YANGON TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES II

(CE - 52044)

Prepared by;
Dr. Ni Ni Moe Kyaw
Professor
Yangon Technological University

1
 Course Contents
Topic 1: Torsion
Topic 2: Lateral-Torsional Buckling of Beams
Topic 3: Plate Girders
Topic 4: Connections
Topic 5: Composite Steel-Concrete Construction

2
Chapter 9 : Lateral-Torsional Buckling of Beams

3
 9.1 Rational Analogy to Pure Columns
1. Compression flange of a beam is considered as a column.
2. The rectangular flange as a column would ordinarily buckle in its weak direction, by bending about an axis such as 1-1 of Fig.
9.1.1 b, but the web provides continuous support to prevent such as buckling.
3. At higher compressive loads the rectangular flange will tend to buckle by bending about axis 2-2 of Fig. 9.1.1b.
4. It is this sudden buckling of the flange about its strong axis in a lateral direction that is commonly referred to as lateral buckling.
5. The analogy between the compression flange of a beam and a column is intended to present only the general behavior for lateral
buckling.
6. In order to evaluate this behavior more precisely, one must realize that the compression flange is not only braced in its weak
direction by its attachment via the web to the stable tension flange, but the web also provides continuous restraint (rotational and
translational) along the junction of the flange and web (assuming the web and flange plates are continuously attached).
7. Thus the bending stiffness of the web brings the entire section into action when lateral motion commences.

4
 9.2 Lateral Support
There are two categories of lateral support
that are define and adequate; these are:
1. Continuous lateral support by
embedment of the compression flange
in a concrete floor slab (Figure 9.2.1a
and b).

2. Lateral support at intervals (Figure

9.2.1c through g) provided by cross
beams, cross frames, tie or struts,
framing in laterally, where the lateral
system is itself adequately stiff and
braced.

5
 It is necessary to examine not only the individual beam for adequate bracing, but also
the entire system. Figure 9.2.2(a) shows beam AB with a cross beam framing in at mid-length,
but buckling of the entire system is still possible unless the system is braced, such as shown in
Fig. 9.2.2(b).

6
 9.3 Strength of I-shaped beams under uniform moment

Local buckling of flange Local buckling of web

Lateral-torsional buckling

7
9.3 Strength of I-shaped beams under uniform moment

8
 9.6 Load and Resistance Factor Design-I shaped Beams subjected to Strong
Axis Bending

The strength requirement according to LRFD-F1 may be stated

ϕMn ≥ Mu
Where,
ϕ = strength reduction factor for flexure = 0.90
Mn = nominal moment strength
2 PL
Mu = factored service load moment (ω 8L , ,
4
BMD)

Figure 9.6.1 shows the effect of laterally unbraced length Lb on the lateral torsional buckling
strength. Of course, local ,buckling may result in lower moment strength Mn if the plate element (flange or
b
web) width/thickness (2tf or thwc ) ratio are too high.
f

9
9.6 Load and Resistance Factor Design-I shaped Beams subjected to Strong
Axis Bending

10
 9.6 Load and Resistance Factor Design-I shaped Beams subjected to Strong
Axis Bending
Case (1): Plastic Moment is Reached (Mn = Mp) Along with Large Plastic Rotational Capacity (R ≥ 3 in Fig. 9.3.2)

For local, the section must be “compact” to prevent local buckling. (λ ≤ λp)
bf 65
λf = ≤ λpf = (Table 9.6.1) (same Table 7.4.2)
2tf Fy
h 640
λw = c ≤ λpw = (Table 9.6.1) (same Table 7.4.2)
tw Fy
For lateral, (Lb ≤ Lpd , Mn = MP)
Where, Lb = laterally unsupported length (unbraced length)
M
3600 + 2200 1
M2
Lpd = Fy(ksi) × ry

Where, M1 = smaller end moment (at the end of laterally unbraced segment)
Mp = M2 = Plastic moment (Mp = Zx × Fy) (For case 1)

For case 1, Mn = Mp = Zx × Fy
In practice, this case is very rear.
11
 9.6 Load and Resistance Factor Design-I shaped Beams subjected to Strong
Axis Bending
Case (2): Plastic Moment is Reached (Mn = Mp) but with Relatively Little Rotational Capacity (R < 3 in Fig. 9.3.2)
For local, the section must be “compact” to prevent local buckling. (λ ≤ λp)
bf 65
λf = ≤ λpf = (Table 9.6.1) (same Table 7.4.2)
2tf Fy
h 640
λw = c ≤ λpw = (Table 9.6.1) (same Table 7.4.2)
tw Fy
For lateral, (Lb ≤ Lp , Mn = MP)
300
Where, LP = × ry
Fyf ,𝑘𝑠𝑖
ry = radius of gyration about y axis
For case 2, Mn = Mp = Zx × Fy (For both of local and lateral)

Mn= Cb Mp
Where, Cb = modification factor = 1 for case 2

12
 9.6 Load and Resistance Factor Design-I shaped Beams subjected to Strong
Axis Bending
Case (3): Lateral Torsional Bucking of “Compact” Sections May Occur in the Inelastic Range (Mp > Mn ≥ Mr)
For local, the section must be “compact” to prevent local buckling. (λ ≤ λp)
bf 65
λf = ≤ λpf = (Table 9.6.1)
2tf Fy
h 640
λw = c ≤ λpw = (Table 9.6.1)
tw Fy
For lateral, (Lp < Lb < Lr , Mp > Mn ≥ Mr)
300
Where, Lp = × ry
Fy
ry X
Lr = 1 1+ 1+X2 (Fyf − Fr ) 2
(Fyf − Fr )
π EGJA
Where, X1 =
Sx 2
C S
X2 = 4 w ( x ) 2
Iy GJ
E,G,J and A are same definition in chapter 8.

13
 9.6 Load and Resistance Factor Design-I shaped Beams subjected to Strong
Axis Bending
Case (3): Lateral Torsional Bucking of “Compact” Sections May Occur in the Inelastic Range (Mp > Mn ≥ Mr)
Mn is approximated as a linear relationship between points 1 (Mp at Lp )and 2 (Mr at Lr ) for lateral.
Lb −Lp
For case 3, Mn = Cb Mp − Mp −Mr ≤ Mp
Lr −Lp
Mp = Zx × Fy

Mr = (Fyf − Fr ) × Sx

Where, Fyf = minimum specified yield stress for the flange steel

Fr = compressive residual stress in flange

= 10 ksi for rolled shapes; 16.5 ksi for welded shapes

Sx = elastic section modulus = 𝐼𝑥ൗ(𝑑ൗ )

2

Ix = moment of inertia about the x- axis

d = overall depth of the section

12.5 Mmax
Where, Cb = (1993 New)
2.5Mmax + 3 MA + 4 MB + 3 MC
Cb = modification factor for non-uniform bending moment variation
14
Mmax = maximum moment in the unbraced segment
 9.6 Load and Resistance Factor Design-I shaped Beams subjected to Strong
Axis Bending
Case (3): Lateral Torsional Bucking of “Compact” Sections May Occur in the Inelastic Range (Mp > Mn ≥ Mr)

MA = moment at 1/4 point of unbraced segment

MB = moment at midpoint of unbraced segment
MC = moment at 3/4 point of unbraced segment

M1 M
Cb = 1.75 + 1.05 + 0.3 ( 1 )2 ≤ 2.3 (old since 1961)
M2 M2
M
Where, Cb = can be seen in the following table based on M1 value
2
M1 = smaller end moment of unbraced segment
M2 = larger end moment of unbraced segment

M1
M2 = -ve value Single Curvature

M1
= +ve value Double Curvature
M2

15
 9.6 Load and Resistance Factor Design-I shaped Beams subjected to Strong
Axis Bending
Case (4): General Limit State where Nominal Moment Strength Mn Occurs in the Elastic Range (Mp > Mn ≥ Mr)

This condition is relatively uncommon for rolled shape.

For local, (λp < λ < λr)
b
λpf < λf = f < λrf for flange
2tf
h
λ pw < λ w = c < λ rw for web
tw
For lateral, (Lp < Lb < Lr , Mp > Mn ≥ Mr)

Where, Lp and Lr are same in case 2 and 3.

λ − λp
Mn = Cb [Mp −(Mp −Mr ) ( )] ≤ Mp
λr −λp
Where, Cb is same in case 3.

16
 9.6 Load and Resistance Factor Design-I shaped Beams subjected to Strong
Axis Bending
Case (5): General Limit State where Nominal Moment Strength Mn Equal the Elastic Buckling Strength Mcr (Mn < Mr)

There are two subcategories for the case.

(1) Slenderness ratio λ f or λ w do not exceed λ r.
(2) Slenderness ratio λ exceed λ r. When λ > λ r local buckling will occur prior to the extreme fiber reaching the yield stress and
efficiency of the cross-section is reduced. Such elements are known as “slender”.
All rolled shapes have λ < λ r for local bucking. λ > λ r, beams are not treated in this text.
For local, (λ < λr)
b
λ f = f < λ rf for flange
2tf
h
λw = c < λrw for web
tw
For lateral, (Lr < Lb , Mr > Mn = Mcr)

CbSx X1 2 2
X1 X2
Mn = Mcr = Lb 1+ L
൘r
y 2 ( b൘ry )2

Comparison of Cb for liner moment variation can express by following table (9.6.3.)
17
9.6 Load and Resistance Factor Design-I shaped Beams subjected to Strong
Axis Bending

18
9.6 Load and Resistance Factor Design-I shaped Beams subjected to Strong
Axis Bending

19
9.6 Load and Resistance Factor Design-I shaped Beams subjected to Strong
Axis Bending

20
9.6 Load and Resistance Factor Design-I shaped Beams subjected to Strong
Axis Bending

21
9.6 Load and Resistance Factor Design-I shaped Beams subjected to Strong
Axis Bending

22
Example 9.9.1.
A simply supported beam is loaded as shown in Fig. the uniform load is 15% dead
load and 85% live load and concreted load is 40% dead load and 60% live load. The beam has
transverse lateral support at the ends and every 7ʹ- 6ʺ along the span. Selected the lightest W
section of A36 steel, use load and resistance factor design (LRFD).

Solution
ωu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L For A36 steel, Fy = 36 ksi, Fu = 58 ksi
= 1.2 × 0.15 × 1 + 1.6 × 0.85 × 1
= 1.54 kൗft
Pu = 1.2 × 0.4 × 36 + 1.6 × 0.6 × 36
= 51.84 kip

23
 ωu L2 PL
Mn = +
8 4
1.54 × 30 2 51.84 ×30
= +
8 4
= 562.05 k-ft
Assume Case (2).
λ < λp and Lb ≤ Lp
300
Lb = 7ʹ- 6ʺ = 7.5 ft, Lp = × ϒy minimum required Lb = Lp
fy
300
7.5 × 12 = × ϒy
fy

300
90 = ×ϒy
36
ry = 1.8ʺ
ϕ Mn = ϕ Mp = ϕ Zx × Fy = Mu
0.9 × 36 × Zx = 562.05 × 12
Zx = 208.17 in3
Try W 24 × 84 ϒy = 1.95ʺ , Zx = 224 in3

24
 b 65
Check Local λ f = 2tf = 5.9 < λp = = 10.8
f Fy
h 640
λw = t c = 45.9 < λ p = = 106.67
w Fy
⸫ Compact Section.
Check Lateral
300
Lb = 7.5 ft, Lp = × ϒy
fy

Lp = 300 × 1.95 = 97.5ʺ = 8.125 ft

36
Lp > Lb ⸫OK.
36
ϕ Mn = ϕ Mp = ϕ Zx × Fy = 0.9 × 224 × = 604.8 k-ft
12
Consider own weight
1.2 × 0.084 × 302
Mu = 562.05 + = 573.39 k-ft
8
ϕ Mn > Mu ⸫OK.
Use W 24 × 84 section.

25
Example 9.9.2
Select the lightest W section for the simply supported beam of
following figure. The superimposed load is 0.2 kip/ft dead load and 0.8 kip/ft
live load. Lateral support is provided at the ends and at mid span. Assume
deflection limitations need not be considered. Use A36 steel and Load and
Resistance Factor Design.

Solution
Assume own weight = 90 lb/ft
For A36 steel, Fy = 36 ksi, Fu = 58 ksi
ωu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L
= 1.2 × (0.2 + 0.09) + 1.6 × 0.8

= 1.628 kൗft ≈ 1.63 kൗft

ωuL2 1.63 × 502

Mu = = = 509 k-ft
8 8
Assume Case (3).
λ < λp and Lp < Lb < Lr
26
 12.5 Mmax
Cb = 2.5M
max + 3 MA + 4 MB + 3 MC
Mmax = 509 k-ft maximum at mid span
MA = 223 k-ft at 1/4 point of unbraced segment
MB = 382 k-ft at mid span of unbraced segment
MC = 477 k-ft at 3/4 point of unbraced segment
12.5 ×(509)
Cb = 2.5×(509)+ 3×(223)+ 4×(382)+ 3×(477) = 1.3

Lb = 7.5 ft , Mu = 509 k-ft

To use the LRFD beam curves based on Cb = 1.0 for Cb greater than 1.0,
ϕ Mn Mu 509
Required = = = 392 k-ft
Cb Cb 1.3
See in beam design moment of Manual.
Try W27 × 84,
bf 65
Check Local λf = = 7.8 < λpf = = 10.8
2tf Fy
h 640
λw = c = 52.7 < λpw = = 107
tw Fy
⸫ Compact Section. 27
Check Lateral
300
Lp = × ry (ry for W27 × 84 section = 1.95ʺ)
fy
300 2.07
Lp = × = 8.625 < Lb
36 12
ry X
Lr = 1 1+ 1+X2 (Fyf − Fr )2
(Fyf − Fr)

2.07 ×1570
Lr = (36 −10) 1+ 1+ 31100 ×10−6 (36 −10)2

Lr = 24.9 ft < Lb = 25 ft

CbSxX1 2 2
X1 X2
Mn = L 1+ L
b൘ 2 ( b൘ry) 2
ry

1.3 ×213 ×1570 × 2 15702 × 31100 ×10−6

= 25 ×12൘ 1+ = 594 k-ft
2.09 2 (25 ×12൘2.09) 2

28
Design moment ϕ Mn = 0.9 × 594 = 535 k-ft
Actual moment consider own weight = 84 lb/ft = 0.084 k/ft
ωu = 1.2 D + 1.6 L
= 1.2 × (0.2 + 0.084) + 1.6 × 0.8

= 1.62 kൗft

ωuL2
Mu =
8

1.62 × 502
= 8 = 506.25 k-ft

ϕ Mn > Mu (535 k-ft > 506.25 k-ft) ⸫ OK.

⸫ Use W 27 × 84 section.

29
 Fy = 60 ksi, Lb = 5 ft
w = 1 k/ft

5 ft
Lateral Support
50 ft Vertical Support

BMD
Solution
Assume own weight = 60 lb/ft
ωu = 1.2DL + 1.6 LL = 1.2 × (0.2 + 0.06) + 1.6 × 0.8 = 1.59 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠/𝑓𝑡
ω𝑢𝐿2 1.59×502
Mu = = = 497 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝑓𝑡
8 8
ΦbMn(req) = Mu = 497 kips ft
497
Mn =
0.9
30
Assume Case (2).
Lb < LP
Mn = Mp = ZxFy

Trial 1, Select W21 X 50 , Zx = 110 in3, ry = 1.3in

300
LP = r = 4.2 ft < Lb = 5 ft
𝐹𝑦 y
Trial 2, Select W24 X 55 , Zx = 134 in3 > Zx = 110 in3, ry = 1.34in
300
LP = r = 4.33 ft < Lb = 5 ft
𝐹𝑦 y
X1 = 1540 ksi , X2 = 39600 × 10-6 in4/ksi
Check local
λf = 6.9 < λP = 8.4
λweb= 54.6 <λP = 82.6
⸫ Compact Section.
Check lateral

LP < Lb < Lr
31
MA = 435.70 kips ft
MB = 491.91 kips ft
MC = 495.63 kips ft
Mmax = 497 kips ft
Cb = 1.01 ≈ 1

32
Solution
(a)
Consider two loading (1) DL+LL on 52 ft and no LL on cantilever
(2) DL+LL on cantilever and no LL on 52 ft
On 52 ft Wu1 = 1.2DL + 1.6 LL = 1.2 × 6 + 1.6 × 20 = 39.2 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
On cantilever Wu2 = 1.2DL + 1.6 LL = 1.2 × 4 + 1.6 × 7.5 = 16.8 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
Wu1 on cantilever = 1.2 × 4 = 4.8 kips
Wu2 on 52 ft = 1.2 × 6 = 7.2 kips
33
For loading case 1, the maximum factored moment under load W1,(Mu at W1 )

For loading case 2, the maximum factored moment at the cantilever support is (Mu at W2)

(b) Segment A
By inspection, segment A controls over segment C; both the moment and the unbraced length
are larger on segment A and the moment gradient is the same. Thus Cb is the same.
Mu = 460 kips ft, Lb = 24 ft
Assume Case (3).
λ < λp and Lp < Lb < Lr
𝑀1
By Eq, 9.6.12 , = 0, Cb = 1.75
𝑀2
34
By Table , 9.6.3 , Cb=1.75 for Eq 9.6.11, Cb = 1.67
Use the LRFD Manual charts. "BEAM DESIGN MOMENTS.“

X1 = 1760 ksi , X2 = 18600 × 10-6 in4/ksi, ry = 1.92

2
1.92 ×1760 18600× 36−10
= 1+ 1+
36−10 12 106
= 23.44 ft < Lb = 24 ft

35
Max effective Cb, Mr Cb = Mp
(Fy –Fr) Sx Cb = Zx Fy
𝑍𝑥 𝐹𝑦 𝑍𝑥 200
Max effective Cb = = 1.38 = 1.38 = 1.57
(𝐹𝑦 –𝐹𝑟) 𝑆𝑥 𝑆𝑥 176
Cb =1.67 > max effective Cb = 1.57
∴ Mn = Mp
𝑀𝑢
= ZxFy
Φ𝑏
460Τ
0.9
Zx = = 170 in3
36
Select W24 X 68 , Zx = 177 in3 > 170 in3
ry = 1.87 in, X1 = 1590 ksi , X2 = 29000x10-6 1/(ksi)2

1.87 ×1590 29000× 36−10 2

Lr = 1+ 1+
36−10 12 106

= 22.43 ft
Lr > Lr of W 24x76.
∴ Lr = 23.44 ft ≈ Lb = 24 ft W24x76
36
(c) Segment B
M1 101
By Eq, 9.6.12 , = = + 0.22
M2 460
From Table (9.6.3) Cb = 2
From Figure 9.6.3, Cb = 2 (For equation 9.6.11)
Mu 460
Φ Mn = = = 230 ft-kips
Cb 2
Enter the LRFD curves , Φ Mn = 230 ft-kips, Lb = 28 ft
W 24 x 76 , Φ Mn > 300 ft-kips
ry = 1.92 in, X1 = 1760 ksi , X2 = 29000x10-6
Lr = 23.44 ft < Lb = 28ft
∴ Mn = Mcr

37
Mn = Mcr =
2×176×1760 2 1760 2 ×18600×10−6
1+
12×28൘1.92 ×12 2 12×28൘1.92 2
= 581 ft- kips
Segment A, Cb = 1.67 , Lb = 24 ft, Mn = Mp = ZxFy = 600 ft-kips
Segment B, Cb = 2 , Lb = 28 ft, Mn = Mcr = 581 ft-kips (control)
Φ Mn = 0.9 x 581 = 523 ft-kips
Mu = 460 + own wt

38
Mu = 460 + 21 = 481 ft-kips < Φ Mn = 523 ft-kips
λ < λp(f) , λ < λp(w)
∴ Compact Section.
∴ Lateral torsional buckling is control.
Use W 24 x 76

39
EXAMPLE 9.9.36 (page 523)

Solution
(a) Compute cross sectional properties
A =b× 𝑑 + 2(𝑏 × 𝑑) =(5/16 ×26)+2(5/8× 16) = 28.125 in2
𝑏𝑑3 𝑏𝑑3
Ix = ( 12 )1 - ( 12 )2 =

40
 𝐼𝑥 𝐼𝑥 4003
Sx = = = 13.625 = 294 𝑖𝑛3
𝑑/2 𝑐

𝑏𝑑3 1
Iy = 2( )= 2× ×0.625 ×16 3 = 427 in4
12 12

𝐼𝑦 427
ry = = = 3.9 in
𝐴 28.1

Σ𝑏𝑡3 1
J= 3
= 3[ 2(16× 0.6253)+26(0.3125)3]= 2.87 in4

𝐼𝑦ℎ2 427 26+0.625 2

Cw = = = 73850 in6
4 4

𝜋 𝐸𝐺𝐽𝐴 𝜋 29000×29000×2.87×28.1
X1=
𝑆𝑥 2
= 294 2.6×2
= 1220 ksi

𝐶𝑤 𝑆𝑥 2 73850 294×2.6 2
X2 = 4 ( ) = 4
𝐼𝑦 𝐺𝐽
(
427 29000×2.87
) = 0.0584 in4/kips
41
(b) Investigate the local flange buckling and local web buckling limit states
𝑏𝑓 16 65
λ= = =12.8 > λP = = 8.1 for flange NG
2𝑡𝑓 2×5Τ8 𝐹𝑦

ℎ 26 640
λ = 𝑡 = 0.3125= 83.2 > λP = 𝐹𝑦
=79.4 for web NG
𝑤
The section is not compact. Check slenderness ratio limits λr
For Flange local buckling,
ℎ 4
= 83.2 Table 9.6.2 kc = = 0.44
𝑡𝑤
ℎൗ
𝑡𝑤
0.35 ≪ kc ≪ 0.763
ℎ
Table 9.6.2, For Fy = 65 ksi, = 83.2
𝑡𝑤
kc = 0.44 (By interpolation)

162 162
λr = = = 15.4
(𝐹𝑦𝑓−16.5)/𝑘𝑐 (65−16.5)/0.44
λf = 12.8 < λr = 15.4 OK 42
 ℎ 26 970
λ = 𝑡 = 0.3125= 83.2 > λr = 𝐹𝑦
=120.3 for web OK
𝑤

λP < λf𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 < λr

λP < λ𝑤𝑒𝑏 < λr
The section is non compact (partially compact section).
(λ− λ )
∴ Mn = MP – (MP-Mr)(λ −λ𝑃 )
𝑟 𝑃

(c) Compute MP and Mr

MP = ZxFy= 319×65/12 = 1728 kips ft
Mr = (Fyf - Fr)Sx = (65-16.5)294/12 = 1187 kips ft
(d) Compute the nominal strength Mn based on the limit state of local buckling
of the flange.
λ −λ𝑃
Mn = MP– (MP –Mr)(λ −λ )
𝑟 𝑃

43
(e) Compute the nominal strength Mn based on the limit state of local buckling
of the web.

(f) Examine the lateral-torsional buckling limit state

Lb = 15 ft >LP

Lr =

LP < Lb < Lr
𝐿𝑏 −𝐿𝑃
∴Mn = Cb[Mp – (Mp –Mr)(𝐿 −𝐿𝑃 )] ≤ Mp
𝑟
According to Eqn 9.6.4,

44
 12.5 ×45.6
Cb = = 1.01≈1
2.5 ×45.6 + 3×44.3 + 4×45.6 +(3×44.3)
12.5 ×405𝑤𝐿
Cb = 2.5 ×405 + 3×393.75 + 4×405 +(3×393.75) 𝑤 = 1.01≈1
𝐿

45
9.14 BIAXIAL BENDING OF DOUBLY SYMMETRIC I-SHAPED SECTIONS
Load and Resistance Factor Design
1. For the yielding limit state controlling

2. For the lateral-torsional buckling limit state controlling

46
EXAMPLE 9.14.1 (page 558)

Solution
(a) Compute factored moment
Assume own wt =2 130 lb = 0.13
ω𝐿 0.13×242
DL moment =
8
= 8
= 10 kips ft
Mux = 1.2DL Moment + 1.6 LL Moment
= 1.2 × 10 + 1.6 × 301 × 1.25 (using 25% impact increase)
= 614 kips ft

47
(b) Select a section

Try W24×131: Sx = 329 in3

(c) Check the strength. Check the yield limit state criterion,

48
Check the lateral-torsional buckling limit state, Eq. 9.14.7

LP < Lb < Lr
𝐿𝑏−𝐿𝑃
∴Mn = Cb[Mp – (Mp –Mr)(𝐿 −𝐿𝑃 )] ≤ Mp
𝑟
Cb = 1

49
 References

1. Steel Structures, Design and Behavior Emphasizing Load and Resistance Factor Design Fourth
Edition by Charles G. Salmon, John E. Johnson
2. Structural Steel Design by U Nyi Hla Nge
3. Internet Sources

50
Thanks for Attention

51