
_____ Centers vehicle in the space
_____ Positions the front bumper 3-6 inches from the curb or the end of the space
Exiting a Perpendicular Parking Space
_____ Controls speed and monitors all four corners of the vehicle and path of travel
_____ Signals intention and aligns vehicle with the proper reference point before turning the steering wheel
_____ Steers into proper lane after the front tire clears the back of the parked vehicle
Parallel Parking (on the right)
_____ Signal intention and stop the vehicle 2-3 feet parallel to the car in front of the space
_____ Shift to Reverse
_____ Steer sharply right until side view mirror is even with rear bumper of other vehicle
_____ Stop and straighten wheels
_____ Back straight until vehicle’s front bumper is even with back bumper of other vehicle
_____ Continues moving back while steering sharply left
_____ Center vehicle in parking space, 6-12 inches from the curb
Exiting Parallel Parking Space
_____ Backs as near as possible to the vehicle parked behind the space
_____ Checks traffic, signals, head check, and shifts to Drive
_____ Controls speed and steers out of the space
_____ Straightens wheels gradually when front seat aligns with the back bumper of vehicle in front

I certify that __________________________________________ has spent at least three hours practicing the above tasks.

Parent/Guardian’s signature ___________________________________________ Date __________________________

Page-26 Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023

Sessions 17 and 18: U-turns are very dangerous because you cross the

Turnabouts
paths of multiple lanes of traffic, and therefore not
allowed at all intersections.

Sessions 17 and 18 will focus on recognizing the different • On a two-way multiple-lane highway, the driver
types of turnabouts and selecting the appropriate type of begins the U-turn in the left lane closest to the
turnabout for a given situation. Begin Sessions 17 and 18 center line or median.
in a large, level parking lot free of obstacles, and practice
2-point, 3-point, and U-turns. Progress to a lightly traveled • The driver completes the turn in the lane furthest to
residential area, and focus on visual search skills, turns, and the right in the opposite flow of traffic.
practice doing each each turnabout at least 10 times.
• Target the center of your path of travel and
accelerate to the appropriate speed.
The easiest and safest way to change directions is to drive
around the block. If that is not an option, practice changing
directions using the following turnabouts:

Two-point turnabouts require the driver to head into,

or back into, a driveway on the same side or on
the other side of the roadway to reverse direction.
The safest way to execute a 2-point turnabout is
by backing into a driveway on the same side of the
street.

5
4

Three-point turnabouts are an option if no driveway

is available, traffic is light, and the available space
prevents a U-turn.

• To begin a 3-point turnabout, position the vehicle

next to the curb on the right.

• When safe, move forward while turning the wheel

sharply to the left towards the opposite side of the
road. Stop approximately a foot from the curb.

• Shift to Reverse. Check traffic and back slowly

turning the wheel rapidly to the right until your
front bumper is in the center of the road.

• Shift to Drive, target the center of your path of

travel and accelerate.

3 2 1

4
5
Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023 Page-27

Skills and Competencies Checklist for Sessions 17-18

Check if behavior has become a habit
_____ Approaches the vehicle with awareness
_____ Enters the vehicle and makes appropriate checks and adjustments
_____ Locks doors, fastens safety belt, and checks all occupants for safety belt use
_____ Checks mirrors before slowing or stopping
_____ Maintains a safe following distance at all times (space cushion to front)
_____ Uses commentary driving at all times to provide evidence of level of skill
_____ Properly secures vehicle

Place “S” for satisfactory or “NP” for “Needs Practice” for the following skills:

Approach to Intersections
_____ Identifies and responds appropriately to open/closed spaces by changing speed or position
_____ Checks and manages space to the rear
_____ Establishes and maintains proper lane usage and reduces speed
_____ Searches left, front and right zones for changes to line of sight and path of travel. Identifies open and closed spaces ​
before entering intersection
_____ Safely stops and effectively manages risks when necessary

Turnabouts
_____ Selects the appropriate type of turnabout for a given situation
_____ Searches for signs prohibiting U-turns and left turns
_____ Demonstrates and explains the proper starting position
_____ Demonstrates and explains the proper forward position
_____ Searches left, front, and right to determine open spaces
_____ Uses proper signals
_____ Controls speed
_____ Looks through the turn at target before turning the steering wheel
_____ Identifies a target at the end of the turnabout in the path of travel
_____ Avoids hesitation
_____ Successfully executes several 2-point turns
_____ Successfully executes several 3-point turns
_____ Successfully executes several U-turns

Visual and Commentary Driving Skills

_____ Looks well ahead of the vehicle by describing targets in the path of travel
_____ Identifies open space
_____ Searches for signs prohibiting left turn or U-turn
_____ Checks mirrors before slowing or stopping
_____ Judges adequate gap in traffic prior to executing maneuver

I certify that ___________________________________________ has spent at least two hours practicing the above tasks.

Parent/Guardian’s signature ______________________________________________ Date ________________________

Page-28 Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023

Sessions 19-21: Multiple Lane Roadways

Sessions 19-21 focus on lane position, lane changing, The space in front of the vehicle is the space over which
following distance, and mirror blind zones. If possible, you have the most control. Maintaining at least a 3 to 4
choose a time to practice driving on four-lane roadways second margin of space between your vehicle and the
when traffic is minimal. vehicle ahead provides the driver with visibility, time, and
space to avoid frontal crashes, and time to steer or brake
There are several lane position choices a driver can select out of dangerous situations at moderate speeds. Coach your
without changing lanes. Practice driving in lane position child to accelerate or decelerate when the 3 to 4 second
1, 2 and 3 several times during each session, and discuss gap increases or decreases. This will also help your child
situations that require a buffer of space. maintain and/or travel at the speed of the flow of traffic.
When stopping behind another vehicle, coach your child
to stop in a position to see the rear tires of the car in front
touching the roadway surface. This provides a space cushion
if hit from behind, better sight distance to monitor the area
ahead, and room to maneuver around a disabled vehicle.

Mirror blind zones - When learning to ride a bike, your

child was taught to check over the shoulder in the
area next to and behind the bike to make sure there
Position 1: The vehicle is centered in the lane and is the are no cars. As a driver, coach your child to monitor
lane position most often used. the area to the rear using the inside mirror, to the
sides using side view mirrors, and to check the blind
Position 2: The vehicle is 6-12 inches from the lane line zone by glancing quickly over the shoulder in the
on the driver’s side. This is the lane position used for area in the outer fringe of the driver’s peripheral
a left turn, to avoid obstacles in the lane, etc., as it field of vision. New drivers have a tendency to move
allows for a margin of safety on the right side of the the steering wheel in the same direction that they
vehicle. move their head. Coach your child to focus on not
moving the steering wheel when making the head
Position 3: The vehicle is 6-12 inches from the check by keeping both shoulders square to the
passenger-side pavement line or curb, and this lane steering wheel.
position is the best position to approach a hill or
curve, or when you need more space to the left.

Blind Area

Right Side
Mirror View

Central Fringe Rear Mirror View

Vision Area

Left Side
Mirror View

Blind Area
Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023 Page-29

Checking traffic for a lane change

• Ask your child to look at the other vehicle’s tires in
contact with the road, not at the body of the car, and
Changing lanes - Ask your child when he/she would
estimate space and distance in seconds
need to change lanes. Answers may include: to avoid
an obstacle in the lane, to prepare for a turn, exit • When making a left turn from a two-way four-lane
the highway, or pass another vehicle. Emphasize street, begin and end the turn in the lane closest
that passing another vehicle on a two-lane, two- to the yellow line. Invest time practicing how to
way roadway is extremely dangerous and often negotiate protected and unprotected intersections,
unnecessary. determining who must yield, and identifying vehicles
turning right on red.

• Protected left turns are made from a turn lane

marked with an arrow and left-turn traffic signal,
and the oncoming traffic has a red light. An
unprotected left turn is dangerous because it is
made at an intersection without a left-turn arrow or
signal, and the oncoming traffic has a green light.

• Using commentary driving, ask your child to

explain the traffic controls at each intersection and
demonstrate awareness of who has the green and
red lights.
Practice changing lanes 15-20 times during these three
sessions. Steps to safely change lanes: Passing and being passed - Ask your child to explain the
legal responsibilities of the passing driver and the
• check traffic flow to rear and sides using mirrors for driver being passed. Using commentary driving, have
appropriate gap; your child practice the safe passing steps below:
• signal intention by placing gentle pressure on the
turn signal lever; • position your vehicle a safe distance behind the
vehicle being passed;
• recheck traffic flow to the rear, sides, and front;
steady hands and make a quick glance over the • check ahead to make sure you have plenty of space
shoulder to check blind zone area; before you try to pass;

• maintain speed or accelerate slightly before and • signal intentions, check mirrors and blind zone area
during the lane change; over shoulder;

• make a gradual move into the lane (front and rear • accelerate to an appropriate speed - make sure your
tires should glide almost simultaneously across 3-5 child does not exceed the posted speed limit;
broken pavement lines); • while monitoring path of travel, use the rearview
• regain space around the vehicle and adjust following mirror to look for the front of the car being passed;
distance as needed. • signal intentions; and after seeing the front of the
Right turns are always made from the right turn lane(s), vehicle you are passing, change lanes, cancel signal,
or the travel lane closest to the right and they end in and maintain speed.
the closest open lane. Review Sessions 8-10 for steps
to skillfully execute a right turn. NOTE: Teach your child to help drivers pass safely.
Explain why this is not a good time to become competitive!
Left turns pose a much higher risk than right turns for
your child because they cross directly in front of
the path of oncoming traffic. New drivers also have
difficulty judging the speed and distance of multiple
lanes of oncoming traffic - invest time practicing this
skill.
Page-30 Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023

Evaluate Skills and Competencies for Sessions 19-21

Check if skills have become habits
_____ Approaches the vehicle with awareness
_____ Enters the vehicle and makes appropriate checks and adjustments
_____ Locks doors, fastens safety belt, and checks all occupants for safety belt use
_____ Checks mirrors before slowing or stopping
_____ Maintains an adequate following distance
_____ Uses proper signals
_____ Controls speed

Place “S” for satisfactory or “NP” for “Needs Practice” for the following skills:

Lane Change/Passing
_____ Uses mirrors and checks traffic flow behind and to the sides
_____ Signals intention
_____ Rechecks traffic flow to the rear and sides using mirrors to confirm an adequate gap
_____ Checks blind zones by turning head to look over shoulder
_____ Avoids hesitation
_____ Maintains speed or accelerates slightly before and during the lane change
_____ Moves gradually into the lane (tires cross 3-5 broken lines)
_____ Checks rearview mirror and identifies the front of car being passed to safely return to lane
_____ Adjusts following distance as needed and regains space around the vehicle

Vehicle Position – Right/Left Turns

_____ Selects the best lane and lane position
_____ Positions the vehicle in lane position 3 for a right turn (6 to 12 inches from the curb)
_____ Stops the vehicle with the front bumper even with curb line, crosswalk or behind stop line
_____ Angles wheels slightly to the right before stopping at the curb line for a right turn
_____ Keeps wheels straight and positions vehicle 6-12 inches from the center of the road to prepare for a left turn –
lane position 2
_____ Maintains at least a 3-second space cushion in front of the vehicle at all times
_____ Recognizes and adjusts position and/or speed when being tailgated

Visual and Commentary Driving Skills

_____ Looks and searches well ahead of the vehicle
_____ Selects and looks at a target towards the end of the turn
_____ Recognizes regulatory and warning signs by shape and explains meaning of each sign
_____ Understands the meaning of yellow and white pavement markings
_____ Understands the meaning of solid and broken pavement markings
_____ Searches all corners of the intersection for risks
_____ Selects targets10-20 seconds ahead in the center of the path of travel
_____ Judges gap in traffic for right and left turns
_____ Identifies protected and unprotected intersections
_____ Explains each lane position and appropriate reference points for turning, changing lanes and passing
_____ Monitors and makes appropriate adjustments for safe interaction with other highway users

I certify that _________________________________________ has spent at least three hours practicing the above tasks.

Parent/Guardian’s signature ______________________________________________ Date ________________________

Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023 Page-31

Sessions 22-24: City Driving

• pedestrians moving to and from office buildings or
stores, crossing streets, etc.;

Sessions 22-24 focus on driving on urban roadways. During • limited sight distance;
these sessions have your child use commentary driving to
• more intersections spaced at shorter intervals;
explain the importance of searching ahead, lane position
and the hazards associated with parked cars and traffic • aggressive, impatient drivers competing for lane
congestion. space or parking spaces; and

Making safe driving decisions is an important skill! In • stop and go traffic flow.
city traffic drivers make 50-60 decisions per mile. These
decisions incorporate factors such as visibility, space, time, During these sessions, ask your child to use commentary
and adequate traction to cross, turn, and pass. Coach your driving to identify potential risks 15-20 seconds ahead of
child to focus on controlling speed and maximizing space the vehicle.
around the vehicle, especially to the front to enhance
visibility, space and time in congested high risk driving When your child identifies a hazard, he/she should reduce
environments. Emphasize that using effective search skills speed, cover the brake to be prepared to stop or slow
and avoiding distractions is essential when driving in this suddenly, and identify an alternative path of travel. Covering
environment. the brake involves taking the foot off the accelerator pedal
and holding it over the brake pedal. Remind your child not
Have your child identify some city driving hazards. to rest the foot on the brake pedal as this may confuse other
Examples of city driving hazards include: drivers and add unnecessary wear to the brakes. Identifying
an alternate path of travel allows your child to steer into an
• parked cars, cars entering or exiting parking spaces, open space and avoid a hazard.
doors opening, etc.;
Lane position and lane selection - have your child select
• delivery trucks stopping suddenly, drivers racing to the lane position that provides the greatest amount of
and from the trucks, etc.; space between the vehicle and a potential hazard. Ask your
child to identify the least congested lane. On a three-lane
• buses, loading and unloading passengers; roadway, the middle lane usually has the smoothest flow
of traffic. Hazards in the right lane include stopped buses,
• blind alleys, cars or bicyclists darting out of alleys;
bicyclists and vehicles entering/exiting a parking space.
Hazards in the left lane include vehicles waiting to make a
left turn, oncoming vehicles crossing over the center line,
etc.
Page-32 Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023

Typical driving distractions include:

• setting or looking at the GPS, or reading a text;

• dialing or talking on the phone;

• passengers and pets;

• selecting music or adjusting accessories;

• eating, drinking, smoking;

• searching for an item in a purse, glove

compartment, backpack, etc.;

• having book bags slide off the seat or carrying other

unrestrained items in your car;
The dangers of changing lanes in city traffic include:
• engaging in intense or emotional conversations;
• limited space; • putting on makeup or looking at yourself in the
mirror;
• intersections spaced at shorter intervals;
• driving an unfamiliar vehicle without first adjusting
• cars pulling into or out of parking spaces;
the mirrors and seat, selecting entertainment
• stop and go traffic flow; options, locating the lights, windshield wipers, or
other vehicle controls.
• pedestrians;

• oncoming drivers drifting over the center line. In heavy traffic, continuously coach your child to actively
search the traffic scene for potential risks, avoid distracting
activities, focus on keeping as much space as possible
During these sessions, ask your child to use commentary
around the vehicle at all times, and not to fixate on any one
driving to identify potential risks 15-20 seconds ahead of
thing.
the vehicle.

Distractions while driving can be deadly, especially for

young drivers. Ask your child to give examples of driving
distractions.
Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023 Page-33

Evaluate Skills and Competencies for Sessions 22-24

Check if skills have become habits
_____ Approaches the vehicle with awareness
_____ Enters the vehicle and makes appropriate checks and adjustments
_____ Locks doors, fastens safety belt, and checks all occupants for safety belt use
_____ Checks mirrors before slowing or stopping
_____ Covers the brake when necessary
_____ Maintains at least a 3-4 second space cushion in front of vehicle at all times
_____ Minimizes distractions

Place “S” for satisfactory or “NP” for “Needs Practice” for the following skills:

Approach to Intersections
_____ Identifies and selects correct lane position
_____ Checks space behind frequently and reduces speed if vehicle behind is too close
_____ Establishes proper lane positions to enhance sight distance and space cushion
_____ Stops safely when necessary
_____ Identifies changing space and adjusts speed to arrive in an open zone (e.g., green light)

Visual and Commentary Driving Skills

_____ Looks well ahead of the vehicle
_____ Recognizes signs by shape and color
_____ Understands the meaning of signs and pavement markings
_____ Identifies potential risks at least 15 - 20 seconds ahead of the vehicle
_____ Selects and looks at appropriate targets at various stages of a turn
_____ Effectively judges gap in traffic
_____ Uses proper signals
_____ Avoids hesitation
_____ Controls speed

City Driving
_____ Turns into the correct lane
_____ Searches and evaluates potential hazards
_____ Selects appropriate lane position
_____ Covers the brake when space ahead changes
_____ Maintains a margin of safety at all times
_____ Looks for pedestrians and monitors parked cars
_____ Identifies alternate paths of travel

I certify that _________________________________________ has spent at least three hours practicing the above tasks.

Parent/Guardian’s signature ______________________________________________ Date _______________________

Page-34 Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023

Sessions 25-28: Expressways

• In the acceleration lane, coach your child to signal
to indicate a desire to enter the expressway and use
commentary driving to identify the vehicle he/she
Sessions 25-28 focus on higher speed driving environments. will merge in front of/behind.
Traffic flow on expressways is fast, can be heavy, and at
times is unpredictable. Expressways are limited-access • In the merge area, cross 3-4 broken lines to enter a
highways because they have certain locations, called gap and join traffic on the expressway;
interchanges, where vehicles enter and exit. They have a
• Cancel signal and adjust speed to blend with the
relatively low frequency of crashes, but when a collision
flow of traffic; and
does occur injuries may be severe because of the higher
speed. • Establish space in front of and around your vehicle,
and select a new target 20 seconds ahead.
Make sure your child understands the different kinds of
expressway interchanges, signs, signals, lane markings,
speed limits, and the importance of maintaining a 20-second Steps for exiting the expressway:
visual lead.
• Make sure your child knows and identifies the exit
Entering an expressway number well in advance;

• Move into the lane closest to the exit ramp;

Expressway entrances have three areas: the entrance ramp,
the acceleration lane, and the merge area. The entrance • Monitor traffic to the rear and coach your child not
ramp and acceleration lane give the driver time to evaluate to reduce speed until he/she is in the deceleration
the speed of traffic and search for available space that lane;
can provide adequate gaps in traffic before entering the
expressway. Entrance ramps may be uphill, downhill, or • Signal intentions 4-6 seconds in advance of the exit
level with the expressway. Each of these ramp conditions ramp;
presents a different challenge for the driver when searching • Enter the exit ramp by crossing the first broken line,
for gaps in traffic on the expressway. Using commentary and rapidly reduce speed on the ramp;
driving, have your child practice entering and exiting the
expressway several times during each session using the • Continue decelerating to the posted speed limit
steps below. before entering the curve on the ramp; and

Steps for entering the expressway: • Make sure your child is prepared to stop or yield at
the end of the ramp.
• Have your child tell you the ramp speed and explain
warning signs;
Expressway Safe Driving Tips
• On the entrance ramp, ask your child to begin
searching for gaps or open spaces in the traffic • Adjust vehicle position and speed to align with road
flow on the expressway to begin the process of traffic and weather conditions.
identifying the vehicle that they will pull in front of
or behind; • Maintain a minimum 4-second following interval
when merging onto the expressway, changing lanes,
and exiting the expressway.

• Use minimal steering inputs at higher speeds to

Merge Area Acceleration Area
adjust lane position, change lanes, enter, or exit the
expressway as excessive steering can easily lead to
a loss of control.
Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023 Page-35

• Adjust vehicle position to make room for vehicles

Route Numbering has Meaning
entering the expressway by moving out of the lane
next to the merging area if it is safe to do so.
• Most routes are one- and two-digit numbers.
• Always move over one lane at a time when moving
• North-South routes have odd numbers.
across multiple lanes.
• East-West routes have even numbers.
• Be alert for crosswinds when driving on bridges or
through open mountain passes. • The greater the even number, the farther north the
road is in the United States.
• If the driver behind is tailgating, increase your
4-second following interval and, if possible, change • The greater the odd number, the farther east the
lanes. road is in the United States.

• Driving in a straight line at the same speed for a • Exit numbers correlate with mile marker numbers.
long period of time may cause a condition known
as “highway hypnosis”, which is driving in a dulled,
drowsy, trance-like condition. Alternate routes are usually three-digit numbers, with the
last two numbers designating the main two-digit route.
• Determine if the exit is on the right or left side of
the expressway by the position of the exit number • If the first digit is even, the alternate route is a loop
located at the top of the sign in a corner. that goes around a city.

• If the first digit is odd, the alternate route goes into

a city.
Page-36 Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023

Evaluate Skills and Competencies for Sessions 25-28

Check if skills have become habits
_____ Approaches the vehicle with awareness
_____ Enters the vehicle and makes appropriate checks and adjustments
_____ Locks doors, fastens safety belt, and checks all occupants for safety belt use
_____ Checks mirrors before slowing or stopping
_____ Uses commentary driving
_____ Secures vehicle properly

Place “S” for satisfactory or “NP” for “Needs Practice” for the following skills:

Entrance Ramp and Acceleration Lane

_____ Checks for ramp speed and warning signs and adjusts accordingly
_____ Maintains safe speed on entrance ramp to maximize search time and options
_____ Uses turn signal to warn drivers of merging traffic
_____ Evaluates gap in traffic on expressway prior to entering
_____ Reaches expressway traffic speed while on the acceleration lane

In the Merge Area

_____ Maintains speed/acceleration
_____ Checks front, rear, and left rear areas around the vehicle
_____ Identifies gap/space

Entering the Flow of Traffic on Expressway

_____ Merges in front of or behind target vehicle
_____ Cancels signal
_____ Establishes space around vehicle and new target in path of travel

On the Expressway
_____ Selects proper lane and lane position
_____ Maintains at least a 4-second space cushion at all times
_____ Searches path of travel 20-30 seconds ahead of the vehicle
_____ Adjusts speed for weather and traffic conditions

Exiting
_____ Knows exit number and identifies it well in advance
_____ Checks traffic behind and signals well in advance
_____ Moves into the lane closest to the exit
_____ Does not reduce speed on the expressway
_____ Significantly reduces speed once on the exit ramp
_____ Prepares to stop or yield at the end of the ramp

I certify that __________________________________________ has spent at least four hours practicing the above tasks.

Parent/Guardian’s signature _____________________________________________ Date ________________________

Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023 Page-37

Sessions 29-30: Crash Avoidance

Progress to having your child approach the curve
without slowing down and tell your child to stop
abruptly in the middle of the curve. This will cause
Sessions 29 and 30 focus on practicing crash avoidance the weight of the vehicle to transfer to the front
skills that incorporate vision, steering, and vehicle braking tire on the outside of the curve, and that front tire
techniques in a safe driving environment. Conduct the may slide (under-steer) straight ahead. If the tire
following drills in a large, level parking lot free of obstacles. begins to slide, coach your child to gently release
Place cones or other “targets” at selected locations on the brake pressure to get the tires to roll to regain
lot. Using the drills below, practice compensating for side steering control. With limited weight on the inside
to side, front to rear, and rear to front vehicle weight shifts rear tire, this tire may also lose traction. If this
that affect vehicle balance and performance. occurs, ask your child to look in the direction he
or she wants the vehicle to go and steer in that
Straight-line emergency braking direction. Mastery of emergency braking and trying
Coach your child to accelerate to 15-20 mph, and to maintain vehicle balance and control requires a
stop in the shortest distance possible. This sudden lot of practice.
braking will cause the vehicle load to shift from the
rear to the front wheels. If the vehicle is equipped Hydroplaning
with anti-lock brakes and goes into the hard braking This happens when a film of water collects between
mode, coach your child to maintain or increase the tires and the road surface and can occur at
pressure on the brake pedal even if the pedal slow speeds depending on tire pressure, tire tread,
pulsates or makes a grinding sound. If the vehicle is angle of the turn, and water depth. Simulating
not equipped with anti-lock brakes and the brakes hydroplaning can be done on a rainy day in a large
lock and tires begin to slide, coach your child to parking lot free of obstacles. Using two cones or
release just enough pressure to get the wheels another object, have your child “draw” a figure
rolling again. Once they are rolling again, have your eight around the objects at slow speeds. Have
child reapply brake pressure. Practice emergency your child gradually increase speed to the point
braking several times. of hydroplaning (rear yaw movement). When this
occurs, coach your child to reduce speed to gain tire
Emergency braking in a curve. traction and to look and steer in the direction he or
she wants the vehicle to travel.

In an area free of obstacles, set up a series of

cones or other markers to simulate a curve in the
roadway. To maintain vehicle control, ask your child Off-road recovery
to decrease the vehicle’s speed prior to entering Unfortunately, running off the road is a frequent
the curve, visually target the exit point, and to cause of fatal crashes in Virginia. Drivers are
accelerate midway through the curve. Now have startled by the sound from the tires and steering
your child approach the curve without reducing wheel movement when they run off the road, and
speed, and coach your child to try to regain vehicle they may panic and try to get off the shoulder and
balance. Do this exercise several times to reinforce back onto the paved surface quickly. This often
the importance of reducing speed before entering a results in excessive steering and loss of control.
curve. With practice, safe off-road recovery is not a
difficult skill to master.
Page-38 Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023

When practicing offroad recovery, coach your child to stay slide or skid. Always practice this skill at a slow speed. Ask
off the road until vehicle speed is reduced and you can safely your child to:
ease back on to the paved surface with minimal steering.
One way to practice “staying off the road” is to have your • move the right front and rear tires onto the
child drive on a rumble strip for a period of time and to shoulder and steer the vehicle parallel to the
tolerate the noise and excessive steering wheel movement. roadway;
Another way is to practice off road recovery on a straight
section of roadway with little traffic and a gravel, dirt or • remove foot from the accelerator pedal and DO
grass shoulder that is even with the road surface. Do not NOT brake; and
practice this skill on a road that drops off at the edge or has • check traffic and use minimal turning of the steering
potholes or obstacles on the shoulder because your child wheel to ease back on the roadway at a SLOW
can easily lose control and do serious damage to the tires, speed.
wheels, or underside of the vehicle. Even at slow speeds, dirt
or loose gravel may reduce traction causing the vehicle to

Evaluate Skills and Competencies for Sessions 29-30

Check if skills have become a habits
_____ Approaches vehicle with awareness
_____ Enters the vehicle and makes appropriate checks and adjustments
_____ Locks doors, fastens safety belt, and checks all occupants for safety belt use
_____ Checks mirrors before slowing or stopping
_____ Avoids hesitation when performing tasks and uses commentary driving often
_____ Controls speed and steering input

Place “S” for satisfactory or “NP” for “Needs Practice” for the following skills:

Straight line braking

_____ Stops immediately on command
_____ Adjusts brake pressure to avoid wheel lockup
_____ Maintains firm pressure on the brake pedal when in ABS hard-braking mode
_____ Stops vehicle safely in the shortest distance possible

Braking in a curve
_____ Enters curve without reducing speed and regains control of vehicle without stopping
_____ Performs controlled stop in the middle of the curve

Hydroplaning
_____ Reduces speed, looks and steers in the direction the driver wants to go

Off-road recovery
_____ Remains off-road until speed is reduced and vehicle control is established
_____ Eases vehicle onto the paved surface

I certify that ___________________________________________ has spent at least two hours practicing the above tasks.

Parent/Guardian’s signature ___________________________________________________ Date ___________________

Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023 Page-39

Sessions 31-45: Driving After Sunset

Driving after sunset presents a new set of challenges for
your child, such as reduced visibility and glare. Invest
time practicing driving skills after sunset on low-volume
roadways that your child has practiced driving on during
daylight. Use the skills learned in Sessions 6-28 to design
your lessons for the 15 hours of night driving.

Vision is severely limited at night. The headlight’s short,

narrow beams limit the driver’s view of the area ahead, and the BGE method described on page 7. Dirt on the
the area to the sides may not be visible at all. Dirt on the windshield also causes glare, as dirt on glass reflects
headlight lenses can further reduce the effectiveness of rays of light, either from the sun or headlights.
headlights by as much as 75%. When driving at night your
child will also find it difficult to determine the size, speed, Driving while fatigued
color, and distance of objects. Coach your child to look at Drowsiness makes drivers less attentive, slows
the outer fringes of the headlight beams to get the best view reaction time, and affects a driver’s ability to
possible of potential dangers ahead and to the sides of the make decisions. Driving while fatigued has been
vehicle. Emphasize the need to reduce speed and increase compared to driving while intoxicated. Being awake
following distance. Also encourage your child to avoid using for 16 hours or more causes the brain to function at
a light inside the car because that further reduces your the same level as a brain that is legally intoxicated.
ability to see risks in the path of travel at night. Unfortunately, teens have schedules that cause
them to be sleep deprived. For example: a high
Overdriving your headlights school student gets up for school at 6 am; goes to
Overdriving your headlights occurs when the school and attends after-school activities; comes
vehicle’s stopping distance is greater than the home, eats dinner, heads to a friend’s house at 9 pm;
area illuminated by the headlights. To determine and then leaves the friend’s house at midnight. This
whether you are “overdriving your headlights,” ask student has been up for 18 hours, and if this student
your child to select an object, and the moment the drives, the student is an impaired driver. Teens
headlights pick it up, begin counting off 6 seconds. require at least 9 hours of sleep, yet most teens
If the object is still ahead of the vehicle when you get less than 6.5 hours each night. Young drivers
reach 6, you are driving at a safe speed. If you are at highest risk for drowsy driving, which causes
have passed the object, you are driving too fast. thousands of crashes every year. Young drivers
Remind your child that posted speed limits are comprise 14% of all drivers, yet they are involved in
calculated for daylight driving and may be too fast half of the crashes caused by driving while fatigued.
for nighttime conditions. Teens are most tired and at risk when driving in the
early morning, or late at night. Make sure your child
Blinded by the headlights of oncoming cars is fully rested before getting behind the wheel.
When an oncoming vehicle approaches at night,
coach your child to look towards the right-hand The 45-Hour Driving Log at the end of this guide should
side of the lane, and to make brief, frequent glances be used to document the state-required 45 hours
at the target ahead, keeping the light from the of guided practice with a parent or guardian, 15 of
oncoming car in the outer fringe of the driver’s which must be after sunset.
vision.

Glare recovery
Glare recovery is the time it takes your eyes to
adjust after being blinded by a bright light. When
driving at night oncoming vehicle headlights are the
primary source of glare. Glare is also caused by the
headlights of cars behind you. Adjust your inside
rear view mirror to the “night” setting, and side view
mirrors to a position that reduces glare by using
Page-40 Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023

Written Parent/Teen Driving Agreement

Parents have the greatest influence over teen driving Teens who have written contracts that outline family rules,
behavior. Setting initial limits on teen drivers is key. But and set limits on initial driving privileges, such as no driving
once privileges are granted, they are hard to take away. at night and no passengers, and have established clear
Parents must establish “family laws” that place limits on consequences for breaking the rules, are much less likely to
when, where, and with whom your children may drive. engage in risky driving, have crashes, or get a ticket. Parents
Don’t assume state laws will keep your child safe. State laws and teens should have a written driving contract, and agree
represent the minimum restrictions placed on new drivers. upon:
Family laws, on the other hand, crafted by the parent, the • Rules and consequences
person who knows the child the best, will make your child • Driving limits
much safer. Family laws should include protections such • Where and when the teen can drive
as no cell phones, no text messaging, no passengers, no • Financial responsibilities
night driving and zero tolerance for tickets. Parents who • How privileges can be increased and
have a car waiting in the driveway for their child may want • No Drinking and Driving - Teens who do not
to rethink that arrangement because, according to the receive a message that their parents find under-age
research, your child will be twice as likely to be in a crash. By drinking completely unacceptable are 5 times more
having a “family car” your child will have to ask to borrow it. likely to drink than teens who do.
This provides parents with the opportunity to review family
rules and restrictions, and control access to the vehicle Parent/Teen Driving Agreements put your family’s rules
making the teen driver much safer. in writing, and establish expectations and consequences.
To help with this process we have included a Parent/Teen
Driving Agreement, No Underage Drinking and Driving
Agreement, and Safety Belt Use Agreement for your
consideration.
Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023 Page-41

Parent/Teen Driving Agreement

The intent of this agreement is to avoid any misunderstandings concerning our family driving rules. Together we will agree to
vehicle use and operation rules, and the consequences for breaking any of these rules.

Financial responsibilities - determine what percentage each person will be responsible for:

Vehicle costs Teen Parent

Fuel costs ____________ ____________

Maintenance costs ____________ ____________

Taxes and registration fees ____________ ____________

Monthly insurance costs ____________ ____________

Total costs: ____________ ____________

Vehicle Maintenance - determine the teen’s responsibility for each of the following:

Check fluids: ______________________________________________________________________

Check tire pressure: ________________________________________________________________

Clean vehicle: _____________________________________________________________________

Consequences for:

Ticket: ___________________________________________________________________________

Safety Belt Violation: ________________________________________________________________

Crash: ___________________________________________________________________________

Curfew Violation: ___________________________________________________________________

Failure to provide destination or time of return: __________________________________________

School achievement:

Agreement: _______________________________________________________________________

Consequences: ____________________________________________________________________

Passenger Restriction:

Agreement: _______________________________________________________________________

Consequences: ____________________________________________________________________

Cell phone/messaging:

Agreement: _______________________________________________________________________

Consequences: ____________________________________________________________________
Page-42 Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023

Allowing others to drive the vehicle:

Agreement: _______________________________________________________________________

Consequences: ____________________________________________________________________

Other: _________________________________________________________________________________

Agreement: _______________________________________________________________________

Consequences: ____________________________________________________________________

Other: _________________________________________________________________________________

Agreement: _______________________________________________________________________

Consequences: ____________________________________________________________________

Other: _________________________________________________________________________________

Agreement: _______________________________________________________________________

Consequences: ____________________________________________________________________

Other: _________________________________________________________________________________

Agreement: _______________________________________________________________________

Consequences: ____________________________________________________________________

This agreement may be amended at any time.

_________________________________________ __________________________________________
Teen Driver Date Parent/Guardian Date
Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023 Page-43

You, Your Teen Driver and

Alcohol Be Mindful of Friends, Social Media, and
Be Concerned About Underage Drinking Siblings

Underage drinking has been shown to damage normal brain There is no doubt that drinking is largely driven by
development, destroy brain cells, and, for some, can lead to sociability, and that peer pressure can be central and
alcoholism. Alcohol impairs motor coordination, impulse integral to the majority of drinking experiences. Peers and
control, memory, judgment, and decision-making. Underage older siblings or friends often supply alcohol to underage
drinking puts youth at risk for school failure, criminal drinkers; drinking teens often select peers that also drink,
justice involvement, risky sexual activity, illicit drug use, and and postings on social media may further promote alcohol
interpersonal violence, including rape and sexual violence. use.

Alcohol is especially dangerous when driving is involved. Have the Conversation with Your Teen
85% of teens in high school who report drinking and driving About Drinking and Driving
also say they binge drank, or had 5 or more alcoholic drinks
within a couple of hours. Teen drivers are three times Teens who do not receive a message that their parents find
more likely than more experienced drivers to be in fatal under-age drinking completely unacceptable are 5 times
crashes and young drivers ages 16-20 are 17 times more more likely to drink than teens who do. Often, parents
likely to die in a crash when they have a blood alcohol feel uncomfortable talking to their teens about underage
concentration of .08%, than when they have not been drinking because they drank as teens. MADD offers the
drinking. following sample dialogue in response to teen’s questions
about a parent’s adolescent drinking,
Parents Are the Key to Good Decision
“I did have a drink when I was younger. However, we
Making Related to Drinking and Driving did not know as much as we know now about the risks
of alcohol. If I had known then, I would have done
Research has shown that young people are less likely to things differently. This is why I am talking to you about
drink when parents are involved in their lives and have it. I want you to be safe, healthy, and happy.”
close relationships with them. Adolescents are less likely to
drink and have alcohol related problems when their parents Dialogue with teens is essential to afford them the
set clear rules and expectations about drinking, have good resources and skills to make good decisions; counter
parent-child communication, and discipline consistently. erroneous thinking that, for example, after drinking they are
Parents’ drinking behaviors and favorable attitudes about “not that drunk” and, as such, that the risks and potential
drinking may influence adolescents to initiate and continue consequences of driving will not be significant; overcome
alcohol use. Conversely, parents who exhibit DUI behaviors the fear of calling you or other trusted adults to get a safe
may promote youth drinking and DUI behaviors. Parental ride home; and accept the social consequences of refusing
permissiveness is positively and consistently associated to get in car with drinking friends or family. MADD offers
with drinking and negative drinking consequences as youth a free Power of Parents Handbook at www.madd.org/
transition to college or adulthood. underage-drinking/the-power-of-parents. The handbook
touches on the issues mentioned above and provides
Furthermore, supervised alcohol use or early age alcohol extensive information and suggestions to support positive
use does not reduce the development of adolescent alcohol parenting conversations with youth about alcohol use.
problems; in fact, adult supervised settings for alcohol use,
intended to minimize harm, actually result in higher levels
of harmful alcohol consequences. Parental involvement,
however, with a focus on monitoring and restricting what
new drivers are allowed to do – e.g. through creating,
signing and following through upon parent-teen driving
agreements – has been shown to prevent drinking and
driving. A sample agreement concerning family expectations
related to drinking and driving is included in this manual.
Page-44 Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023

Parent/Teen Agreement on No Underage Drinking and Driving

I have had a conversation with my parent(s) about drugs and alcohol and understand their expectations.

I understand that alcohol use may damage my brain and that it increases the likelihood of:
• Damage to car;
• Damage to other property;
• Personal injury—minor or lasting;
• Death;
• Being charged with purchasing, having, or drinking alcohol underage;
• Being charged with driving while under the influence;
• Fines;
• Car insurance costs going up to unaffordable rates;
• Reduced college and career options;
• License revocation; and
• Jail time.

I promise that I will respect laws about drugs and alcohol. This means:
___ I will drive only when I am alcohol and drug free.
___ I will never allow any alcohol or illegal drugs in the car.
___ I will not ride in a car with a driver who has had any amount of alcohol.
___ I will call my parents or another responsible adult if I need a safe ride home.

Agreement Violations
___ Drove after drinking or using drugs.
___ Allowed alcohol or illegal drugs in the car.
___ Rode with a drinking driver.

Consequences

No driving for _____ months.

Other: _________________________________________________________________________

Driver Pledge

I agree to follow the aforementioned rules and restrictions. I understand that my parents will impose penalties, including
removal of my driving privileges, if I violate this agreement. I also understand that my driving privileges may be increased as I
gain experience and demonstrate that I am a safe and responsible driver.

Driver________________________________________ Date _______________

Teen’s Signature

Parent Pledge

I also agree to drive safely and be an excellent role model.

Parent________________________________________ Date_________________
Parent or Guardian’s Signature

Parent________________________________________ Date_________________
Parent or Guardian’s Signature
Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023 Page-45

You, Your Teen Driver and Safety Belt Use

Be a role model by always wearing your safety belt. Have regular conversations about the dangers and consequences of
non-safety belt use. The use of safety belts is the single most effective means of reducing fatal and nonfatal injuries in motor
vehicle crashes. Teens have a higher fatality rate in motor vehicles crashes than any other age group. The majority of teens
involved in fatal crashes were unbuckled.

Don’t let your teen become a statistic!

Help them understand why safety belt use is important.
Set consequences for non-compliance.

Parent-Teen Seat Belt Safety Agreement

This safety belt agreement covers the operation of the family vehicle and all other passenger vehicles that I drive or ride in
and includes the following:

I Understand the Following: (teen must initial to confirm agreement)

_____ Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for teens of all ages.

_____ Wearing a safety belt is the most effective action I can take to protect myself in the event of a crash.

_____ Wearing a safety belt is required by law and I will follow all traffic safety laws.

Seat Belt Safety Rules: (teen must initial to confirm agreement)

_____ I will wear my safety belt at all times and in all seats (including the back seat) when driving or
riding in a passenger vehicle.

_____ I will require that all passengers wear their safety belts.

Driving is a privilege, not a right, and it can be suspended.

Failure to follow the Safety Belt Agreement will result in the loss of driving privileges
for a minimum of one week.

Driver ____________________________________ Date _____________

Teen’s Signature

As a role model, I also pledge to wear my safety belt at all times and have all passengers do the same.

Parent ____________________________________ Date ______________

Parent or Guardian’s Signature
Page-46 Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023

Cell Phone Applications to Limit Distracted Driving

Cell phones put friends, family, cameras, email, texts and even the Internet at our fingertips 24 hours a day. They also
represent a big risk to new teen drivers because of the distraction that they can cause. Fortunately, there are many apps
available for cell phones that provide protection from distracted driving by offering a variety of services such as texting-
auto response, GPS-activated text/call shutdown, automatic call forwarding to voicemail and more. Below are samples of
applications for combating distracted driving.

Note: The Virginia Department of Education does not endorse any of the
following applications nor guarantee a driver’s safety by using these applications.

Many apps are available to limit distracted driving. Searching app stores can help you determine which app may be best
suited to your situation.

Mobile OS Platform App Locations

Apple • Use the App Store App on your Apple Device
Google • https://play.google.com/store/apps
Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023 Page-47
Please photocopy log sheets as necessary.

45-Hour Driving Log

Each row and column must be completed and skills must align with the competencies outlined in the guide. Parent signature certifying
time, skills and tasks completed must appear on each line.

Sessions/ Page Night Driving

Date Total Minutes Driven Total Mileage Parent/Guardian Signature Comments
Number(s)/Skills Minutes

I certify that _____________________________________________ has completed 45 hours of guided practice, 15 of which were after sunset. It is illegal for
anyone to give false information in connection with obtaining a driver’s license. This certification is considered part of the driver’s license
application, and anyone who certifies to a false statement may be prosecuted. I hereby certify that the statements made and the informa-
tion submitted by me regarding this certification are true and correct.

_______________________________________________________ ___________ _________________________________________________________________________

Parent/Foster Parent/Guardian’s signature Date Parent/Gaurdian’s Driver’s License or DMV-issued identification number
Page-48 Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023
Please photocopy log sheets as necessary.

45-Hour Driving Log

Each row and column must be completed and skills must align with the competencies outlined in the guide. Parent signature certifying
time, skills and tasks completed must appear on each line.

Sessions/ Page Night Driving

Date Total Minutes Driven Total Mileage Parent/Guardian Signature Comments
Number(s)/Skills Minutes

I certify that _____________________________________________ has completed 45 hours of guided practice, 15 of which were after sunset. It is illegal for
anyone to give false information in connection with obtaining a driver’s license. This certification is considered part of the driver’s license
application, and anyone who certifies to a false statement may be prosecuted. I hereby certify that the statements made and the informa-
tion submitted by me regarding this certification are true and correct.

_______________________________________________________ ___________ _________________________________________________________________________

Parent/Foster Parent/Guardian’s signature Date Parent/Gaurdian’s Driver’s License or DMV-issued identification number
Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023 Page-49
Please photocopy log sheets as necessary.

45-Hour Driving Log

Each row and column must be completed and skills must align with the competencies outlined in the guide. Parent signature certifying
time, skills and tasks completed must appear on each line.

Sessions/ Page Night Driving

Date Total Minutes Driven Total Mileage Parent/Guardian Signature Comments
Number(s)/Skills Minutes

I certify that _____________________________________________ has completed 45 hours of guided practice, 15 of which were after sunset. It is illegal for
anyone to give false information in connection with obtaining a driver’s license. This certification is considered part of the driver’s license
application, and anyone who certifies to a false statement may be prosecuted. I hereby certify that the statements made and the informa-
tion submitted by me regarding this certification are true and correct.

_______________________________________________________ ___________ _________________________________________________________________________

Parent/Foster Parent/Guardian’s signature Date Parent/Gaurdian’s Driver’s License or DMV-issued identification number
Page-50 Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023
Please photocopy log sheets as necessary.

45-Hour Driving Log

Each row and column must be completed and skills must align with the competencies outlined in the guide. Parent signature certifying
time, skills and tasks completed must appear on each line.

Sessions/ Page Night Driving

Date Total Minutes Driven Total Mileage Parent/Guardian Signature Comments
Number(s)/Skills Minutes

I certify that _____________________________________________ has completed 45 hours of guided practice, 15 of which were after sunset. It is illegal for
anyone to give false information in connection with obtaining a driver’s license. This certification is considered part of the driver’s license
application, and anyone who certifies to a false statement may be prosecuted. I hereby certify that the statements made and the informa-
tion submitted by me regarding this certification are true and correct.

_______________________________________________________ ___________ _________________________________________________________________________

Parent/Foster Parent/Guardian’s signature Date Parent/Gaurdian’s Driver’s License or DMV-issued identification number
Virginia Department of Education, 45-Hour Parent/Teen Driving Guide, July 2023 Page-51
 National Highway Traffic Safety Funds
administered by the
Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles
supported the printing of this guide.

© 2023 Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Education

The Virginia Department of Education does not discriminate on the basis of race, sex, color, national origin, religion,
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