INTERNSHIP REPORT

ON
AUTOMATION AND ROBOTICS
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
award of degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
PALAGIRI SRIVATSAV REDDY (12005039)
Under the Supervision of
MR. Dr. ARUN DAYAL UDAI, Dr. ZAFAR
ALAM,
Assistant Professors
Department Of Mechanical Engineering
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (ISM)DHANBAD
Duration from 3rd JANUARY-25th APRIL 2024

Department of Mechanical Engineering

SRI VENKATESWARA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
TIRUPATI
2023 – 2024
 Certificate
This is to certify that the Internship Report termed entitled as “AUTOMATION AND
ROBOTICS” being submitted by PALAGIRI SRIVATSAV REDDY (12005039)
studying 4th year BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING at Sri Venkateswara University College of Engineering, Tirupati is
a Bonafide work carried out by him under my internship guidance during the
academic year 2023-2024.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank all the people who joined as part of making this journey of fulfilling this
internship into a working model. I am grateful to “AD INFOCOM SYSTEMS” for giving me a
wonderful platform through “INTERNSHIP” for exploring my skills during this internship.

I would like to extend my gratitude to “SRI VENKATESWARA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

OF ENGINEERING” for providing the internship opportunity in leading company.

I would like to thank our project guide “Sri. K. RAJESH BABU” sir for his valuable time and
continued assistance for the successful completion of the internship.

I express my gratitude and sincere thanks to “Dr. ARUN DAYAL UDAI, Dr. ZAFAR
ALAM and PRABHAKAR DORGE” for helping at various stages of internship to
understand the phenomena and characteristics involved and parameter requirements etc.

I also express my heartfelt gratitude to my advisor “Prof V. DIWAKAR REDDY”, Head,

Department of Mechanical Engineering, S.V.U College of Engineering for rendering all help and
support for internship.

I would like to thank all who directly or indirectly helped me in completing the internship and
providing the support.
 ABSTRACT

Practical experience plays a pivotal role in shaping the career trajectory of aspiring
engineers, particularly in fields as dynamic as automation and robotics. This
internship provided a unique opportunity to bridge the gap between theoretical
knowledge and practical application, offering a hands-on experience that is
invaluable for understanding the complexities of industrial automation systems.
Through this program, students gained insights into the latest advancements in
robotics, exploring topics such as sensor integration, motion control, and
programming techniques. Such exposure not only enhances technical proficiency
but also cultivates problem-solving skills essential for addressing real-world
challenges in automation engineering.

Moreover, the internship offered a holistic view of the automation industry,

encompassing aspects beyond technical skills. These soft skills are often as critical
as technical expertise in the workplace, highlighting the importance of practical
training in shaping well-rounded professionals. Additionally, the financial aspect
of the internship further incentivized students, reinforcing the value of their
contributions and providing a glimpse into the economic dynamics of the industry.

From a practical standpoint, the internship exposed students to the intricacies of

automation and robotics through practical projects and real-world applications.
Participants were involved in projects ranging from designing automated systems
to troubleshooting and maintenance, gaining a comprehensive understanding of the
entire project lifecycle. This experiential learning approach not only deepened their
technical knowledge but also instilled a sense of responsibility and accountability,
crucial for professional growth. Overall, the internship was a transformative
experience, equipping students with the skills, knowledge, and confidence to
pursue rewarding careers in the field of automation and robotics.
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the internship termed as “AUTOMATION AND

ROBOTICS” in AD INFOCOM SYSTEMS through online is the
authentic work carried out by me, the student of SRI VENKATESWARA
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, TIRUPATI, as part of
internship programme earmarked for the academic year October-
March (2023-2024) and has not been submitted elsewhere for the award
of the degree in part or in full to any institute.

Contributed by
PALAGIRI SRIVATSAV REDDY
(12005039)
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Content Page No

Internship objectives 1

Learning Modules 2-3

CHAPTER 1
4-14
 1.1 Introduction
 1.2 Background
 1.3 Purpose

CHAPTER 2
15-17
 2.1 About Organization
 2.2 Scope

CHAPTER 3
16-25

 3.1 Importance of Robotics and Automation

 3.2 Automation Systems

CHAPTER 4
26-27

 4.1 Analysis

CHAPTER 5
28-29
Conclusions
Internship Objectives
i. Aimed at professional learning
ii. To relate theoretical aspects with practical training
iii. To enhance the competitive skills
iv. To cultivate organizational behavior and delegation of work
Learning modules
ROBOTICS
Introduction:
Robot definition, applications, robot anatomy, robot classifications and technical
specifications serial robots and parallel robots.
Actuators:
Pneumatic, hydraulic and electric actuators, stepper motors, DC and AC motors,
selection of motors, gear boxes and robot end effectors
Robot sensors:
Contact and non-contact sensors, position, velocity, acceleration and force/torque
sensors, robot vision and their interfaces.

Transformations:
DOF of a robot, Understanding pose or configuration, Homogenous transformation
matrix. Denavit-Hartenberg(DH) parameters and forward kinematics, Tool and
base calibration, velocity relations and robot Jacobian matrices, force and velocity
ellipsoids, Inverse kinematics.
Introduction to Robot Statics:
Gravity compensation, Effect of external forces.
Introduction to Robot Dynamics:
Euler-Lagrange formulation, Obtaining generalized equation of motion.
Introduction to Robot Control:
Transfer functions and block diagram representation, proportional integral and
derivative control.

AUTOMATION
Introduction:
Introduction of automation technologies applications in manufacturing and mining.
Role of energies in automation fluid power and electrical. Pneumatic/Hydraulic
systems and circuits. Introduction to pneumatic/hydraulic systems and their
components, various types of valves and their applications. Pneumatic/Hydraulic
circuit design approach and examples pneumatic/hydraulic circuit sequencing,
limit switches, limitations of pneumatic/hydraulic systems.
Electro-pneumatic/ Electro-hydraulic systems and circuits:
Basics of electro-pneumatic systems, components, circuit design, relay control and
sequence control, application with examples.
Programmable Logic Controller:
Introduction, Input and output and their types. Interfacing of Input/Output devices
with a PLC. Programming languages and instruction sets, ladder logic and
applications.
 CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction

Introduction to Robotics:

Robotics is a multidisciplinary field that involves the design, construction, operation, and use of
robots. These machines are programmed to perform tasks autonomously or semi-autonomously,
often replacing or assisting humans in dangerous, tedious, or repetitive tasks. The field of
robotics encompasses a wide range of applications, from industrial automation to healthcare and
space exploration.

Key points:

 Definition and Scope: Robotics is the branch of technology that deals with the design,
construction, operation, and application of robots. It covers a wide range of industries and
applications, including manufacturing, healthcare, agriculture, and space exploration.
 Basic Components of Robots: Robots consist of several key components, including
mechanical structures (such as arms and joints), actuators (motors or other devices that
move the robot), sensors (to perceive the environment), and a control system (to process
sensor information and control the actuators).
 Types of Robots:

Robots can be classified based on their structure (e.g., serial, parallel), control
systems (e.g., autonomous, teleoperated), and application (e.g., industrial robots,
service robots).
 Applications of Robotics: Robotics has diverse applications, including industrial
automation (e.g., assembly lines, welding), healthcare (e.g., surgery, rehabilitation),
agriculture (e.g., harvesting, spraying), and space exploration (e.g., planetary rovers,
satellite servicing).
Actuators:

Actuators are devices that convert energy into motion. In robotics, actuators are used to control
the movement of robot joints and end-effectors. There are several types of actuators commonly
used in robotics, including pneumatic, hydraulic, and electric actuators.

Key points:

 Types of Actuators: Pneumatic actuators use compressed air to create motion, making
them suitable for applications where quick and powerful movements are required.

Hydraulic actuators use liquid pressure to create motion, providing high force output but
requiring more complex control systems. Electric actuators use electrical energy to create
motion, offering precise control and high efficiency.
 Selection Criteria: The choice of actuator depends on the specific requirements of the
robotic application, including the required force, speed, precision, and environmental
conditions. Factors such as cost, size, weight, and power consumption also play a role in
the selection process.
 Actuator Control: Actuators are controlled by the robot's control system, which receives
commands from the robot's programming or external inputs (such as sensors or human
operators). The control system regulates the actuator's motion to achieve the desired task.
 Applications: Actuators are used in various robotic applications, including robot arms,
grippers, and mobile robots. They are essential for enabling robots to interact with their
environment and perform tasks.
Robot Sensors:

Sensors are crucial components of robotic systems, enabling robots to perceive and interact with
their environment. Sensors provide feedback to the robot's control system, allowing it to make
informed decisions and adapt to changing conditions.

Key points:

 Types of Sensors: Sensors used in robotics include contact sensors (e.g., limit switches,
tactile sensors) and non-contact sensors (e.g., vision sensors, proximity sensors). Contact
sensors detect physical contact with objects, while non-contact sensors use various
principles (such as light, sound, or magnetic fields) to detect objects or measure
distances.
 Functions of Sensors: Sensors provide information about the robot's position,
orientation, velocity, acceleration, and the forces acting on it. This information is used by
the control system to plan and execute robot movements, avoid obstacles, and interact
with objects.
 Integration with Control System: Sensors are integrated into the robot's control system,
which processes sensor data and generates commands for the actuators. Sensor fusion
techniques are used to combine data from multiple sensors to improve accuracy and
reliability.
 Applications: Sensors are used in various robotic applications, such as obstacle
avoidance, object detection and recognition, localization and mapping, and human-robot
interaction. Advances in sensor technology have enabled robots to perform increasingly
complex tasks in diverse environments.
Transformations:

Transformations are used in robotics to describe the position and orientation of robot
components relative to each other. These transformations are essential for robot kinematics and
control, allowing robots to move accurately and perform tasks effectively.

Key points:

 Degrees of Freedom: The degrees of freedom (DOF) of a robot refer to the number of
independent parameters required to describe its configuration. For example, a robot arm
with six joints has six degrees of freedom, allowing it to move in six different directions.
 Homogeneous Transformation Matrix: Homogeneous transformation matrices are used
to represent the position and orientation of robot components in a common coordinate
system. These matrices enable the transformation of coordinates between different
reference frames, such as the robot base and end-effector.
 Denavit-Hartenberg (DH) Parameters: DH parameters are a set of parameters used to
describe the geometry of robot manipulators. These parameters define the relationship
between successive links of the robot arm, allowing for kinematic analysis and control.
 Forward Kinematics: Forward kinematics is the process of determining the position and
orientation of the robot's end-effector based on the joint angles of its joints. This is
essential for planning and executing robot movements.
 Applications: Transformations are used in various robotic applications, such as path
planning, inverse kinematics, and robot simulation. They are fundamental concepts in
robot kinematics and control, enabling robots to perform complex tasks with accuracy
and efficiency.

Robot Statics and Dynamics:

Robot statics and dynamics deal with the analysis of forces and torques acting on a robot in static
and dynamic conditions. These concepts are crucial for understanding the stability, performance,
and control of robotic systems.

Key points:

 Statics: Static analysis is used to determine the equilibrium conditions of a robot under
external forces and torques. This analysis helps to ensure that the robot remains stable
and can support its own weight and any additional loads.
 Dynamics: Dynamic analysis considers the motion of a robot under the influence of
external forces and torques. This analysis is essential for predicting the robot's motion,
 calculating the forces required to achieve desired motions, and designing control systems
to regulate the robot's motion.
 Gravity Compensation: Gravity compensation is a technique used to counteract the
effects of gravity on a robot, allowing it to maintain its position or move under gravity
without external support. This technique is essential for improving the accuracy and
efficiency of robotic systems.
 Equations of Motion: The equations of motion describe the relationship between the
forces acting on a robot and its resulting motion. These equations are derived using
principles of mechanics and are used to model and simulate robot dynamics.
 Applications: Statics and dynamics are applied in various robotic applications, such as
robot manipulator design, control system design, and motion planning. Understanding
these concepts is essential for optimizing robot performance and ensuring safe operation.
Robot Control:

 Robot control involves the design and implementation of control systems that regulate the
motion and behavior of robots. Control systems are essential for ensuring that robots
perform tasks accurately, efficiently, and safely.

Key points:

 Control Systems: Control systems in robotics can be classified into several types,
including open-loop control, closed-loop (feedback) control, and adaptive control. These
systems use sensors, actuators, and a control algorithm to control the robot's motion and
behavior. Closed loop (feedback) control involves using feedback from sensors to adjust
the robot's motion in real-time, ensuring accurate and stable performance. Adaptive
control is a technique where the control algorithm continuously adjusts its parameters
based on changing conditions, allowing the robot to adapt to varying environments and
tasks. This adaptive capability is particularly useful in situations where the robot's
dynamics or the environment are uncertain or change over time.
 Challenges and Advanced Techniques: Robot control faces challenges such as
nonlinearities, uncertainties, and disturbances. Advanced control techniques like adaptive
control, fuzzy logic control, and machine learning are used to address these challenges
and improve the performance of robotic systems
Automation Introduction:

Automation is the use of technology to perform tasks with minimal human intervention. It
involves the application of various technologies, such as robotics, sensors, and control systems,
to improve efficiency, productivity, and safety in industrial processes.

Key points:

 Definition and Scope: Automation encompasses a wide range of technologies and

applications aimed at reducing human involvement in repetitive, dangerous, or complex
tasks. It includes technologies such as robotics, machine vision, and automated control
systems.
 Applications in Manufacturing: Automation is widely used in manufacturing industries
to streamline production processes, increase output, and improve product quality.
Automated systems can perform tasks such as assembly, machining, and material
handling with high precision and efficiency.
 Applications in Mining: In the mining industry, automation is used to improve safety
and efficiency in operations such as drilling, blasting, and transportation. Automated
systems can operate in hazardous environments and perform tasks that are difficult or
dangerous for humans.
 Role of Energies in Automation: Automation systems often rely on energy sources such
as electricity and fluid power (pneumatics and hydraulics) to operate. These energy
sources are used to power actuators, sensors, and control systems, enabling automation
technologies to perform tasks effectively.
 Trends and Future Prospects: The field of automation is constantly evolving, with new
technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), and additive
manufacturing (3D printing) driving innovation. These technologies are expected to
further improve efficiency, flexibility, and sustainability in automation systems.
Pneumatic/Hydraulic Systems and Circuits:

Pneumatic and hydraulic systems are widely used in automation due to their ability to generate
high forces and operate in rugged environments. These systems use compressed air (pneumatics)
or hydraulic fluid (hydraulics) to transmit power and control motion.

Key points:

 Basic Principles: Pneumatic systems use compressed air to create mechanical motion,
while hydraulic systems use pressurized fluid (usually oil) to transmit power. Both
systems rely on the principles of fluid dynamics and Pascal's law to generate force.
 Components: Pneumatic and hydraulic systems consist of several components, including
compressors (or pumps), valves, actuators (cylinders or motors), and control circuits.
These components work together to control the flow of air or fluid and generate motion.
 Circuit Design: Pneumatic and hydraulic circuits are designed based on the specific
requirements of the application. Circuit design involves selecting the appropriate
components, such as valves and actuators, and arranging them to achieve the desired
motion or function.
 Applications: Pneumatic and hydraulic systems are used in various automation
applications, such as industrial machinery, robotics, and automotive systems. They are
preferred for their ability to generate high forces, operate at high speeds, and withstand
harsh environments.

Electro-Pneumatic/Electro-Hydraulic Systems and Circuits:

Electro-pneumatic and electro-hydraulic systems integrate electrical control with pneumatic or

hydraulic systems, enabling precise control and automation of complex processes. These systems
are widely used in manufacturing, automotive, and aerospace industries.

Key points:

 Integration of Electrical Control: Electro-pneumatic and electro-hydraulic systems use

electrical signals to control pneumatic or hydraulic components, such as valves and
actuators. This integration enables precise control of motion and force.
 Circuit Design: Circuit design for electro-pneumatic and electro-hydraulic systems
involves selecting the appropriate sensors, actuators, and control components, and
designing the control logic to achieve the desired functionality. Programmable logic
controllers (PLCs) are often used to control these systems.
 Advantages over Mechanical Systems: Electro-pneumatic and electro-hydraulic
systems offer several advantages over purely mechanical systems, including faster
 response times, higher precision, and the ability to perform complex sequences of
operations.
 Applications: These systems are used in various applications, such as automated
manufacturing (e.g., assembly lines, packaging machines), robotics (e.g., robot arms,
grippers), and aerospace systems (e.g., aircraft landing gear, control surfaces).

Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs):

PLCs are specialized computers used to control industrial processes and machinery. They are
widely used in automation to monitor inputs, make decisions based on logic, and control outputs
to automate processes.

Key points:

 Introduction to PLCs: PLCs are designed to withstand harsh industrial environments

and are programmed using ladder logic, a graphical programming language that
resembles electrical relay circuits.
 Inputs and Outputs: PLCs interface with sensors and actuators to receive inputs (e.g.,
sensor readings) and control outputs (e.g., actuator movements). They can also
communicate with other devices, such as computers or human-machine interfaces
(HMIs).
 Programming Languages: In addition to ladder logic, PLCs support other programming
languages, such as function block diagrams (FBD) and structured text (ST), for more
complex control algorithms.
 Applications: PLCs are used in various industries, such as manufacturing, automotive,
and food processing, to automate processes such as assembly, packaging, and material
handling. They are preferred for their reliability, flexibility, and ease of programming.
1.2 Background:

Participating in an online internship focused on robotics and automation has been a

transformative journey, providing unique insights into the cutting-edge technologies shaping the
future of robotics. Despite the physical distance, the virtual environment has offered unparalleled
opportunities for learning.

Through engaging in online modules, I've deepened my understanding of the core principles of
robotics, including robot anatomy, kinematics, sensors, actuators, and control systems. Practical
exercises and virtual simulations have allowed me to apply theoretical knowledge to real-world
scenarios, refining my problem-solving skills and fostering a strong intuition for robotics design
and operation.

The interdisciplinary nature of robotics is particularly fascinating. Spanning mechanical

engineering, computer science, electrical engineering, and artificial intelligence, it creates a
dynamic and collaborative environment where diverse ideas converge. Engaging in online
forums and discussions, I've had the privilege of exploring the latest advancements in robotics
research and development, gaining valuable insights into emerging trends and future
possibilities.

1.3 Purpose:

The purpose of an online internship in robotics and automation is multifaceted, aiming to

enhance both personal and professional development. Firstly, it provides a comprehensive
understanding of the fundamental principles and advanced technologies driving the field.
Through theoretical study, practical exercises, and hands-on simulations, interns gain insights
into various aspects of robotics, including anatomy, kinematics, sensors, actuators, and control
systems.

Secondly, an online internship offers opportunities for practical application and skill
development in a virtual setting. Participants engage in collaborative projects, problem-solving
activities, and virtual experiments, enhancing their technical skills and proficiency in robotics
design, programming, and operation.

Furthermore, an online internship facilitates networking and collaboration with peers, mentors,
and industry professionals worldwide. Through online forums, webinars, and virtual events,
interns can exchange knowledge, share experiences, and build connections within the global
robotics community.
Overall, the purpose of an online internship in robotics and automation is to provide participants
with a rich and immersive learning experience, equipping them with the knowledge, skills, and
network necessary to succeed in this dynamic and rapidly evolving field. Through guided study,
practical application, and collaborative engagement, interns are empowered to make meaningful
contributions to the advancement of robotics technology and its applications in various industries
and domains.
 CHAPTER TWO

2.1About Organization:

AD INFOCOM SYSTEMS: Bridging Technology and Innovation

Company Overview: Established in 2023, AD INFOCOM SYSTEMS has quickly made a name
for itself in the bustling city of Nagpur, India. As a software-based company, it has carved out a
niche in the IT industry by offering a suite of services that cater to the evolving digital landscape.
The company’s ethos is built on the foundation of technological excellence and customer-centric
solutions.

Core Services: AD INFOCOM SYSTEMS provides a comprehensive range of IT services that

include:

 Web Development: Designing state-of-the-art websites that are optimized for

performance and user experience.
 App Development: Creating mobile applications that resonate with modern consumers
and their needs.
 Software Development: Engineering tailored software solutions that drive business
efficiency and productivity.
 MATLAB and NS2 Coding: Delivering specialized coding expertise in MATLAB and
NS2 for complex computational and networking projects.

Quality: Quality is the cornerstone of AD INFOCOM SYSTEMS. The company employs a

rigorous quality assurance process to ensure that each project meets the highest standards of
excellence. From initial concept to final delivery, every step is meticulously scrutinized to
guarantee client satisfaction.

Innovation and Research: Innovation is at the heart of AD INFOCOM SYSTEMS. The

company invests in research and development to stay abreast of the latest technological
advancements. This commitment to innovation enables AD INFOCOM SYSTEMS to offer
cutting-edge solutions that keep clients ahead in a competitive market.

Work Culture and Environment: AD INFOCOM SYSTEMS boasts a vibrant work culture
that fosters creativity, collaboration, and continuous learning. The work environment is designed
to empower employees to achieve their full potential while contributing to the company’s
overarching goals.

Training and Internships: Recognizing the importance of nurturing talent, AD INFOCOM

SYSTEMS offers training and internship programs. These programs are tailored to equip
participants with practical skills and industry insights, preparing them for successful careers in
technology.

Client Testimonials: Clients of AD INFOCOM SYSTEMS consistently praise the company for
its exceptional service, technical expertise, and unwavering support. Testimonials highlight the
company’s ability to deliver projects on time, within budget, and beyond expectations.

Outlook: Looking to the future, AD INFOCOM SYSTEMS is poised for growth and expansion.
The company plans to diversify its service offerings and explore new markets, all while
maintaining its commitment to quality and innovation.

In conclusion AD INFOCOM SYSTEMS stands as a beacon of technological prowess in

Nagpur’s IT landscape. With its comprehensive services, dedication to quality, and forward-
thinking approach, the company is well-equipped to meet the challenges of the digital age and
emerge as a leader in the global IT arena.
2.2 Scope:
The scope of this internship in robotics and automation is extensive, offering
a deep dive into fundamental principles and advanced technologies.
Participants gain insights into robot anatomy, kinematics, sensors, actuators,
and control systems. Practical exercises and simulations enhance skills in
robotics design, programming, and operation. The interdisciplinary nature of
robotics allows exploration of diverse fields such as mechanical engineering,
computer science, and artificial intelligence. Networking opportunities enable
collaboration with peers and industry professionals worldwide. The internship
provides a platform to stay updated with the latest advancements and
trends in robotics research and development. Participants can contribute to
innovative solutions for real-world challenges in manufacturing, healthcare,
and beyond. The skills and knowledge acquired during the internship can
pave the way for a successful career in robotics and automation. The
internship fosters a sense of community and collaboration within the global
robotics community, paving the way for future collaborations and
opportunities. Overall, the internship offers a transformative experience,
preparing participants to be at the forefront of the robotics revolution.
 CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Importance of Robotics and Automation

Robotics:

Robotics is a field that combines engineering, computer science, and other

disciplines to create machines that can perform tasks autonomously or with
minimal human intervention. These machines, known as robots, are
designed to manipulate objects, move through their environment, and
perform a variety of functions.

Importance of Robotics:

The importance of robotics lies in its ability to transform industries and

improve quality of life. In manufacturing, robots are used to automate
repetitive tasks, increasing efficiency and reducing the risk of human error.
In healthcare, robots are used for tasks such as surgery and rehabilitation,
improving patient outcomes and reducing the workload on healthcare
professionals.

Introduction to Automation:

Automation is the use of technology to perform tasks with minimal human

intervention. It involves the use of sensors, actuators, and control systems to
automate processes and improve efficiency. Automation is used in a wide
range of industries, from manufacturing to transportation, and has the
potential to revolutionize the way we live and work.
Importance of Automation:

Automation is important because it allows businesses to increase

productivity, reduce costs, and improve safety. By automating repetitive
tasks, businesses can free up their employees to focus on more complex and
creative work. Automation also enables businesses to respond more quickly
to changing market conditions and customer demands.

Introduction to Hydraulic, Pneumatic, Electro-Pneumatic, and

Electro-Hydraulic Systems:

Hydraulic systems use pressurized fluid to generate motion, pneumatic

systems use compressed air, electro-pneumatic systems use electrical
signals to control pneumatic actuators, and electro-hydraulic systems use
electrical signals to control hydraulic actuators.

Importance of Hydraulic, Pneumatic, Electro-Pneumatic, and Electro-

Hydraulic Systems:

These systems are important because they provide the power and control
needed to automate a wide range of industrial processes. Hydraulic systems
are used in applications where high forces and precise control are required,
such as in heavy machinery and construction equipment. Pneumatic systems
are used in applications where rapid motion and low cost are priorities, such
as in assembly lines and packaging equipment. Electro-pneumatic systems
combine the advantages of both pneumatic and electrical control, offering
precise control and rapid response times. Electro-hydraulic systems are used
in applications where high forces and precise control are required, such as in
aircraft landing gear and construction equipment.

3.2Automation Systems:

Pneumatic/Hydraulic systems:
Pneumatic and Hydraulic systems are both fluid power systems that utilize fluids to transmit and
amplify force and motion to perform work. However, they differ in the type of fluid used and
their ideal applications.

The Key Difference: Fluid Choice

Pneumatics: Uses compressed air or gas as the working fluid. Air is readily available,
inexpensive, and relatively safe.
Hydraulics: Employs pressurized liquids, typically mineral oil, water-based fluids, or fire-
resistant options. Liquids offer superior force transmission due to their incompressibility.
Here's a table summarizing the key differences:

Feature Pneumatics Hydraulics

Liquids (Oil, Water-based,
Fluid Compressed Air/Gas
Fire-resistant)
Compressibility Highly compressible Relatively incompressible
Lower force due to High force transmission due
Force Transmission
compressibility to incompressibility
Faster due to lower fluid Slower due to higher fluid
Speed
mass mass
More complex components
Complexity Generally simpler systems for handling high pressure
liquids
Higher initial cost due to
Lower initial cost due to
Cost specialized fluids and
readily available air
components
Lower risk of fire or Higher potential fire hazard
Safety
explosion with flammable fluids
- Construction equipment
- Factory automation
(excavators, cranes) -
(assembly lines, packaging)
Machine tools (presses,
Applications - Robotic arms for light-duty
brakes) - Heavy-duty lifting
tasks - Door openers - Tire
applications - Agricultural
inflation
machinery
Choosing the Right System
 Force Requirements: For high force applications, hydraulics are preferred due to their
superior force transmission.
 Speed and Precision: Pneumatics offer faster actuation due to lower fluid mass, ideal for
repetitive tasks requiring high speed.
 Cost and Simplicity: For simpler applications and budget constraints, pneumatics might
be a better choice due to lower initial costs.
 Safety Considerations: In environments with fire hazards, pneumatics offer a safer
option due to using air.

In conclusion, both pneumatic and hydraulic systems play vital roles in automation.
Understanding their core differences and ideal applications allows for selecting the most suitable
technology for your specific needs.
Electro-Pneumatic Systems Overview:

Electro-pneumatic systems are a type of automation system that uses electrical signals to control
pneumatic actuators. These systems are widely used in various industries for their ability to
provide fast and precise control over the movement of machinery and equipment.

Components:

1. Pneumatic Actuators: These devices convert the energy from compressed air into
mechanical motion. They are used to control the movement of valves, cylinders, and
other mechanical components.

2. Electrical Signals: Control signals are sent from a central control unit to the pneumatic
actuators, directing their movement.
3. Sensors: Sensors are used to detect the position, pressure, and other parameters of the
pneumatic system, providing feedback to the control unit for precise control.
4. Control Unit: The control unit processes the input signals and sends the appropriate
commands to the pneumatic actuators, controlling the movement of the system.

Advantages:

 Fast Response Times: Electro-pneumatic systems can respond quickly to input signals,
making them ideal for applications requiring rapid and precise control.
 Cost-Effective: Compared to other types of automation systems, electro-pneumatic
systems are often more cost-effective to implement and maintain.
  Simple Design: These systems have a relatively simple design, making them easy to
install and troubleshoot.
 Safety: Pneumatic systems are inherently safer than some other types of systems, as they
do not use flammable or explosive materials.

Applications:

1. Manufacturing: Electro-pneumatic systems are used in manufacturing processes such as

assembly lines, packaging, and material handling.
2. Automotive Industry: These systems are used in automotive manufacturing for tasks
such as welding, painting, and assembly.
3. Robotics: Electro-pneumatic systems are used in robotics for tasks such as gripping,
lifting, and moving objects.

Now, let's move on to a brief overview of electro-hydraulic systems:

Electro-Hydraulic Systems Overview:

Electro-hydraulic systems are a type of automation system that uses electrical signals to control
hydraulic actuators. These systems are known for their ability to provide high forces and precise
control over a wide range of speeds, making them ideal for applications requiring heavy lifting or
precise positioning.

Components:

1. Hydraulic Actuators: These devices convert the energy from pressurized hydraulic fluid
into mechanical motion. They are used to control the movement of valves, cylinders, and
other mechanical components.
2. Electrical Signals: Control signals are sent from a central control unit to the hydraulic
actuators, directing their movement.
3. Sensors: Sensors are used to detect the position, pressure, and other parameters of the
hydraulic system, providing feedback to the control unit for precise control.
4. Control Unit: The control unit processes the input signals and sends the appropriate
commands to the hydraulic actuators, controlling the movement of the system.
Advantages:

 High Power Density: Electro-hydraulic systems can provide high forces and torques in a
compact and lightweight package.
 Precise Control: These systems can control the speed and position of hydraulic actuators
with high precision, making them ideal for applications requiring accurate positioning.
 Wide Range of Speeds: Electro-hydraulic systems can operate over a wide range of
speeds, from very slow to very fast, making them versatile for various applications.
 Ability to Operate in Harsh Environments: Hydraulic systems can operate in harsh
environments, including high temperatures and dirty conditions, making them suitable for
outdoor and industrial applications.

Applications:

1. Construction: Electro-hydraulic systems are used in construction equipment such as

excavators, cranes, and bulldozers for tasks such as lifting, digging, and moving heavy
loads.
2. Aerospace: These systems are used in aircraft for tasks such as landing gear operation,
flap control, and steering.
3. Material Handling: Electro-hydraulic systems are used in material handling equipment
such as forklifts and hydraulic presses for lifting, moving, and pressing operations.
 CHAPTER 4
4.1 ANALYSIS:

 Introduction

In recent years, the demand for heavy-load work and precision in manufacturing has surged,
leading to a significant increase in the use of machines. While semi-automation has been
prevalent, it often falls short in delivering outcomes with properties like interchangeability. As a
result, the importance of fully automated machines and robots has grown substantially.

 Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems

Hydraulic and Pneumatic systems have emerged as crucial tools for efficiently managing large-
scale works. These systems enable industries to handle tasks that would be challenging or
impossible with manual labor alone, ensuring higher efficiency and ease of operation.

 Advancements in Control Systems

The integration of programmable logic controllers (PLCs), sensors, and actuators has
revolutionized control systems in industrial automation. These advancements have significantly
enhanced the accuracy and precision of operations, leading to higher quality outcomes.

 Potential for Further Advancements

The future of automation and robotics looks promising with the potential integration of artificial
intelligence (AI), machine learning, and the Internet of Things (IoT). These technologies can
further enhance the capabilities of robots and automated systems, enabling them to perform tasks
without limitations.

 Industry Adoption

In recent years, most manufacturing industries have embraced automation and robotics across
various operations. From manufacturing processes to quality control, inventory management,
logistics, and even administrative tasks, automation has become pervasive in modern industries.

 Benefits and Challenges

While automation brings numerous benefits, such as increased efficiency and productivity, there
are also challenges. One major concern is the potential displacement of human workers, as robots
take over certain tasks. Additionally, continuous operation can lead to higher temperatures and
stresses, affecting the life expectancy of robots.
  Conclusion

Despite the challenges, the positive impact of robotics and automation on mankind is undeniable.
With continuous improvements and advancements, robotics has the potential to revolutionize
industries and bring about positive changes for society.
 CHAPTER FIVE

Conclusions:

Automation and robotics have revolutionized industries, enhancing productivity, efficiency, and
safety. This report explores the employment opportunities in these fields, as outlined in the
internship of the online internship program.

Robotics

The internship covered various aspects of robotics, including robot definition, applications,
anatomy, classifications, and technical specifications. It also included a detailed study of serial
and parallel robots. These topics are crucial for understanding the design, operation, and
programming of robots used in manufacturing, healthcare, and other industries.

Actuators and Sensors

The internship provided insights into actuators such as pneumatic, hydraulic, and electric
actuators, as well as stepper motors and DC and AC motors. Understanding these actuators is
essential for selecting and integrating them into robotic systems. The program also covered robot
sensors, including contact and non-contact sensors, position, velocity, acceleration, force/torque
sensors, and robot vision systems. Mastery of these sensors is vital for enabling robots to
perceive and interact with their environment effectively.

Transformations and Kinematics

The internship explored transformations in robotics, including degrees of freedom (DOF) of a

robot, pose/configuration understanding, homogeneous transformation matrix, Denavit-
Hartenberg (DH) Parameters, forward kinematics, and tool/base calibration. These concepts are
fundamental for mapping robot movements and positions accurately. Additionally, the internship
covered velocity relations, robot Jacobians, force and velocity ellipsoids, and inverse kinematics,
which are essential for planning and controlling robot motions.

Robot Statics, Dynamics, and Control

Participants learned about robot statics, including gravity compensation and the effect of external
forces, which are critical for ensuring robot stability and balance. The internship also covered
robot dynamics, including the Euler-Lagrange formulation and obtaining the generalized
equation of motion. Understanding robot dynamics is crucial for predicting and controlling robot
movements accurately. Moreover, the program introduced robot control concepts, such as
transfer functions, block diagram representation, and proportional, integral, and derivative (PID)
control, which are essential for controlling robot movements and behaviors.

Automation Technologies and Systems

The internship provided an introduction to automation technologies and their applications in

manufacturing and mining. It covered the role of energies in automation, including fluid power
and electrical energy. Participants learned about pneumatic and hydraulic systems and circuits,
including components, valves, applications, circuit design approaches, sequencing, limit
switches, and limitations. Additionally, the program covered electro-pneumatic and electro-
hydraulic systems and circuits, including basics, components, circuit design, relay control, and
sequence control application with examples. It also introduced programmable logic controllers
(PLCs), including inputs, outputs, types, interfacing of I/O devices with a PLC, programming
languages, instruction sets, ladder logic, and applications.

Overall, the internship provided a comprehensive understanding of automation and robotics,

covering a wide range of topics essential for a career in these fields. The practical experience
gained during the internship, coupled with the theoretical knowledge acquired, has prepared
participants for various roles in automation and robotics, including design, programming,
maintenance, and optimization of automated systems. As automation and robotics continue to
evolve, professionals with expertise in these areas will be in high demand, making the skills
acquired during this internship invaluable for future career opportunities.