CE362

PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

(Design of Steel Beams)

TOPIC 5

2nd
 CE362
TOPIC 5: Design of Steel Beams
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Bending (Flexural) Strength
5.3 Local Buckling of Beams:
5.4 Lateral Torsional Buckling (LTB)
5.5 Shear
5.6 Deflection
 Introduction
• Beams are usually designed for bending (flexure)
strength, and then checked for shear strength and
deflection.
• In steel beams design, the following failure
modes/responses should be considered:

1. Yielding of the steel section due to flexure

2. Lateral torsional buckling (global flexural buckling).
3. Local buckling (associated with flexure).
4. Shear.
5. Deflection.
5.2 Bending (Flexural) Strength
Yield Moment:

5
Plastic Moment:

6
 Flexural Design Requirement

Design Bending Strength of Beams is given by:

b Mn ≥ Mu
b = 0.9

Mn is the nominal flexural strength

that corresponds to one of the following
flexural-related failure modes:

(1) Yielding of the beam’s cross section.

(2) Lateral Torsional buckling of the entire beam.

(3) Local Buckling of the cross section

Local Buckling of Beams:
– To avoid local buckling of the beam web and flanges before
Mp or Mr are reached, the width-to-thickness ratio (b/t)
for such elements should not exceed the limiting values λp
or λr , respectively.
– Table pages 16.1-16 to 16.1-18 in the
B4.1summarizes the limiting
LRFD
values.

Flange Local Buckling Web Local Buckling

 3 Uniform MA
c o r l 1 p r e s s ioil i n
flanges of rolled
I-shaped sections,
plates projecling

0 nst itlened E lemenst

from rolled I-shaped
seclions:
oulslaudi rig logs of
pairs of angles in

and flanges
of chan nets
4 Uniform MA
c o r l 1 p r e s s ioil i n
flanges of fruits- up
I-shaped sections
and plates or angle
legs projecting from
fruits-up I -sh sped
seclions
UIFIlOf IN NA
c o r l 1 p r e s s ioil i n l e g s
of single angles,
legs of douhle

other
unsliffened
elements
Plexus nlegsol b r
s! gies gies
 10 U n iform NA
compression in
wefts of doubly
syirmelric l-shaped
SPCl10 l4 S

Stiffened E
11 Flexure in webs of

Iemei1Is
l-shaped seclions
fJ — ” ’”
(0 54 — 0 09

12 U n iform
compression in
flanges of

hOIIOW Slf UCIU rat

sections of uniform
If ickness suhjecl to
bending or
compression,
flange
cover plates and

between lines of
fasteners or welds //
13 reclaupular HSSof
Flexure in webs
18 FABRICATION, ERECTION AND QUALITY CONTROL [Sect. B5.

TABLE B4.1 (cont.)

Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios
for Compression Elements
Limiting Width-
Width Thickness Ratios

Case
Description of Thick
Element - (compact) (noncompao) Example
ness
Ratio
14 Un storm NA 1.49
compression in all
other stiffened
elements r

15 Clrcular hollow
sections
D] t NA
In uniform
compressio
D/ t 0.07r/r o.31 r/r
n
In tlexure
[•! = , , but shall not be taken less than 0.35 nor greater than 0.76 for calculatlon purposes. (Gee
Cases 2 and 4)
[°! F/ — 0.76y for mlnor-axls bendl ng, major axls bendlng of slender-web bullt-up I-shaped members, and
major axls bendl ng of compact and noncompact web bullt-up I-shaped members wlth Sq j Sq > 0.7; F/ — F / f l j
Sq > 0.56y for major-axls bendlng of compact and noncompact web bullt-up I-shaped members wlth Sq j Sq <
0.7. fsee Case 2)
 Local Buckling of Beams (Cont’d)
• Classification of Local Buckling Cases:

where:
b ≡ width to thickness ratio of the element being checked.
p ≡ limit for a compact section (No Local Buckling) and start
of Inelastic Local Buckling.
r ≡ limit for a non-compact section (Inelastic Local Buckling)
and start of Elastic Local Buckling..
Classification and Flexural Strength of Beam
Cross Sections Based on Local Buckling (i.e.,
according to (b/t) values):
i. Compact section: (No Local Buckling)

p is given in
b
t  p Table B4. 1 for both web
 and flanges.
In this case, Full Yielding is the failure
mode (assuming that adequate lateral
support is provided for the compression
flange), i. e. full yielding is reached before
any local buckling.
(AISC, LRFD Eq. F2-
 M px  Z x Fy 1.6 S x 1 , p. 1 6. 1 - 47 and Eq.
M nx A - 1 - 6 , p. 16.1-154)
Fy
iii. Slender Section: (Elastic Local Buckling)

b
r is given in
t 
r
Table B4. 1 for both web
 and flanges.
In this case:

(AISC - LRFD
M nx 0.9Ekc S x  M px
 Eq. F3-2, p. 16.1-
 49)
2
Lateral Torsional Buckling (LTB):
• The top flange and portion of the web act as a column,
and tend to buckle laterally, which tends to twist the
cross section.
This is called lateral torsional buckling.

Onset of Lateral Torsional Post-Buckled Shape

Buckling
 Mnx

Mpx

Mnx
Mr=
0.7FySx For Compact Sec.
with Cb = 1.0

0 Lb
Lp Lb Lr
Full Inelastic Elastic LTB
Yielding LTB

(AISC, LRFD, p. 16.1-269)

 Lateral Torsional Buckling (LTB)
of Beams (Cont’d)
• Classification of LTB Cases:

Where:
Lb ≡ laterally unsupported length of the compression flange.

Lp ≡ limit for no LTB.

Lr ≡ limit between elastic and inelastic LTB.

Lateral Torsional Buckling (LTB)
of Beams (Cont’d)

Source: Teaching Aids for Faculty and Students at: http://www.aisc.org/

 Lateral Torsional Buckling (LTB)
of Beams (Cont’d)

beff beff
A
hr
ts tc

Conventional Slab Slab on a Metal

System Decking
System
Use of shear studs to provide lateral support for composite
beams
 Lateral Torsional Buckling (LTB)
of Beams (Cont’d)

Shear Stud
(Connector)
Lb

Composite Beam
Source: Teaching Aids for Faculty and Students at: http://www.aisc.org/
Bending Strength of Beams Based on LTB:

Case (1): When Lb ≤ Lp (Laterally Supported Beam)

Full Yielding € No LTB occurs

M n  M px  Z x Fy 1.6 S x Fy

b M n  b M px  0.9 Z x Fy  0.91.6 S x Fy 
(AISC, LRFD Eq. F2-1 , p. 16.1-47 and Eq. A - 1 - 6 , p. 16.1-154)

To ensure elastic behavior due to service

loads: AISC- LRFD Appendix 1 , Section 1 . 7
(p. 1 6. 1 -
154) restricts Mp to the value of 1.6 Sx F y .
Case (3): When Lb >
Lr
Elastic LTB

 Fcr S x  M p x (AISC - LRFD Eq.

M nx F2- 3, p. 16.1-
47)
Where:

(AISC - LRFD
Eq. F2-4, p.
16.1-47)
E = Young’s Modulus = 29,000 ksi
J = torsional constant (Section Dimensions Tables)
c = 1 for doubly symmetric I-shapes
h0 = height betweencenters of flanges
(SectionDimensions Tables)

rts = Torsion radius of gyration (Section Dimensions Tables)

(AISC - LRFD Eq. F2-7, p. 16.1-48)

Cw = warping constant (Section Dimensions Tables)

 (AISC - LRFD Eq.
F2- 5, p. 16.1-
48)

(AISC - LRFD Eq. F2-6, p. 16.1-48)

Finding Lp and Lr Using Design Selection Tables
(AISC - LRFD Table 3-2, pp. 3 - 1 1 to 3-19)
(AISC - LRFD
Eq. F 1 - 1 , p. 16.1-
46)
 Lb
(All moments MA, MB, MC , and X X
Mmax are absolute values). (1 /4)Lb A B C

(Also see Table 3- 1 P. 3- 1 0 (1/2)Lb

in the LRFDM) (3/4)Lb
(AISC - LRFD Table 3 - 1 , p. 3-10)
Example:
Find Cb for the
case of uniformly
distributed load
and lateral
supports for the
flange at the
beam ends.
 Using Design Selection Tables
(AISC - LRFD Table 3-2, pp. 3 - 1 1 to 3-19)
Notes on the Design Selection Tables:

Tables are provided for Fy = 50 ksi only.

Beam tables arrange the rolled sections

according to their Zx values.

The lightest sections are shown in boldface.

The table values take into account the local

buckling of the cross sections. Therefore, no
check for local buckling is required.
Using Design Charts
(AISC - LRFD Tables 3-
10 & 3- 1 1 : pp. 3-
96 to 3-
130)
Design Charts (AISC-LRFD Tables 3-10 & 3 - 1 1 , pp. 3-96 to 3-130)
Design Charts (AISC-LRFD Tables 3-10 & 3 - 1 1 , pp. 3-96 to 3-130)
Notes on the Beam Design Charts:

Design charts apply only for Fy = 50 ksi.

Beam design charts take into account the local
buckling of cross sections. Therefore, no check
for local buckling is required.

The charts are plotted without taking shear and

deflection into account. Therefore, shear and
deflection should be checked after flexure
strength has been satisfied.
Notes on the Beam Design Charts (Cont’d.):

Beam design charts are prepared for Cb = 1 . 0 .

For beams with C b >1.0:

* The values obtained from the table
Mn should be multiplied by C b .
* Values of that is used for design
Mu should be replaced by Mu / C b .
Notes on the Beam Design Charts (Cont’d.):

The solid portion of each curve indicates

the most economical section by weight.

The points on the curves with filled symbol "●"

(see page 3-103) indicate the points at which:
Lb = Lp

The points on the curves with open symbol "○"

(see page 3-102) indicate the points at which:
Lb = Lr
 Shear:

What Causes Shear Failure?

V  V V V V
T C V

Shear Buckling

Shear buckling occurs due to

diagonal compressive stresses.

Extent of shear buckling depends on

h/tw
of the web (web slenderness).
❖ Design Equation for Shear for Unstiffened

Webs:
 Vn ≥ Vu

Where Vu is the factored shear load,

 = 1.0 (case A) or 0.9 (case B) of next slide,

and Vn is the nominal shear strength of the web,
to be calculated as follows for W sections when
no web holes or coped ends exist:
V n  0.6Fy Aw C v
(AISC - LRFD Eq. G2- 1 , p. 16.1-65)
A. For webs of rolled I-shaped members with
h
tw  2.24 E / Fy , then:

 = 1.0 & C = 1.0 (AISC-LRFD, Eq.G2-2, p. 16.1-65)

B. For webs of all other doubly symmetric shapes and

singly symmetric shapes and channels, except
round HSS, the web shear coefficient, C v , is
determined as follows:

i. For: h =0.9 & C  =1.0

t w  1.10 k E / F ⇒
v y

(AISC-LRFD, Eq.G2-3, p. 16.1-65)

ii. For: 1.10 kv E / Fy h k v E / Fy
t
w
=0.9 & 1.37

1.10 kv
v
E / Fy (AISC-LRFD, Eq.G2-4, p. 16.1-65)
C  h /t w

iii. For: h k v E / Fy
tw
=0.9 &1.37

C v  1.51 E2kv (AISC-LRFD, Eq.G2-5, p. 16.1-65)

h /t w Fy

 Deflection:
• Deflection is a serviceability limit state, not
a strength limit state that could affect the
safety of the structure. Therefore, service
loads (not factored Loads) should be used in
computing deflection.
• No specific limits for maximum deflection or
drift (lateral deflection due to wind, e.g.)
are provided by the LRFD specifications. It is
left the designer to determine these limits
based on his/her judgment, experience, and
satisfactory performance of similar
structures.
 Deflection:

• The IBC 2003 recommends that live load

deflection value does not exceed (1/360) of
the member span.
• Pre-cambering could be used to avoid large
sagging under service loads.
 Example 1
A simply supported beam whose span L = 30 ft is
subjected to the following uniformly distributed
loads:
Dead = 0.8 kips/ft (including beam self-
weight). Live = 1.4 kips/ft
The compression flange is laterally braced such
that Lb ≤ Lp.

Select the lightest W section of A572 Grade 50

steel to serve for the described beam.
Solution
From AISC-LRFD
page 2-8, the
governing factored
loading is:

qu = 1.2D + 1.6L

qu = 1.2D + 1.6L
=1.2(0.8)+1.6(1.4
)
= 3.2 kips/ft
Using the ZxFy equation we have:

 Mp > Mu
0.90 ZxFy > Mu

36012
⇒ Z  x
 96 in3
0.950
Using LRFD Table 3-2 (selection by Z x ),
p. 3 - 1 7 , and the Mpx column,
Look at the boldface sections, since
they represent the lightest sections in their
group,
until we find: W21X48 f .
Note that f is not a compact section
W21(F
for X48
y =50 ksi), This means that local buckling
controls the strength of the member and causes
it to be less than M p .

Instead, choose the next lightest section (in the

same block), and that is: W1 8X50. whose
strength Mpx is:
(Mpx = 379 ft-kips) > (M u = 360 ft-kips)
(section is compact) Why?
Check that Lb ≤ Lp :

Lp = 5.83 ft which is < L = 30.0 ft

This means that extra lateral supports should be added to

the beam along its span as follows:

Since L/Lp = 30/5.83 = 5.14:

Use 6 segments, 5 ft. each. This makes:

(Lb = 5.0 ft < Lp = 5.83 ft)

Check for shear (manual calculations):

29000 / 50 
h 
t w 43.7
= 45.2  E/F
y

2.24 2.24 53.9
then:  = 1.0 & C = 1.0
(AISC-LRFD, Eq.G2-2,
V n  0.6Fy Aw C v
⇒ vV n  1.0 0.6Fy Aw
p. 16.1-65)

vVn  0.6Fy Aw  0.6(50)(6.39)  192 kKips >VVu u=4848 k

Kips.
1.0  
Use W 18X50 (Fy =50 ksi) and (Lb =5.0’ ) ≤ (Lp =5.83’ )
Check for shear (tabulated values):

We can find Vn = 192 kips from Table 3-2 last

column, p. 3-17 (or from the bottom of LRFD
Table 3-6, p. 3-59)

Use W 18X50 (Fy =50 ksi) and (Lb =5.0’ ) ≤ (Lp =5.83’ )
 Example 2
For the same simply supported beam of example
1, the compression flange can be laterally
braced such that Lb ≤ Lp.

Select the lightest W section of A572 Grade 65

steel that is acceptable to serve for the
described beam.
Solution
From AISC-LRFD
page 2-8, the
governing factored
loading is:

qu = 1.2D + 1.6L

qu = 1.2D + 1.6L
=1.2(0.8)+1.6(1.4
)
= 3.2 kips/ft
Check for shear:

?? 29000 / 65 
= 50.9  2.24
thw 50.0 E / Fy 
2.24 47.3
A. For webs of rolled I-shaped members with
h
tw  2.24 E / Fy , then:

 = 1.0 & C = 1.0 (AISC-LRFD, Eq.G2-2, p. 16.1-65)

B. For webs of all other doubly symmetric shapes and

singly symmetric shapes and channels, except
round HSS, the web shear coefficient, C v , is
determined as follows:

i. For: h =0.9 & C  =1.0

t w  1.10 k E / F ⇒
v y

(AISC-LRFD, Eq.G2-3, p. 16.1-65)

ii. For: 1.10 kv E / Fy h k v E / Fy
t
w
=0.9 & 1.37

1.10 kv
v
E / Fy (AISC-LRFD, Eq.G2-4, p. 16.1-65)
C  h /t w

iii. For: h k v E / Fy
tw
=0.9 &1.37

C v  1.51 E2kv (AISC-LRFD, Eq.G2-5, p. 16.1-65)

h /t w Fy

Check for shear:

h 
= 50.9  2.24
t w 50.0 E/F
y
 2.24 29000 / 65 
h 
t w 50.0    260 , kv 
= 50.947.3
5
h 
= 50.9 1.10
t w 50.0 kv E / Fy 1.10 (5)29000 / 65 

thus: = 0.9
 51.9  & C = 1.0
(AISC-LRFD, Eq.G2-3, p. 16.1-65)
Finally use:

V n  0.6Fy Aw C v
⇒ vV n  0.9 0.6Fy Aw

vVn  0.54Fy Aw  0.54(65)(5.64)  >V 48

1.0   198 kKips V u= 48Kips
k

u

Use W 18X40 (Fy =65 ksi) and (Lb =3.75’ ) ≤ (Lp =3.93’ )
 Example 3
For the same simply supported beam of example
1, the compression flange can be laterally braced
only at the supports and mid span; Lb = 15 ft.

Select the lightest W section of A572 Grade 50

steel that is acceptable to serve for the described
beam.
From the AISC LRFD Table 3 - 1 0 , p. 3-123:
1) Find the page on which we find:
Mnx ≥ (Mux = 360/1.30 = 276.923
kips.ft).
2) Plot the point whose coordinates are:
(Lb, Mu / Cb) = (15’ , 276.923 kips.ft).
3) Any curve that passes through this point or
any curve that lies above and to the right of
the plotted point is a satisfactory solution
since Mnx ≥ Mux ( = 360 kips.ft).
4) Solid-line curves indicate the lightest choice in
each region. Therefore, the solid-line on or
closest to, but above and to the right of, the
plotted point is the lightest section that satisfies
Mnx ≥ Mux .
277

15
 Example 4
For the same simply supported beam of example
1, the compression flange can be laterally braced
only at the supports and at intervals of

Lb = L/3 = 30/3 = 10 ft.

Select the lightest W section of A572 Grade 50

steel that is acceptable to serve for the described
beam.
Since the beam is laterally unsupported, the
strength equations requires the calculation of
the Cb factor:

12.5M max
Cb 
2.5M max  3M A  4M B  C
3M

Note that in segment 2, the moment diagram is

close to being constant in this region, so we
expect that Cb  1 .
Segment Lb (ft) Mmax/Cb (kips.ft)

1 10 320/1.46 = 219.18

2 10 360/1.01 = 356.44

3 10 320/1.46 = 219.18

Segment (2) is the most critical one

 360 ft-kips
320 320

M
ux

Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 z

C b
= 1.46 C b
= 1.01 C b
= 1.46
L = 10 ft L = 10 ft L = 10 ft
b b b

The section must satisfy Mnx ≥ Mux in all Lb

segments.
Since all segments have the same Lb, we
choose the W-section for the segment with
Mu/Cb is max., which is #(2), where Cb = 1 . 0 1
and Mux =360 ft-kips .
From the AISC LRFD Table 3 - 1 0 , p. 3 - 1 2 1 :
1) Find the page on which we find:
Mnx ≥ (Mux = 360 / 1.01 = 356 ft-kips).

2) Plot the point whose coordinates are:

(Lb, Mu / Cb) = (10’ , 356 ft-kips).
3) Any curve that passes through this point or
any curve that lies above and to the right of
the plotted point is a satisfactory solution
since Mnx ≥ Mux ( = 360 ft-kips).
4) Solid-line curves indicate the lightest choice in
each region. Therefore, the solid-line on or
closest to, but above and to the right of, the
plotted point is the lightest section that satisfies
Mnx ≥ Mux .
356
356
C E T S 4 6 4 P r o f e s s i o n a l C o u r s e - s p e c i a l i z e d 3
( A D VA N C E D C O N S T R U C T I O N M E T H O D S A N D E Q U I P M E N T )

THANK YOU!