PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE 2

Session 2
 Homework Feedback
GOOD EXAMPLES
• Technology has brought about significant changes in our life.
• It is undeniable that playing sports is important to have a
good health.
• Covid-19 has remarkable changed the way people around the
world live their life.

Topic + Controlling idea

 Homework Feedback
COMMON MISTAKES
Incomplete sentence
Covid-19, an awful pandemic to humans or a medicine for nature
Too specific
• The spread of covid-19 is due to the big number of deaths.
• Technology is the sum of any techniques, skills, methods, and processes
used in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of
objectives.
Too general
Soccer is a sport played by many people
No key words
The USA is the country with the highest number of infections and deaths in the
world
 Cách đọc feedback
• Phần giáo viên thêm vào được tô màu đỏ trong dấu ngoặc
vuông => [red]
– Watching movies bad for mental health especially for the young.
– Watching movies [is] bad for mental health, especially for the young.
• Phần dư thừa sẽ bị gạch bỏ
• Tải file bài làm của mình và bấm vào chức năng Review để xem
phần nhận xét phía bên phải (nếu có)
 II/ How to write supporting sentences?
INTRODUCE

EXPLAIN/EXPAND
I-E-P TIPS

PROVE
 1/ HOW TO INTRODUCE A NEW IDEA
a/ First idea:

(1) Noun phrases:

• The first [advantage/benefit/ merit/ drawback] of

….is that clause.

Ex: The first advantage of digital cameras is that there is

no film to process.
(2) Conjunctive adverbs:
• First of all,
• Firstly,
(3) Other phrases:
• For a start,
• To start off,
• To begin with,
• Ex: To start off, we can improve our soft skills when
participating in outdoor activities.
 b/ Second idea:
(1) Noun phrases:

• An additional [advantage/benefit/ merit/

drawback] of ….is that clause.

• Another [advantage/benefit/ merit/ drawback]

of ….is that clause.

• Ex: Another drawback of owing a private car is

that it is very costly.
(2) Conjunctive adverbs:
• Secondly,
• Furthermore,
• Moreover,
• Besides,
• Additionally,
(3) Other phrases:
• In addition,
• What is more,
 c/ Last idea
(1) Noun phrases:

• The last/final [advantage/benefit/ merit/ drawback] of ….is that

clause.

• Ex: The last disadvantage of students using their cell phone is that
they can neglect their study.

(2) Conjunctive adverbs:

• Finally,

• Last but not least,

(3) Other phrases:

• Last but most importantly,

 2/ HOW TO EXPLAIN/ EXPAND THE IDEA
a/ Showing cause-effect:

(1) Coordinators: for, so

(2) Subordinators: Because, since, as

(3) Conjunctive adverbs: therefore, hence, consequently,

thus, as a result, as a consequence, accordingly

(4) Verbs: lead to, result in, bring about, cause

• Stem from/ arise from/ result from

(5) Other phrases: As a result of, be the result of …,

b/ Explaining the idea:

• That is, => (điều đó có nghĩa là)

• Ex: He is not good enough. That is, he can not catch up with our class

• In other words, => (nói cách khác)

• To put it another way, => (nói cách khác)

• To put it simply, => (nói đơn giản thì)

• Ex: What the treatment aims to do, to put it simply, is to make the skin grow
back over the wound.

• This means that … (điều này có nghĩa là) Ex: Computer technology is
constantly being improved. This means that the computer that you have
bought will probably be out of date in only a few months’ time.
 3/ HOW TO PROVE THE IDEA
a/ Giving examples:

* Conjunctive adverbs: for example, for instance,

• Take sth for example,

Ex: Science has yet to answer some important questions.

Take, for example, the theory that the universe started with
the ‘big bang’.

• Be a typical example of …
b/ Quoting people/ providing a statistics (trích dẫn lời thoại, số liệu)
(1) Say: (2) Write:
• Ex: Du Bois wrote that the US was ‘a land of magnificent possibilities’.
(3) Point out/ (3) argue/ (4) state/ (5) claim/ (6) conclude, (7) suggest,
(8) report, (9) declare, (10)
• As Someone (point out/ note/ state/ remark), …..
Ex: As Rachel Carson points out in her books ‘Silent Spring’, Chemicals
used in farming are having a devastating effect on our countryside.
• According to …
Note: Be careful when using someone, somebody, he, she
=> unconvincing because we don’t know who he/she is
How to express an opinion:
Cụm từ đưa ra ý kiến
 USEFUL EXPRESSIONS TO GIVE OPINIONS:

• YOUR OPINION:

• (1) Be of the opinion that…/ Take the view that…: to have a

particular opinion. These are formal phrases.

Ex: I am of the opinion that learning a foreign language provides

learners with a big number of benefits.

• (2) I strongly approve of the opinion that ….

 USEFUL EXPRESSIONS TO GIVE OPINIONS:
• YOUR OPINION:

• (3) I support the view that …

• (4) It seems to me that ….:

• used when saying that you think that something is probably true. You use this
especially when you have considered a situation carefully and want to give your
overall opinion about it.

Ex: It seems to me that there is some truth in her argument.

 USEFUL EXPRESSIONS TO GIVE OPINIONS:
• OTHER’S OPINIONS:
• (1) There is no doubt/ no denying/ no question that…: không nghi ngờ gì
về việc…
• Ex: There’s no denying that this has been a difficult year for the company.
• (2) It is indisputable that…: không thể cãi được
• Ex: It is indisputable that the Internet plays an essential role in people’s life
today.
 USEFUL EXPRESSIONS TO GIVE OPINIONS:

• OTHER’S OPINIONS:

• (3) It is undeniable that …: không thể phủ nhận rằng…

• (4) It is widely acknowledged that… hầu hết người ta đều công nhận rằng

• Ex: It is widely acknowledged that modern technology makes our world more connected and
entertaining than ever before.

• (5) It is commonly believed that …: hầu hết người ta đều tin rằng…

• Ex: It is commonly believed that education offers us more opportunities to get higher salaries and a
better life.
 Other expressions
I believe/ think/ feel that… Tôi tin/ nghĩ/ cảm thấy rằng…
I strongly/ firmly believe that… Tôi tin tưởng chắc chắn rằng…
In my opinion/ view,… Theo quan điểm/ cách nhìn của tôi thì…
I am totally against… Tôi hoàn toàn phản đối…
My opinion is that… Quan điểm của tôi là…
I (do not) agree with/ that… Tôi (không) đồng ý với việc/ rằng….
As far as I cam concerned,… Theo những gì tôi được biết thì…
I completely/ totally agree/ disagree with/ that… Tôi hoàn toàn đồng ý/ không đồng ý với/ rằng…
I strongly disagree with/ that… Tôi cực kỳ không đồng tình với/ rằng…
It seems/ appears to me that… Đối với tôi thì có vẻ như….
I could not agree/ disagree more with/ that…. Tôi hoàn toàn đồng ý/ không đồng ý với/ rằng…
 IRRELEVANT SENTENCES
Câu không liên quan
• Every supporting sentence >>> must relate to the main idea
stated in the topic sentence.
• A sentence that does not support the main idea does
not belong in the paragraph >>> such a sentence should be
omitted.
• When a sentence does not belong in a paragraph >>> called an
irrelevant sentence
 Tìm câu không liên quan
• The students in the class come from many different party of
the world. Some are from European countries, such as France,
Spain, and Italy. Others are from Middle Eastern countries like
Saudi Arabia and Israel. Still other students were born in Asian
countries, including Japan and Korea. Korean food is delicious.
The largest number of students is from Latin American
countries like Mexico, Venezuela and Peru. The class is an
interesting mix of people from many different countries.
 Tìm câu không liên quan
• There are several ways people can conserve natural resources.
One way is to turn lights off and appliances when they are not
in use. Another way is to drive cars less. My favorite kind of car
is convertible. People can also insulate their houses better.
Finally, by reusing things like bottles and plastic bags, people
can reduce the amount of waste. By practicing these simple
guidelines, we can save our natural resources
 Tìm câu không liên quan
• Cats make wonderful house pets. They are very loving and
friendly. Cats are also clean. They don’t eat much, so they are
not expensive. Unfortunately, some people are allergic to their
hair. Cats look beautiful and they’re fun to have in your home
 Tìm câu không liên quan
• The capital city of a country is usually a very important city.
The government offices are located in the capital city and
political leaders usually live there nearby. There are many
different types of governments in the world. The capital may
also be the centre of culture. There are often museums,
libraries, and universities in the capital. Finally, the capital city
can serve as a centre of trade, industry and commerce, so it is
often the financial centre of the country.
 Tìm câu không liên quan
• The packaging of many products is very wasteful. Often the
packaging is twice as big as the product. Packaging is used to
protect things that are breakable. Many food items, for
example, have several layers of extra packaging. Most of these
extra layers could be eliminated
 III/ Concluding sentence
Câu kết luận
• Signals the end of the paragraph.
• Leaves the reader with the most important ideas to remember.

How?
• By summarizing the main points of the paragraph
OR
• By repeating the topic sentence in different words
 Concluding sentence
A paragraph does not always need a concluding sentence. For
single paragraphs, especially long ones, a concluding sentence is
helpful to the reader because it is a reminder of the important
points. However, a concluding sentence is not needed for every
paragraph in a multiparagraph essay.
Khi viêt đoạn văn độc lập, câu kết luận là cần thiết
Khi viết một bài văn (gồm nhiều đoan văn), câu kết luận cho
từng đoạn văn là không cần thiết (vì đã có đoạn kết luận rồi)
III/ How to write a concluding sentence:
SIGNAL

SUMMARY
3 PARTS
Suggestion

FINAL MESSAGE Advice

(OPTIONAL)

Solution
 1/ SIGNALs
Formal (followed by a comma) Informal expressions (not followed
by a comma)
• In summary, • The evidence suggests that
• In short, • There can be no doubt that
• In conclusion, • These examples show that
• In brief, • We can see that ...
• Indeed,
• To sum up,
 2/ SUMMARY: Có 2 cách để làm
Chúng ta có thể điểm lại những ý chính của đoạn văn (1) HOẶC viết lại câu topic sentence
theo một cách khác (2).

Topic sentence:

It seems to me that students should be encouraged to study by themselves for its

benefits.

Concluding sentence:

(1): In conclusion, self-study can help students to be independent and active when
studying. (2 ý chính đã trình bày ở trên)

(2): In conclusion, no one can deny the profits of self-study for learners. (viết lại topic
sentence theo cách khác)
Câu kết luận: điểm lại ý chính đoạn văn
Câu kết luận: Viết lại topic sentence theo cách khác
 Notes

Never introduce a new idea in the concluding

sentence!
Ex: In conclusion, we now have more variety of greeting cards to
choose from, but they are also becoming very expensive. (This is
a new idea)
 Homework
Homework 1: Với mỗi đoạn văn sau đây, hãy viết 2 câu kết luận theo
2 cách đã học (tổng cộng 4 câu)
Homework 2: Đọc thêm 3 đoạn văn mẫu và soạn tất cả những từ
vựng chưa rõ nghĩa (bao gồm cả 2 đoạn văn ở homework 1). Sẽ dò từ
vựng tuần sau.
Ví dụ:
• Body language (n): ngôn ngữ cơ thể
• Bury: (v): chôn, lấp
Lưu ý: Tất cả đều nộp ở dạng Microsoft Word
 Homework 1
Write 2 concluding sentences for the following paragraph
 Homework 1
Write 2 concluding sentences for the following paragraph
Homework 2: Soạn từ vựng
Homework 2: Soạn từ vựng
Homework 2: Soạn từ vựng