REVIEW ON NEWTONIAN MECANICS

PART-A
Semester-I
2024

Sanoar Molla
Assistant Professor
Rammohan College
Mail: sanoar.molla@yahoo.com
Mobile: 9163530503
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REVIEW OF NEWTONIAN MECANICS

PART-A
1.1.11. (a) Using the unit vectors 𝒊̂ and 𝒋̂ write down an expression for the position vector in the polar from.
(b) Show that the acceleration is directed towards the centre of the circular motion.
Ans: (a) 𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃
𝑟⃗ = 𝑖̂𝑥 + 𝑗̂𝑦
𝜃 = 𝜔𝑡
Where 𝜃 is the angle which the radius vector makes with the 𝑥-axis and 𝜔 is the angular speed.
𝑟⃗ = 𝑖̂(𝑟 cos 𝜔𝑡) + 𝑗̂(𝑟 sin 𝜔𝑡)
(b) 𝑟⃗̇ = −𝑖̂(𝜔𝑟 sin 𝜔𝑡) + 𝑗̂(𝜔𝑟 cos 𝜔𝑡)
𝑎⃗ = 𝑟⃗̈ = −𝑖̂(𝜔2 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡) − 𝑗̂(𝜔2 𝑟 sin 𝜔𝑡)
= −𝜔²𝑟(𝑖̂ cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑗̂ sin 𝜔𝑡)
= −𝜔²(𝑖̂𝑥 + 𝑗̂𝑦)
𝑎⃗ = −𝜔²𝑟⃗
Where we have used the expression for the position vector 𝑟⃗. The last relation shows that by virtue of minus
sign 𝑎⃗ is oppositely directed to 𝑟⃗, i.e. 𝑎⃗ is directed radially inwards.
1.1.12. Show that a particle with coordinates 𝒙 = 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕, 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒕 and 𝒛 = 𝒕 traces a path in time which is a
helix.
Ans: 𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝑡 … (1)
𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑡 … (2)
𝑧=𝑡 … (3)
Squaring (1) and (2) and adding
𝑥² + 𝑦² = 𝑎2 (cos2 𝑡 + sin2 𝑡) = 𝑎²
Which is the equation of a circle.
Since 𝑧 = 𝑡, the circular path drifts along the 𝑧-axis so that the path is a helix.
1.1.13. A particle of mass 𝒎 is moving in a circular path of constant radius 𝒓 such that its centripetal acceleration
𝒂 varies with time 𝒕 as 𝒂 = 𝒌²𝒓𝒕², where 𝒌 is a constant. Show that the power delivered to the particle by
𝒎𝒌𝟒 𝒓𝟐 𝐭 𝟓
the forces acting on it is 𝟑
.
𝑑𝑣
Ans: 𝑎= 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑘 2 𝑟𝑡 2
𝑘 2 𝑟𝑡 3
𝑣 = ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑘²𝑟 ∫ 𝑡²𝑑𝑡 =
3
𝑘 2 𝑟𝑡 3 𝑚𝑘 4 𝑟 2 𝑡 5
Power, 𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣 = 𝑚𝑎𝑣 = 𝑚𝑘²𝑟𝑡² 3
= 3
̂ and the position vector is 𝒓 = 𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ − 𝟑𝒌
1.1.14. If the velocity is 𝒗 = 𝟐𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝒌 ̂, find the angular momentum
for a particle of mass 𝒎.
Ans: 𝐿 = 𝑟 × 𝑝 = 𝑚(𝑟 × 𝑣)
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
= 𝑚 |1 2 −3| = (−7𝑖̂ − 7𝑗̂ − 7𝑘̂ )𝑚 = −7𝑚(𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ )
2 −3 1

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1.1.15. The constant forces 𝑭𝟏 = 𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌 ̂𝑵 and 𝑭𝟐 = 𝟒𝒊̂ − 𝟓𝒋̂ − 𝟐𝒌 ̂𝑵 act together on a particle during a
̂
displacement from position 𝒓𝟐 = 𝟕𝒌 cm to position 𝒓𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎𝒊̂ + 𝟏𝟓𝒋̂cm. Determine the total work done on
the particle.
Ans: Net force 𝐹 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 = (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ ) + (4𝑖̂ − 5𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ ) = 5𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
Displacement 𝑟12 = 𝑟1 − 𝑟2 = 7𝑘̂ − (20𝑖̂ + 15𝑗̂) = (−20𝑖̂ − 15𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂ )cm
Work done 𝑊 = 𝐹. 𝑟12 = (5𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ). (−0.20𝑖̂ − 0.15𝑗̂ + 0.07𝑘̂) = −0.48𝐽.
1.1.16. Consider a particle of mass 𝒎 moving in one dimension under a force with the potential 𝑼(𝒙) =
𝒌(𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙), where the constant 𝒌 > 0. Show that the point 𝒙 = 𝟏 corresponds to a stable
equilibrium position of the particle.
Ans: 𝑈(𝑥) = 𝑘(2𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 4𝑥) … (1)
𝑑𝑈(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑘(6𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 4) … (2)
𝑑𝑈(𝑥)
∴ 𝑑𝑥 |𝑥=1 = 𝑘(6𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 4|𝑥=1 = 0
Which is the condition for maximum or minimum. For stable equilibrium position of the particle it should be a
minimum. To this end we differentiate (2) again:
𝑑 2 𝑈(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2
= 𝑘(12𝑥 − 10)
𝑑 2 𝑈(𝑥)
∴ | = +2𝑘
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥=1
This is positive because 𝑘 is positive, and so it is minimum corresponding to a stable equilibrium.
1.1.17. Consider a particle of mass 𝒎 moving in one dimension under a force with the potential 𝑼(𝒙) =
𝒌(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝒍), where the constant 𝒌 > 0. Show that the point 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒍 corresponds to a stable equilibrium
position of the particle. Find the frequency of a small amplitude oscillation of the particle about the
equilibrium position.
Ans: 𝑈(𝑥) = 𝑘(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑙) … (1)
𝑑𝑈(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑘 (𝑥 − 2𝑙) … (2)
𝑑𝑈(𝑥)
At 𝑥 = 2𝑙, =0 … (3)
𝑑𝑥
Differentiating (2) again
𝑑2 𝑈
𝑑𝑥 2
= 2𝑘
Which is positive. Hence it is a minimum corresponding to a stable equilibrium. Force
𝑑𝑈
𝐹 = − 𝑑𝑥 = −2𝑘(𝑥 − 2𝑙)
Put 𝑋 = 𝑥 − 2𝑙, 𝑋̈ = 𝑥̈
𝐹 2𝑘
Acceleration 𝑋̈ = 𝑀 = − 𝑚 𝑋 = −𝜔2 𝑋
1 2𝑘
∴ 𝑓 = 2𝜋 √ 𝑚

1.1.18. A particle moves according to the law 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝅 𝒕, where 𝒙 is the displacement and 𝒕 is time. Find the
distance traversed by the particle in 3.0s.
Ans: 𝑥 = 𝐴 sin 𝜋𝑡 = 𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑡
Where 𝜔 is the angular velocity, 𝜔 = 𝜋.
2𝜋 2𝜋
Time period 𝑇 = 𝜔
= 𝜋
= 2s
1
In 2s (a quarter of the cycle) the distance covered is 𝐴. Therefore in 3s the distance covered will be 6A.

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1.1.19. A man of height 1.8m walks away from a lamp at a height of 6m. If the man’s speed is 7 m/s, find the
speed in m/s at which the tip of the shadow moves.
Ans: Let the lamp be at A at height 𝐻 from the ground, that is AB = 𝐻, in
figure. Let the man be initially at B, below the lamp, his height being
equal to 𝐵𝐷 = ℎ, so that the tip of his shadow is at B. Let the man
walk from B to F in time 𝑡 with speed 𝑣, the shadow will go up to C
in the same time 𝑡 with speed 𝑣 ′ .
𝐵𝐹 = 𝑣𝑡; 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑣 ′ 𝑡
From similar triangles EFC and ABC
𝐹𝐶 𝐸𝐹 ℎ
𝐵𝐶
= 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐻
𝐹𝐶 𝐸𝐹 ℎ 𝑣 ′ 𝑡−𝑣𝑡 ℎ
𝐵𝐶
= 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐻  𝑣′𝑡
=𝐻
𝐻𝑣 6×7
Or 𝑣 ′ = 𝐻−ℎ = (6−1.8)
= 10 m/s

1.1.20. The relation 𝟑𝒕 = √𝟑𝒙 + 𝟔 describes the displacement of a particle in one direction, where 𝒙 is in metres
and 𝒕 in seconds. Find the displacement when the velocity is zero.
Ans: √3𝑥 = 3𝑡 − 6 … (1)
Squaring and simplifying 𝑥 = 3𝑡² − 12𝑡 + 12 … (2)
𝑑𝑥
𝑣= = 6𝑡 − 12 … (3)
𝑑𝑡
𝑣 = 0 gives 𝑡 = 2s
Using (3) in (2) gives displacement 𝑥 = 0
1.1.21. A particle projected up passes the same height 𝒉 at 2 and 10s. Find 𝒉 if 𝒈 = 𝟗. 𝟖 m/s².
1
Ans: 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡² … (1)
2
1
∴ ℎ = 𝑢 × 2 − 2 𝑔 × 2² … (2)
1
ℎ = 𝑢 × 10 − 𝑔 × 10² … (3)
2
Solving (2) and (3) ℎ = 10𝑔 = 10 × 9.8 = 98m.
1.1.22. Cars A and B are travelling in adjacent lanes along a straight road in figure. At time , 𝒕 = 𝟎 their
positions and speeds are as shown in the diagram. If car A has constant acceleration of 0.6 m/s² and car B
has a constant decleration of 0.46 m/s², determine when A will overtake B.

(𝑉𝐵 )0 = 20𝑚𝑠 −1
−1
(𝑉𝐴 )0 = 13𝑚𝑠

Ans: Taking the origin at the position of 𝐴 at 𝑡 = 0, Let the car 𝐴 overtakes 𝐵 in time 𝑡 after travelling distance 𝑠. In
same time 𝑡, car 𝐵 travels (𝑠 − 30)𝑚.
1
∴ 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2
1
Or, 𝑠 = 13𝑡 + 2 × 0.6 𝑡² [for car A] … (1)
1
𝑠 − 30 = 20𝑡 − 2 × 0.46𝑡² [for car B] … (2)

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Eliminating from equation (1) and (2) we get,

13𝑡 + 0.3𝑡 2 = 20𝑡 − 0.23𝑡 2 + 30
Or, 0.53𝑡 2 − 7𝑡 − 30 = 0
+7±√49−4×0.53×(−30)
Or 𝑡 =
2×0.53
Eliminating the negative part
𝑡 = 16.61 sec.

PROBLEMS NO 1.1.23 TO PROBLEM NO 1.1.28 WILL SEND YOU AS ASSIGNMENT

1.1.29. A boy stands at A in a field at a distance 600 m from the road BC. In the field he can walk at 1 m/s while
on the road at 2 m/s. He can walk in the field along AD and on the road along DC so as to reach the
destination C (in figure). What should be his route so that he can reach the destination in the least time
and determine the time.
Ans: From the diagram
𝐵𝐷 = 𝑥. Time 𝑡1 for crossing the field along 𝐴𝐷 is
𝐴𝐷 √𝑥 2 +6002
𝑡1 = =
𝑣1 𝑣1
Time 𝑡2 for walking on the road, a distance 𝐷𝐶, is
𝐷𝐶 800−𝑥
𝑡2 = =
𝑉2 2
800−𝑥
𝑡 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 = √𝑥 2 + 6002 + 2
𝑥
= √𝑥² + 600² + 400 −
2
𝑑𝑡
Now maximum time will be obtained for 𝑑𝑥 = 0.
𝑑𝑡 1 2𝑥 1
=2 −2=0
𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 +6002
2𝑥
Or =1
√𝑥 2 +6002
Or, 4𝑥² = 𝑥² + 600²
6002
Or, 𝑥² =
3
Or, 𝑥 = 346.4m
Thus the boy must head toward D on the round, which is (800 − 346.4) = 453.6𝑀 away from the destination
on the road.
800−346.4
∴ 𝑡 = √(346.4)2 + 600² + 2
At 𝑡 = 919.6 sec.
1.1.30. Water drips from the nozzle of a shower onto the floor 2.45 m below. The drops fall at regular interval of
time, the first drop striking the floor at the instant the third begins to fall. Locate the second drop when
the first drop strikes the floor.
Ans: Time taken for the first drop to reach the floor is
2ℎ 2×2.45 1
𝑡1 = √ 𝑔 = √ 9.8
= s
√2

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As the time interval between the first and second drop is equal to that of the second and the third drop (drops
1
dripping at regular intervals), time taken by the second drop is 𝑡2 = 2 2s; therefore, distance travelled by the
√
second drop is
1
𝑆 = 𝑔𝑡22
2
1 1 2
= 2 × 9.8 × (2 2) = 0.6125m
√
1.1.31. The velocity – time graph for the vertical component of the velocity
of an object thrown upward from the ground which reaches the
roof of a building and returns to the ground is shown in figure.
Calculate the height of the building.
Ans: Height ℎ = area under the 𝑉 − 𝑡 graph. Area above the 𝑡-axis is taken
positive and below the 𝑡-axis is taken negative. ℎ = area of bigger
triangle minus area of smaller triangle.
Now the area of a triangle = base × altitude
1 1
ℎ = 2 × 3 × 30 − 2 × 1 × 10 = 40m
1.1.32. A ball is dropped into a lake from a diving board 4.9m above the water. It hits the water with velocity 𝒗
and then sinks to the bottom with the constant velocity 𝒗. It reaches the bottom of the lake 5.0s after it is
dropped. Find
(a) the average velocity of the ball and
(b) the depth of the lake.
2ℎ 2×4.9
Ans: (a) time for the ball to reach water 𝑡1 = √ 𝑔 = √ 9.8
= 1.0s

Velocity of the ball acquired at that instant 𝑣 = 𝑔𝑡1 = 9.8 × 1.0 = 9.8 m/s.
Time taken to reach the bottom of the lake from the water surface
𝑡2 = 5.0 − 1.0 = 4.0s
As the velocity of the ball in water is constant, depth of the lake,
𝑑 = 𝑣𝑡2 = 9.8 × 4 = 39.2 m.
total displacement 4.9+39.2
(b) < 𝑣 > = total time
= 5.0
= 8.82 m/s
1.1.33. A stone is dropped into the water from a tower 44.1m above the ground. Another stone is thrown
vertically down 1.0s after the first one is dropped. Both the stones strike the ground at the same time.
What was the initial velocity of the second stone?
2ℎ 2×44.1
Ans: For the first stone time 𝑡1 = √ 𝑔 = √ 9.8
= 3s.

Second stone takes 𝑡2 = (3 − 1)𝑠 = 2s to strike the water

1
Now we know ℎ = 𝑢𝑡2 + 𝑔𝑡22 [According to problem]
2
Here ℎ = 44.1m, 𝑡2 = 2s, 𝑔 = 9.8 m/s²
1
∴ 44.1 = 𝑢 × 2 + 2 × 9.8 × 4. Or, 𝑢 = 12.25 m/s.
1.1.34. A body observes a cricket ball move up and down past a window 2m high. If the total time the ball is in
sight is 1.0s, find the height above the window that the ball rises.
Ans: Transit time for the single journey = 0.5𝑠.
When the ball moves up, let 𝑣0 be its velocity at the bottom of the window, 𝑣1 at the top of the window and
𝑣2 = 0 at height ℎ above the top of the window (in figure)
𝑣1 = 𝑣0 − 𝑔𝑡 = 𝑣0 − 9.8 × 0.5 = 𝑣0 − 4.9 … (1)
𝑣12 = 𝑣02 − 2𝑔ℎ = 𝑣02 − 2 × 9.8 × 2 = 𝑣02 − 39.2 … (2)
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Eliminating 𝑣1 between (1) and (2)

𝑣0 = 6.45 m/s … (3)
𝑣22 = 0 = 𝑣02 − 2𝑔(𝐻 + ℎ)
𝑣2 (6.45)2
𝐻 + ℎ = 2𝑔0 = 2×9.8
= 2.1225m
ℎ = 2.1225 − 2.0 = 0.1225m
Thus the ball rises 12.25 cm above the top of the window.
1.1.35. In the last second of a free fall, a body covered three-fourth of its total path:
(a) For what time did the body fall?
(b) From what height did the body fall?
1 1
Ans: (a) 𝑠𝑛 = 𝑔 (𝑛 − 2) 𝑆 = 2 𝑔𝑛2
3𝑠
By problem 𝑆𝑛 =
4
1 3 1
𝑔 (𝑛 − ) = ( ) ( ) 𝑔𝑛²
2 4 2
2
Simplifying 3𝑛 − 8𝑛 + 4 = 0
2
𝑛 = 2 or
3
2
The second solution, 𝑛 = 3, is ruled out as 𝑛 < 1.
1 1
(b) 𝑠 = 𝑔𝑛² = × 9.8 × 2² = 19.6 m
2 2
1.1.36. A man travelling west at 4 km/h finds that the wind appears to blow from the south. On doubling his
speed he finds that it appears to blow from the southwest. Find the magnitude and direction of the wind’s
velocity.
Ans: In the triangle ACD, CA represents magnitude and apparent direction of wind’s velocity 𝑤1 when the man
walks with velocity 𝐷𝐶 = 𝑣 = 4 km/h toward west, FigureThe side DA must represent actual wind’s velocity
because 𝑊1 = 𝑊 − 𝑣

When the speed is doubled, DB represents the velocity 2𝑣 and BA represents the apparent wind’s velocity 𝑊2 .
From the triangle ABD,
𝑊2 = 𝑊 − 2𝑣
By problem angle CAD = 𝜃 = 45°. The triangle ACD is therefore an isosceles right angle triangle:

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𝐴𝐷 = √2𝐶𝐷 = 4√2 km/h

Therefore the actual speed of the wind is 4√2 km/h from southeast direction.
1.1.37. An elevator of height 𝒉 ascends with constant acceleration 𝒂. When it crosses a platform, it has acquired
a velocity 𝒖. At this instant a bolt drops from the top of the elevator. Find the time for the bolt to hit the
floor of the elevator.
Ans: Choose the floor of the elevator as the reference frame. The observer is inside the elevator. Take the downward
direction as positive.
Acceleration of the bolt relative to the elevator is
𝑎′ = 𝑔 − (−𝑎) = 𝑔 + 𝑎
1 1 2ℎ
ℎ = 2 𝑎′ 𝑡 2 = 2 (𝑔 + 𝑎)𝑡²  𝑡 = √𝑔+𝑎

1.1.38. A car and a truck are both travelling with a constant speed of 20 m/s. The car is 10m behind the truck.
The truck driver suddenly applies his brakes, causing the truck to decelerate at the constant rate of 2
m/s². Two seconds later the driver of the car applies his brakes and just manages to avoid a rear-end
collision. Determine the constant rate at which the car decelerated.
Ans: In 2s after the truck driver applies the brakes, the distance of separation between the truck and the car becomes
1 1
𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑙 = 𝑑 − 𝑎𝑡² = 10 − × 2 × 2² = 6m
2 2
The velocity of the truck 2 becomes = (20 − 2 × 2) = 16 m/s.
Thus, at this moment the relative velocity between the car and the truck will be
𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑙 = 20 − 16 = 4 m/s
Let the car decelerate at a constant rate of 𝑎2 . Then the relative deceleration will be 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑙 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1
If the rear-end collision is to be avoided the car and the truck must have the same final velocity that is
𝑣𝑟𝑒𝑙 = 0
2 2
Now 𝑣𝑟𝑒𝑙 = 𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑙 − 2𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑙
2
𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑙 42 4
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑙 = = = m/s²
2𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑙 2×6 3
4
∴ 𝑎2 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑙 = 2 + 3 = 3.33 m/s²
1.1.39. Ship A is 10km due west of ship B. Ship A is heading directly
north at a speed of 30 km/h, while ship B is heading in a direction
60° west of north at a speed of 20 km/h.
(i) Determine the magnitude and direction of the velocity of ship
B relative to ship A.
(ii) What will be their distance of closest approach?
Ans: 𝑣𝐵𝐴 = 𝑣𝐵 − 𝑣𝐴
From figure
𝑣𝐵𝐴 = √𝑣𝐵2 + 𝑣𝐴2 − 2𝑣𝐵 𝑣𝐴 cos 60°
= √20² + 30² − 2 × 20 × 30 × 0.5 = 10√7 km/h
The direction of 𝑣𝐵𝐴 can be found from the law of sines for ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶.
In Figure.
𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝐶
(i) sin 𝜃
= sin 60
𝐴𝐶 20 √3
Or sin 𝜃 = 𝐵𝐶 sin 60° = 𝑣𝐵𝐴 sin 60° = 10 × = 0.6546
√7 3
𝜃 = 40.9°

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(ii) Let the distance between the two ships be 𝑟 at time 𝑡. Then from the construction of figure.
𝑟 = [(𝑣𝐴 𝑡 − 𝑣𝐵 𝑡 cos 60°)² + (10 − 𝑣𝐵 𝑡 sin 60°)²]1/2 … (1)
𝑑𝑟 √3
Distance of closest approach can be found by setting 𝑑𝑡
= 0. This gives 𝑡 = 7
is inserted in (1) we get
𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 20/√7 or 7.56 km.
1.1.40. A balloon is ascending at the rate of 9.8 m/s at a height of 98m above the ground when a packet is
dropped. How long does it take the packet to reach the ground?
Ans: The initial velocity of the packet is the same as that of the balloon and is pointing upwards, which is taken as the
positive direction. The acceleration due to gravity being in the opposite direction is taken negative. The
displacement is also negative since it is vertically down.
𝑢 = 9.8 m/s, 𝑎 = −𝑔 = −9.8 m/s²; 𝑆 = −98m
1 1
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 − 2 𝑎𝑡²  − 98 = 9.8𝑡 − 2 × 9.8𝑡² or 𝑡² − 2𝑡 − 20 = 0.
𝑡 = 1 ± √21
The acceptable solution is 1 + √21 or 5.58s. The second solution being negative is ignored. Thus the packet
takes 5.58 s to reach the ground.
1.1.41. An object of mass 𝒎 is thrown vertically up. In the presence of heavy air resistance the time of ascent
(𝒕𝟏 ) is no longer equal to the time of descent (𝒕𝟐 ). Similarly the initial speed (𝒖) with which the body is
thrown is not equal to the final speed 𝒗) with which the object returns. Assuming that the air resistance 𝑭
is constant show that
𝒕𝟐 𝒈+𝑭/𝒎 𝒗 𝒈−𝑭/𝒎
𝒕𝟏
= √𝒈−𝑭/𝒎 ; 𝒖
= √𝒈+𝑭/𝒎

Ans: Physically the difference between 𝑡1 and 𝑡2 on the one hand and 𝑣 and 𝑢 on other hand arises due to the fact that
during ascent both gravity and air resistance act downward (friction acts opposite to motion) but during descent
gravity and air resistance are oppositely directed. Air resistance 𝐹 actually increases with the velocity of the
object (𝐹 𝛼 𝑣 or 𝑣 2 or 𝑣 3 ). Here for simplicity we assume it to be constant.
For upward motion, the equation of motion is
𝑚𝑎1 = −(𝐹 + 𝑚𝑔)
𝐹
Or, 𝑎1 = − (𝑚 + 𝑔) … (1)
For downward motion, the equation of motion is
𝑚𝑎2 = 𝑚𝑔 − 𝐹
𝐹
Or, 𝑎2 = 𝑔 − 𝑚 … (2)
𝐹
For ascent 𝑣1 = 0 = 𝑢 + 𝑎1 𝑡 = 𝑢 − (𝑚 + 𝑔) 𝑡1
𝑢
𝑡1 = 𝐹 … (3)
𝑔+
𝑚

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𝑣12 = 0 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎1 ℎ
2ℎ
𝑢=√ 𝐸 … (4)
( +𝑔)
𝑚

Where we have used (1). Using (4) in (3)

2ℎ
𝑡1 = √ 𝐹 … (5)
𝑔+
𝑚

For descent 𝑣 2 = 2𝑎2 ℎ

𝐹
𝑣 = √2ℎ (𝑔 − ) … (6)
𝑚

Where we have used (2)

𝑣 2ℎ
𝑡2 = 𝑎 = √ 𝐹 … (7)
2 𝑔−
𝑚

Where we have used (2) and (6)

From (5) and (7)
𝐹
𝑡2 𝑔+
𝑡1
=√ 𝑚
𝐹 … (8)
𝑔−
𝑚

If follows that 𝑡2 > 𝑡1 , that is, time of descent is greater than the time of ascent.
Further, from (4) and (6)
𝐹
𝑣 𝑔−
𝑢
=√ 𝑚
𝐹 … (9)
𝑔+
𝑚

If follows that 𝑣 < 𝑢, that is, the final speed is smaller than the initial speed.
1.1.42. Given that ⃗𝑭⃗ = 𝒓𝒓
⃗⃗ is conservative, find the scalar potential. [CU- 97]
Ans : 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑟⃗. 𝑟𝑑𝑟⃗ [here 𝑟⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑟𝑑𝑟]
∴ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑟²𝑑𝑟
If 𝐹⃗ is a conservative force, it can be represented by the gradient of a scalar potential. Let 𝑉 is the scalar
potential. Then 𝐹⃗ = −∇ ⃗⃗𝑉
⃗⃗. 𝑑r⃗ = −∇
∴F ⃗⃗𝑉. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟.
⃗⃗𝑉. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑑𝑉]
−𝑑𝑉 = 𝑟²𝑑𝑟 [As ∇
𝑟3
𝑉= − 3
+𝐶
𝑟3
∴ The required scalar potential 𝑉 = − 3
+ 𝐶 (where 𝐶 is a constant).
1.1.43. Trajectory of a particle of unit mass is given by the radius vector ⃗𝒓⃗ = 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒕𝒊̂ + 𝒃𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕𝒋̂, where a, b
and c are constants. Calculate angular momentum of the particle about the origin, Show that it is
̂.
constant and along 𝒌 [CU- 97]
Ans: Here, 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎 cos 𝜔𝑡𝑖̂ + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡𝑗̂
𝑑𝑟⃗
Velocity, 𝑣⃗ = 𝑑𝑡
= (−𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡𝑖̂ + 𝑏 cos 𝜔𝑡𝑗̂)𝜔
Linear momentum, 𝑝⃗ = 𝑚𝑣⃗ = −𝑎𝑚𝜔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡𝑖̂ + 𝑏𝑚𝜔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡𝑗̂
Angular momentum with respect to origin = 𝐿⃗⃗ = 𝑟⃗ × 𝑝⃗
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
= | 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 0| = 𝑎𝑏𝑚𝜔𝑘̂
−𝑎𝑚𝜔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑏𝑚𝜔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 0
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∴ Angular momentum is constant and along 𝑘̂ .

1.1.44. Prove that for the motion of a single particle under the acting of a force field the work done is
independent of path if and only if there exist a scalar potential function. [CU- 98]
Ans: If the work done is path independent we have
𝐵 𝐵
(∫𝐴 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗) = (∫𝐴 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗)
𝐼 𝐼𝐼

𝐵 𝐵

∴ (∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗)𝐼 − (∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗)𝐼𝐼 = 0
𝐴 𝐴

𝐵 𝐴

 (∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗)𝐼 + (∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗)𝐼𝐼 = 0
𝐴 𝐵

Hence ∮𝐶 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 0

⃗⃗ × 𝐹⃗ )𝑑𝑠⃗ = ∮ F
Now applying Stoke’s theorem: ∫ (∇ ⃗⃗. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 0 ⃗⃗ × F
∴∇ ⃗⃗ = 0
𝑆 𝐶
⃗⃗ × (∇
Again know, ∇ ⃗⃗∅) = 0 ∴ 𝐹⃗ = ∇
⃗⃗∅ [ ∅ = Scalar Potential ]

1.1.45. Prove that the force field 𝑭 ̂ is conservative and find the
⃗⃗ = (𝒚𝒛 − 𝒚)𝒊̂ + (𝒙𝒛 − 𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒋̂ + (𝒙𝒚 − 𝟐𝒛)𝒌
corresponding potential function. Is the angular momentum (about the origin) conserved for this force?
[CU- 98]
Ans: 𝐹⃗ = (𝑦𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑖̂ + (𝑥𝑧 − 𝑥 − 1)𝑗̂ + (𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑧)𝑘̂
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
⃗⃗ × 𝐹⃗ = [ 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇ ]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
(𝑦𝑧 − 𝑧) (𝑥𝑧 − 𝑥 − 1) (𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑧)
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝜕𝑦
(𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑧)𝑖̂ − 𝜕𝑧 (𝑥𝑧 − 𝑥 − 1)𝑖̂ − 𝜕𝑥 (𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑧)𝑗̂ + 𝜕𝑧 (𝑦𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑗̂ + 𝜕𝑥 (𝑥𝑧 − 𝑥 − 1)𝑘̂ − 𝜕𝑦 (𝑦𝑧 − 𝑦)

= 𝑥𝑖̂ − 𝑥𝑖̂ − 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ − 𝑧𝑘̂ = 0

Therefore, the force is conservative.
⃗⃗ × F
Note: It must be noted that ∇ ⃗⃗ = 0 does not implies that the force is always conservative and ∇
⃗⃗ × F
⃗⃗ ≠ 0 does
not mean that the force is non-conservative.
−𝑦𝑖̂+𝑥𝑗̂
For ⃗F⃗ = 𝑥²+𝑦²
, ⃗∇⃗ × ⃗F⃗ = 0

But ∮𝐶 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑r⃗ ≠ 0
So, the force is non-conservative
⃗⃗ = 𝑞(𝑣⃗ × 𝐵
For F ⃗⃗), ∇
⃗⃗ × F
⃗⃗ ≠ 0

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But ∮𝐶 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑r⃗ = 0
So the force is conservation.
∴ 𝐹⃗ can be replaced as the gradient of a scalar potential.
Let the scalar potential be ∅
𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
∴ 𝐹⃗ = ⃗∇⃗∅ = 𝜕𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝜕𝑦 𝑗̂ + 𝜕𝑧 𝑘̂

= (𝑦𝑧 − 𝑦)𝑖̂ + (𝑥𝑧 − 𝑥 − 1)𝑗̂ + (𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑧)𝑘̂

𝜕∅
∴ 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑦𝑧 − 𝑦  ∅ = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑓(𝑦, 𝑧)
𝜕∅
∴ 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑥𝑧 − 𝑥 − 1  ∅ = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 + 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑧)
𝜕∅
∴ 𝜕𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑧  ∅ = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 𝑧² + 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
∴ ∅ = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 − 𝑧² + 𝐶
∴ The scalar potential ∅ = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 − z² + 𝐶
∴ Now angular momentum, 𝐿⃗⃗ = 𝑟⃗ × 𝑝⃗
𝑑𝐿 ⃗⃗
If angular momentum is conserved then, 𝑑𝑡 = 0 = 𝜏⃗ = 𝑟⃗ × 𝐹⃗
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
∴ 𝑟⃗ × 𝐹⃗ = [ 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 ]
(𝑦𝑧 − 𝑦) (𝑥𝑧 − 𝑥 − 1) (𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑧)
= (𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑦𝑧 − 𝑥𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑧)𝑖̂ − (𝑥 2 𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑧 − 𝑦𝑧 2 + 𝑦𝑧)𝑗̂ + (𝑥 2 𝑧 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 𝑧 + 𝑦 2 )𝑘̂ ≠ 0
Hence angular momentum is not conserved.
1.1.46. Define conservative force. [CU- 99]
Ans: If the mechanical energy of a system is conserved under the action of a force, then the force is called conserved
force. Work done by the force is path independent.
∴ ∮ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑 𝑟⃗ = 0  ∇
⃗⃗ × 𝐹⃗ = 0 [from Stoke’s law]
1.1.47. A right circular cylinder of weight 𝑾 and cross section 𝑨 floats in a liquid of
density 𝝆 with its axis vertical. It is pushed down slightly and released. Find the
time period of vertical oscillation of the cylinder. [CU- 00]
Ans: Applying Archimedes’ Law to the system in equilibrium, we get:
𝑊 = [(𝐴ℎ)𝜌]𝑔
Let us now push the cylinder slightly downwards to depth (ℎ + 𝑦), taking care to
keep the cylinder vertical.
The net resisting force on the cylinder is then
|𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 | = 𝐴[(ℎ + 𝑦)𝜌]𝑔 − 𝑊 = (𝐴𝜌𝑔)𝑦 ... (1)
Again for simple harmonic motion |𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 | = 𝑘𝑦 …(2)
Now comparing equation (1) and equation (2) We get, 𝑘 = 𝐴𝜌𝑔
𝑊
Now mass of the cylinder = 𝑔
= 𝐴ℎ𝜌

𝐴ℎ𝜌 ℎ
Time Period of small oscillation (vertical) = 2𝜋√𝐴𝜌𝑔 = 2𝜋√𝑔

1.1.48. Show that for a given conservative force field (i) kinetic energy is a quadratic function of velocity and (ii)
Potential energy doesn’t contain time; explicity, total energy is conserved. [CU- 02]
Ans: We know, angular momentum 𝐿 = 𝐼𝜔 = 𝑚𝑟²𝜃 ̇
For conservative force field, 𝐿 = 𝑚𝑟 2 𝜃̇ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 … (1)

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Considering, the conservative force field 𝐹(𝑟) be the central force.

∴ The equation of motion of a body of mass under central force is given by,
𝑚(𝑟̈ − 𝑟𝜃̇ 2 ) = 𝐹(𝑟) [∴ (𝑟̈ − 𝑟𝜃̇ 2 ) is radial component of acceleration]
𝐿2
 𝑚 (𝑟̈ − 𝑟. 𝑚2 𝑟4 ) = 𝐹(𝑟)
𝐿2
 𝑚 (𝑟̈ − 𝑚2 𝑟 3
) = 𝐹(𝑟) …(2)
{Here we consider radial component because central force to act along the radius towards the center.}
Since, 𝐹(𝑟) is conservative, it can be derived from a potential 𝑉 which is a function of 𝑟 alone.
𝜕𝑉
∴ 𝐹(𝑟) = − 𝜕𝑟 …(3)
Now, Equation (2) becomes:
𝐿2 𝜕𝑉 𝜕 1 𝐿2
𝑚𝑟̈ = 𝑚𝑟3 − 𝜕𝑟 = − 𝜕𝑟 [2 (𝑚𝑟2 ) + 𝑉]
Multiplying both sides with 𝑟̇ , we get :
𝜕 1 𝐿2
𝑚𝑟̇ 𝑟̈ = −𝑟̇ [ ( )+ 𝑉]
𝜕𝑟 2 𝑚𝑟 2
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝐿2
 𝑑𝑡 (2 𝑚𝑟̇ 2 ) = − 𝑑𝑡 [2 (𝑚𝑟2 ) + 𝑉]
𝑑 1 𝐿2 1
 𝑑𝑡 [2 (𝑚𝑟2 ) + 𝑉 + 2 𝑚𝑟̇ ²] = 0
1 1 𝐿2
∴ 𝑚𝑟̇ ² + ( ) + 𝑉 = constant ... (4)
2 2 𝑚𝑟 2
In Plane polar coordinate energy,
1 1
𝐸 = 𝑚𝑟̇ ² + 𝑚𝑟²𝜃̇ ² + 𝑉(𝑟)
2 2
1 1 𝐿 2
= 𝑚𝑟̇ ² + 𝑚𝑟 2 ( ) + 𝑉(𝑟)
2 2 𝑚𝑟 2
1 𝐿2
= 2 𝑚𝑟̇ ² + 2𝑚𝑟2 + 𝑉(𝑟) ... (5)
Hence total energy is conserved [comparing equation (4) & (5)]
1.1.49. ⃗⃗ = 𝒂(𝒊̂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕 + 𝒋̂𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒕). If the particle be
A particle moves under the influence of a force field given by 𝑭
𝒂𝟐
initially at rest, prove that at an instant 𝒕, work done on the particle is given by 𝒎𝝎𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒕). Do not
ignore the initial condition. [CU- 02]
𝑑
Ans: 𝐹⃗ = 𝑑𝑡 (𝑚𝑣⃗) = 𝑎(𝑖̂𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝑗̂𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡)
𝑣 𝑡
𝑎
 ∫ 𝑑𝑣⃗ = ∫(𝑖̂𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝑗̂𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑚
0 0
𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑡
 𝑣⃗ = [− 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂]
𝑚 𝜔 𝜔 0
𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0
= [− 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑖̂]
𝑚 𝜔 𝜔 𝜔
𝑎
= [(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡)𝑖̂ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡𝑗̂]
𝑚𝜔
𝑡

Now, the work done, 𝑊 = ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗

0
𝑡 𝑡
𝑑𝑟⃗
= ∫ 𝐹⃗ . . 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑣⃗. 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
0 0
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𝑡
𝑎
= ∫ 𝑎(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡𝑖̂ + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡𝑗̂). [(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡)𝑖̂ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡𝑗̂]. 𝑑𝑡
𝑚𝜔
0
𝑡
𝑎2
= ∫[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡]𝑑𝑡
𝑚𝜔
0
𝑡
𝑎2
= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡𝑑𝑡
𝑚𝜔
0
𝑎2
= (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡) [Proved]
𝑚𝜔²
1.1.50. For a particle of mass 𝒎 moving in a conservative force field, establish that total mechanical energy of a
system remains conserved. State and explain the assumption clearly. [CU- 04]
Ans: Let a particle of constant mass 𝑚 is moving in a conservative force field, 𝐹⃗ = −∇
⃗⃗Ø. Work done by the force in
moving the particle from position 𝐴 to position 𝐵 is given by :
𝐵 𝐵
𝑑𝑣⃗
𝑊𝐴𝐵 = ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 𝑚 . 𝑑𝑟⃗
𝑑𝑡
𝐴 𝐴
𝐵 𝐵
𝑑𝑟⃗
= 𝑚 ∫ 𝑑𝑣⃗. = 𝑚 ∫ 𝑣⃗. 𝑑𝑣⃗
𝑑𝑡
𝐴 𝐴
𝐵
1
= ∫ 𝑑 ( 𝑚𝑣 2 )
2
𝐴
𝐵

= ∫ 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑇(𝐵) − 𝑇(𝐴) … (1)

𝐴
1
We know that total kinetic energy 𝑇 = 2 𝑚𝑣²

𝐵 𝐵

𝑊𝐴𝐵 = ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = − ∫ ∇
⃗⃗Ø. 𝑑𝑟⃗
𝐴 𝐴
𝐵

= − ∫ 𝑑Ø = Ø(𝐴) − Ø(𝐵) … (2)

𝐴
⃗⃗𝜙.
Now if the force is conservative then we can assume 𝐹 = −∇

Comparing equation (1) and Equation (2) we get :

𝑇(𝐵) − 𝑇(𝐴) = Ø(𝐴) − Ø(𝐵)
∴ 𝑇(𝐵) + Ø(𝐵) = 𝑇(𝐴) + Ø(𝐴)
∴ Total mechanical energy at point 𝐵 = Total mechanical energy at point 𝐴
Assumption : A conservative force can be derived from a scalar potential function, i.e. 𝐹⃗ = −∇
⃗⃗Ø.
𝒅𝑬⃗⃗⃗
1.1.51. Consider an additional resistive force ⃗𝑭⃗, to a conservation system establish that 𝒅𝒕 = −𝑭
⃗⃗. ⃗𝒗⃗, where 𝑬 is the
total mechanical energy and 𝒗⃗⃗ is velocity.
Ans: Under an additional resistive force 𝐹⃗ , the equation of motion is :
⃗⃗
𝑑𝑣
𝑚 𝑑𝑡 = −𝐹⃗ − ∇
⃗⃗Ø
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⃗⃗
𝑑𝑣
∴ −𝐹⃗ − 𝑚 ⃗⃗Ø
=∇
𝑑𝑡
Multiplying 𝑑𝑟⃗ on both sides
⃗⃗
𝑑𝑣
 −𝑚 𝑑𝑡 . 𝑑𝑟⃗ − 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∇
⃗⃗Ø. 𝑑𝑟⃗

 − 𝑚𝑑𝑣⃗. 𝑣⃗ − 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑑Ø
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. ′𝑡′
⃗⃗
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑟⃗ 𝑑Ø
 −𝑚 𝑑𝑡 . 𝑣⃗ − 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑟⃗ 𝑑Ø
 − 𝑚𝑣 𝑑𝑡 − 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡
… (1)
1
Total mechanical energy, 𝐸 = 2 𝑚𝑣 2 + Ø
𝑑𝐸 𝑑𝑣 𝑑Ø
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑚𝑣 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑑𝑡
Hence from equation (1).
𝑑𝐸 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑚𝑣 𝑑𝑡 − 𝐹⃗ . 𝑣⃗
𝑑𝐸
 = −𝐹⃗ . 𝑣⃗ [Proved]
𝑑𝑡
1.1.52. A particle of mass 𝒎 moves in time (𝒙 − 𝒚) plane and its position vector is given by, ⃗𝒓⃗ = 𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒕𝒊̂ +
𝒃𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕𝒋̂, where 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝝎 are constants. Show that
(i) The force acting on the particle is always directed
towards origin and is conservative.
(ii) Find the work done by the force field in moving the
particle from (𝒂, 𝟎) to (𝟎, 𝒃). [CU- 04]
Ans: (i) 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡𝑖̂ + 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡𝑗̂
The force acting on the particle of mass 𝑚 is,
2
𝑑 𝑟⃗
𝐹⃗ = 𝑚 𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑2
=𝑚 [𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡𝑖̂ + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡𝑗̂]
𝑑𝑡 2
= 𝑚[−𝑎𝜔2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡𝑖̂ − 𝑏𝜔2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡𝑗̂]
= −𝑚𝜔2 [𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡𝑖̂ + 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡𝑗̂]
= −𝑚𝜔²𝑟⃗
∴ 𝐹⃗ ∝ −𝑟⃗
∴ The force is always directed towards origin.
⃗⃗ × 𝐹⃗ = −∇
Now, ∇ ⃗⃗ × (𝑚𝜔2 𝑟⃗)
= −𝑚𝜔² ⃗∇⃗ × 𝑟⃗ = 0
[∴ 𝑚, 𝜔, 𝑎, 𝑏, are all constants]
∴ 𝐹⃗ is conservative.
(ii) 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡𝑖̂ + 𝑏 sin 𝜔𝑡𝑗̂
𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 ….(1)
𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 …(2)
Equation (1) and Equation (2) represents all ellipse having 𝑎 and 𝑏 as semi major and semi minor axes
respectively.
∴ Total work done in moving from (𝑎, 0) to (𝑜, 𝑏) is,

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𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
𝑑𝑟⃗
= ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 𝐹⃗ . . 𝑑𝑡⃗ = ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑣⃗𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑𝑟⃗
𝑣⃗ = 𝑑𝑡
= −𝑖̂𝑎𝜔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝑗̂𝑏𝜔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡
∴ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑣⃗ = −𝑚𝜔2 (𝑖̂𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 + 𝑗̂𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡). (−𝑖̂𝑎𝜔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝑗̂𝑏𝜔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡)
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜔𝑡
= −𝑚𝜔3 (𝑏2 − 𝑎2 ) 2
2 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜔𝑡
= 𝑚𝜔3 (𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
At 𝑥 = 𝑎; 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 ∴ 𝜔𝑡 = 0  𝑡 = 0
𝜋 𝜋
At 𝑦 = 𝑏; 𝑏 = 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 ∴ 𝜔𝑡 = 2  𝑡 = 2𝜔
𝜋
𝑏 2𝜔
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜔𝑡
∴ ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑣⃗𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑚𝜔3 (𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 ). . 𝑑𝑡
2
𝑎 0
𝜋
𝑚𝜔3 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜔𝑡
= 2
(𝑎2 −𝑏 2
) [− 2𝜔 ]2𝜔
0
𝑚𝜔3 1
= (𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 )[−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠0]. 2𝜔
2
𝑚𝜔2
= (𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 )(1 + 1)
4
𝑚𝜔2
= (𝑎2 − 𝑏2)
2
⃗⃗ × 𝐹⃗ = 0
Since 𝑑𝑠⃗ is an arbitrary elemental area, therefore ∇
(i) We know that curl of gradient always vanish.
Therefore, 𝐹⃗ must be a gradient of a scalar function, say Ø = Ø(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
∴ 𝐹⃗ = −∇
⃗⃗Ø [here we take negative sign due to conservative]
1.1.53. A particle of mass 𝒎 moves along the 𝒙-axis under the influence of a conservative force field having
potential 𝑽(𝒙). Show that for locations 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 at 𝒕𝟏 , 𝒕𝟐 is given by
𝒎 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕𝟏 = √ ∫𝒙 𝟐 [CU- 10]
𝟐 𝟏 √𝑬−𝑽(𝒙)

Ans : From conservation of energy : 𝐸 = 𝐾. 𝐸. + 𝑃. 𝐸. = constant.

1 𝑑𝑥 2
 𝑚 ( ) + 𝑉(𝑥) = 𝐸
2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 2 2
 ( 𝑑𝑡 ) = 𝑚 (𝐸 − 𝑉(𝑥))
𝑑𝑥 2
 = √ √𝐸 − 𝑉(𝑥)
𝑑𝑡 𝑚

𝑚 𝑑𝑥
 𝑑𝑡 = √ 2
√𝐸−𝑉(𝑥)
𝑡2 𝑥2
𝑚 𝑑𝑥
 ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ √
2 √𝐸 − 𝑉(𝑥)
𝑡1 𝑥1
𝑥2
𝑚 𝑑𝑥
∴ 𝑡2 − 𝑡1 = √ ∫ (Proved)
2 √𝐸 − 𝑉(𝑥)
𝑥 1

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1.1.54. ̂(𝟐𝒙𝒛) is conservative and hance find the corresponding scalar

Prove that force ⃗𝑭⃗ = 𝒊̂(𝟐𝒙𝒚 + 𝒛𝟐 ) + 𝒋̂𝒙² + 𝒌
potential. [CU- 11]
Ans:
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
⃗⃗ × 𝐹⃗ = [
∇ 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
] = 𝑖̂(0 − 0) − 𝑗̂(2𝑧 − 2𝑧) + 𝑘̂ (2𝑥 − 2𝑥) = 0
2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧² 𝑥² 2𝑥𝑧
Since ⃗∇⃗ × 𝐹⃗ = 0, therefore the force is conservative.
Let the corresponding scalar potential be 𝑉, i.e. 𝐹⃗ = −∇
⃗⃗𝑉
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
∴ 𝑖̂(2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 2 ) + 𝑗̂𝑥² + 𝑘̂ (2𝑥𝑧) = − ( 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑉
𝜕𝑥
= −(2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 2 )  𝑉 = −(𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑧 2 𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑦, 𝑧) ... (1)
𝜕𝑉
𝜕𝑦
= −𝑥²  𝑉 = −𝑥²𝑦 + 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑧) … (2)
𝜕𝑉
= −2𝑥𝑧  𝑉 = −𝑥𝑧² + ℎ (𝑥, 𝑦) ... (3)
𝜕𝑧
Comparing equation (1), (2) and (3) we get,
𝑔(𝑥, 𝑧) = −𝑥𝑧²
ℎ(𝑥, 𝑦) = −𝑥²𝑦
𝑓(𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝐶(𝑠𝑎𝑦)
∴ 𝑉 = −(𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑧 2 𝑥) + 𝐶
1.1.55. Define line integral of a force. Show that it measures the change in Kinetic energy.
𝐵
Ans: If 𝐹⃗ is the total external force acting on a particle then ∫𝐴 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ is called the line integral of the force 𝐹⃗ , where
the particle moves from one point 𝐴 to another point 𝐵.
Line integral of force 𝐹⃗ from a point 𝐴 to 𝐵:
𝐵

= ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗
𝐴
𝐵 𝐵 𝐵
𝑑𝑣⃗ 1
= ∫𝑚 . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 𝑚𝑣⃗. 𝑑𝑣⃗ = 𝑚 ∫ 𝑑(𝑣 2 )
𝑑𝑡 2
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
𝑚 1 1
= [𝑣²]𝐵𝐴 = 𝑚𝑣𝑏2 − 𝑚𝑣𝐴2 = Change in kinetic energy
2 2 2
1.1.56. A particle at rest is acted on by a force ⃗𝑭⃗ = 𝝅𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝝅𝒕𝒊̂ N. Calculate the linear momentum of the particle
after 𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝒔. [CU- 06]
Ans: 𝐹⃗ = 𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝜋𝑡)𝑖̂
𝑑𝑝⃗
 = 𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝜋𝑡)𝑖̂
𝑑𝑡
1
𝑝⃗ 2

 ∫ 𝑑𝑝⃗ = 𝑖̂ ∫ 𝜋 sin (2𝜋𝑡)𝑑𝑡

0 0
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜋𝑡 2 1
 𝑝⃗ = 𝜋𝑖̂ [− 2𝜋
] = 2 (1 + 1)𝑖̂ = 𝑖̂ 𝑘𝑔-𝑚𝑠 −1
0
 |𝑝⃗| = 1 𝐾𝑔. 𝑚𝑠 −1 .
𝒌
1.1.57. ⃗⃗ = ( 𝟐) 𝒆̂𝒓 is conservative. Calculate the corresponding 𝑷. 𝑬. at 𝒓.
Establish that the force field given by 𝑭 𝒓

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𝑘
Ans: (a) 𝐹⃗ = ( 2 𝑒̂𝑟 ) [𝑟⃗ = 𝑟𝑒̂𝑟 ]
𝑟

The force 𝐹⃗ will be conservative if ∇

⃗⃗ × 𝐹⃗ = 0
⃗⃗ × 𝑘3 𝑟⃗
⃗⃗ × 𝐹⃗ = ∇
∴ ∇ 𝑟
⃗⃗ ( 𝑘3 ) × 𝑟⃗ + 𝑘3 (∇
=∇ ⃗⃗ × Ø𝐴⃗ = ∇
⃗⃗ × 𝑟⃗) [∴ ∇ ⃗⃗Ø × 𝐴⃗ + Ø(∇
⃗⃗ × 𝐴⃗)]
𝑟 𝑟
⃗⃗ × 𝑟⃗) = 0
Now (∇
𝑘
⃗⃗ × 𝐹⃗ = ∇
∴∇ ⃗⃗ ( 3 ) × 𝑟⃗
𝑟
3𝑘
= − 𝑟4 𝑟̂ × 𝑟⃗ = 0
⃗⃗ × 𝐹⃗ = 0
∴∇
Therefore, the force is conservative, [Proved]
(b) As 𝐹⃗ is a conservative force, we can write :
𝐹⃗ = −∇
⃗⃗Ø [where Ø=potential energy]
𝑘
 ⃗∇⃗Ø = 𝑟3
𝑟⃗
𝑘
 ⃗∇⃗Ø. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = . 𝑟⃗. 𝑑𝑟 [Multiplying both sides with 𝑑𝑟⃗]
𝑟3
𝑘 𝑘
𝑑Ø = 𝑟𝑑𝑟 = 2 𝑑𝑟
𝑟3 𝑟
𝑘
∫ 𝑑Ø = ∫ 𝑟² 𝑑𝑟
𝑘
Ø= − + 𝐶 [𝐶 = constant]
𝑟
1.1.58. A gun of mass 2Kg fires a bullet of mass 20gm. Energy of explosion is 𝟏. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎³ Joule. Calculate the
nozzle velocity of the bullet. [CU- 06]
Ans: 𝑀 = mass of the bullet = 20𝑔𝑚
𝑣 = velocity of the bullet
𝐸 = 1.6 × 10³ Joule = 1.6 × 1010erg
1
∴ 2 𝑚𝑣² = 1.6 × 1010
2
 𝑣² = 1.6 × 1010 × 20 = 1.6 × 109

 𝑣 = √1.6 × 109 = 4 × 104 𝑐𝑚𝑠 −1 = 400𝑚𝑠 −1 .

1.1.59. The force on plane is given by ⃗𝑭⃗ = 𝒌(−𝒚𝒊̂ + 𝒙𝒋̂) where 𝒌 is a 𝒚
constant. Calculate the work done by the particle as it move
from (𝒂, 𝟎) to (𝒐, 𝒂) going round the area of the circle of
radius 𝒂. [CU- 07]
Ans: Let, 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃 𝒙
And 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃
Work done by the particle in moving from 𝐴 to 𝐵 is given by,

∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ 𝑘(−𝑦𝑖̂ + 𝑥𝑗̂). (𝑑𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑑𝑦𝑗̂)

𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵

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= 𝑘 ∫ (−𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦)
𝐴𝐵
𝜋
2

= 𝑘 ∫ [−𝑎sin𝜃(−𝑎sin𝜃)𝑑𝜃 + 𝑎 cos𝜃(𝑎 cos𝜃)𝑑𝜃]

𝜃=0
𝜋 𝜋
2 2
𝑘𝑎2 𝜋
= 𝑘 ∫ (𝑎2 sin2 𝜃 + 𝑎2 𝑐os 2 𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑎²𝑑𝜃 =
2
𝜃=0 𝜃=0
1.1.60. A particle of mass 𝒎 moves in the 𝑿𝒀 plane so that its position vector is given by, 𝒓 ⃗⃗ = 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝎𝒕𝒊̂ +
𝒃 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝎𝒕𝒋̂, where 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝝎 are constants. Show that, the force acting on the particle is always directed
towards the origin.
Ans: 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡𝑖̂ + 𝑏 sin 𝜔𝑡𝑗̂
𝑑𝑟⃗
𝑣⃗ = 𝑑𝑡
= −𝑎𝜔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡𝑖̂ + 𝑏𝜔 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡𝑗̂
⃗⃗
𝑑𝑣
∴ 𝑓⃗ = 𝑑𝑡 = −𝑎𝜔²𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡𝑖̂ − 𝑏𝜔²𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡𝑗̂

∴ 𝐹⃗ = 𝑚𝑓⃗ = −𝑚𝜔2 (𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡𝑖̂ + 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡𝑗̂) = −𝑚𝜔²𝑟⃗

∴ 𝐹⃗ ∝ −𝑟⃗ i.e. force is directed towards origin.
1.1.61. In the 𝒙 − 𝒚 plane, a force has Cartesian components 𝑭𝒙 = 𝒙³ + 𝒙𝒚², 𝑭𝒚 = 𝒚³ + 𝟑𝒚. 𝒙² Compute the work
done in a displacement from the point (1,1) to (2,2) where the path is
(i) a straight line from (1,1) to (2,2)
(ii) a straight line from (1,1) to (1,2), followed by another straight line from (1,2) to (2,2). Is the force
conservative?
Ans: (i) Work done along 𝐴(1,1) to 𝐵(2,2). The equation of straight line 𝐴𝐵 is given by :
𝑥−1 𝑦−1
2−1
= 2−1
𝑥=𝑦
 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑦

∴ Work done by the force = ∫ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑟⃗

𝐴𝐵

= ∫ (𝑥 3 + 𝑥𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝐴𝐵

= ∫ (𝑥 3 + 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥
𝐴𝐵
2
2𝑥 4 𝑥4 3𝑥 4 6 3 45
=[ 4
+ 4
+ 4 1
] = 4 [𝑥 4 ]12 = 2 (16 − 1) = 2
units.
(ii) Work done along 𝐴(1,1) to 𝐶(1,2) and then to 𝐵(2,2). Along 𝐴𝐶, the equation of straight line is given by:
𝑥 = 1𝑑𝑥 = 0
2

∴ ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (𝑦 3 + 3𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝐴𝐶 𝑦=1

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2
𝑦4 3𝑦 2 1 3 7 33
=[ + ] = (4 + 6) − ( + ) = 10 − = units.
4 2 1 4 2 4 4

Along 𝐶𝐵, the equation of straight line is given by :𝑦 = 2  𝑑𝑦 = 0

2

∴ ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ (𝑥 3 + 4𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝐶𝐵 𝑥=1
2
𝑥4 1 9 39
= [ 4 + 2𝑥²] = (4 + 8) − (4 + 2) = 12 − 4 = 4
units.
1

33 39 72
∴ ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ + ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = + = = 18 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠.
4 4 4
𝐴𝐶 𝐶𝐵

Since ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ ≠ ∫ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗

𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶𝐵
∴ The force is non-conservative.
1.1.62. ⃗⃗⃗⃗
Define conservative force. Show that for a conservative force 𝑭,
(i) ⃗𝛁⃗ × ⃗𝑭⃗ = 𝟎
(ii) ⃗𝑭⃗ = −𝛁
⃗⃗Ø, Ø = Ø(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) [CU- 10]
Ans: (i) Conservative Force: Forces acting on a body are said to be conservative if the work done by the forces
along an arbitrary closed path of its point of application, is zero, i.e. ∮ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 0
(ii) According to Stokes Theorem:

∮ 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = ∫ ( ⃗∇⃗ × 𝐹⃗ ). 𝑑𝑠⃗ = 0

𝐶 𝑆
[where ∫𝑠 denotes surface integral over the surface bounded by the closed path 𝑐]

1.1.63. Prove that the kinetic energy of a particle will remain constant if it moves under action of a force, 𝒛̂ × 𝒗
⃗⃗,
⃗⃗ is the velocity of the particle.
where 𝒗 [CU- 12]
Ans: 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑥̂ + 𝑦𝑦̂ + 𝑧𝑧̂
𝑑𝑟⃗ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
∴ 𝑣⃗ = 𝑑𝑡
= 𝑑𝑡
𝑥̂ + 𝑑𝑡 𝑦̂ + 𝑑𝑡 𝑧̂
Now, according to the problem
𝑥̂ 𝑦̂ 𝑧̂
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝐹 = 𝑧̂ × 𝑣⃗ = [ 0 0 1 ] = − 𝑑𝑡 𝑥̂ + 𝑑𝑡 𝑦̂
⃗
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

∴ Work done = 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= (− 𝑑𝑡 𝑥̂ + 𝑑𝑡 𝑦̂) . (𝑥𝑥̂ + 𝑦𝑦̂ + 𝑧𝑧̂ )
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
= − 𝑑𝑡 . 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑡 . 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= − 𝑑𝑡 . 𝑑𝑡 . 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑑𝑡 . 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= (−𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦) = 0
𝑑𝑡
⃗⃗
𝑑𝑣 𝑑 𝑑𝑟⃗
Again, 𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑚 𝑑𝑡
. 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑑𝑡 (𝑚𝑣⃗). 𝑑𝑡 . 𝑑𝑡
1 1
= 𝑚𝑣⃗𝑑𝑣 = 𝑚𝑑 (2 𝑣 2 ) = 𝑑 (2 𝑚𝑣 2 )

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1
∴𝐹⃗ . 𝑑𝑟⃗ = 𝑑 ( 𝑚𝑣 2 ) = 0
2
1
i.e. 2
𝑚𝑣² remains constant. Hence, kinetic energy = constant.

1.1.64. A particle is under the influence of a force 𝑭 ⃗⃗. Show that, 𝒅𝑻 = 𝑭

⃗⃗ and has an instantaneous velocity 𝑽 ⃗⃗. 𝑽
⃗⃗;
𝒅𝒕
where 𝑻 is kinetic energy . [CU- 13]
Ans: The particle is under the influence of a force 𝐹⃗ and has an instantaneous velocity 𝑉
⃗⃗ and mass 𝑚.
1 1
⃗⃗ . 𝑉
Hence, K.E.= 𝑇 = 2 𝑚𝑉² = 2 𝑚𝑉 ⃗⃗
𝑑𝑇 𝑑 1 1 ⃗⃗
𝑑𝑉 ⃗⃗
𝑑𝑉 ⃗⃗
𝑑𝑉
Now, ⃗⃗ . 𝑉
= 𝑑𝑡 (2 𝑚𝑉 ⃗⃗ ) = 𝑚 ( . 𝑉
⃗⃗ + 𝑉
⃗⃗ . ) = 𝑚 ( . 𝑉
⃗⃗ ) = 𝐹⃗ . 𝑉
⃗⃗ [𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑]
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1.1.65. Find the time integral of a force. [CU- 13]
Ans: The particle is located at 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 at time 𝑡1 and 𝑡2 ;
where it has velocities respectively 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 .
Hence, the time integral of the force 𝐹⃗ is given by
This is called Impulse of the force 𝐹⃗ .

𝑡2 𝑡2 𝑣2
𝑚𝑑𝑣
Show derivation ∫ 𝐹⃗ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 ∫ 𝑚𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑡
𝑡1 𝑡1 𝑣1
𝑣1 = m(𝑣2 − 𝑣1 )
1.1.66. (a) What is the potential associated with the force ⃗𝑭⃗(𝒙) = (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒊̂ ?
(b) The co-ordinates of a particle moving in the 𝒙𝒚 −plane are given by 𝒙(𝒕) = 𝒂𝒕 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒃𝒕² where
𝒂 = 𝟐 𝒎/𝒔 and 𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒎/𝒔² Find the velocity and acceleration of the particle at 𝒕 = 𝟑𝒔. Find an
equation for the trajectory of the particle. [CU- 13]
Ans: (a) Force : 𝐹⃗ (𝑥) = (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑖̂
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
| 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧| = 0
2
(1 − 𝑥 ) 0 0
Here, ⃗∇⃗ × 𝐹⃗ (𝑥) = 0 → conservative force.
Now, if the potential associated with the force is 𝑉(𝑥) then we can write,
𝐹⃗ = −∇
⃗⃗𝑉(𝑥)
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
∴ −( 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑧̂ ) = (1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑖̂
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑉
 − 𝑑𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥²
Now, ∫ 𝑑𝑉 = ∫(1 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
𝑥3
 −𝑉(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 3
+ 𝐶1
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
Again, for 𝜕𝑦 = 0; and for 𝜕𝑧 = 0  𝐶1 = 0
𝑥3 𝑥3
∴ −𝑉(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 3
∴ 𝑉(𝑥) = 3
−𝑥
(b) 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑡, 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑏𝑡² given that, 𝑎 = 2 𝑚/𝑠 and 𝑏 = 0.5 𝑚/𝑠²
The particle is moving in the 𝑥𝑦-plane, hence, position vector
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𝑟⃗(𝑡) = 𝑥(𝑡)𝑖̂ + 𝑦(𝑡)𝑗̂

 𝑟⃗(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑡𝑖̂ + 𝑏𝑡²𝑗̂
 𝑟⃗̇(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑖̂ + 2𝑏𝑡𝑗̂
 𝑣⃗(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑖̂ + 2𝑏𝑡𝑗̂
Hence, velocity of the particle at 𝑡 = 3𝑠 for given value of 𝑎 and 𝑏, will be:
𝑣⃗(𝑡)|𝑡=3 = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂
∴ Magnitude of velocity = √2² + 3² 𝑚/𝑠 = √13 𝑚/𝑠
Now, 𝑟⃗̈ = 2𝑏𝑗̂
∴ 𝑎⃗(𝑡) = 2𝑏𝑗̂ [∴ 𝑟⃗̈(𝑡) = 𝑎⃗(𝑡)]
Hence, acceleration of the particle at 𝑡 = 3𝑠 for given values of 𝑏, will be :
𝑎⃗(𝑡) = 2 × 0.5𝑗̂ = 1𝑗̂
∴ magnitude of acceleration = 1 𝑚/𝑠²

Trajectory of the particle :

𝑥
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑏𝑡² and 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑡  𝑡 = 𝑎
𝑥 2 𝑏
 𝑦 = 𝑏 (𝑎) = 𝑎2 . 𝑥²
Hence, the particle moves in a parabolic path i.e. trajectory of the particle is parabolic by its nature.
1.1.67. The position vector of a particle at time 𝒕 is given by 𝒓 ̂
⃗⃗ = (𝟔 − 𝟐𝒕)𝒊̂ + (𝟑 + 𝟒𝒕 − 𝟔𝒕𝟐 )𝒋̂ − (𝟏 + 𝟑𝒕 − 𝟐𝒕𝟐 )𝒌
distance given by in meters and time in seconds. Find velocity and speed of the particle at time 𝒕 = 𝟑 𝒔𝒆𝒄.
[CU- 14]
𝑑𝑟⃗
Ans: 𝑟⃗ = 𝑑𝑡
= −2𝑖̂ + (4 − 12𝑡)𝑗̂ − (3 − 4𝑡)𝑘̂

∴ 𝑟⃗̇|𝑡=3𝑠𝑒𝑐 = −2𝑖̂ − 32𝑗̂ + 9𝑘̂

1.1.68. A block slides down on a smooth inclined surface at 𝜽 = 𝟑𝟎° to the horizontal. Calculate the velocity of
the block after it slides down a distance of 𝟎. 𝟓𝒎. [CU- 14]
Ans: Force acting along the inclined plane = 𝑚𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
Hence, acceleration along the inclined line = 𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

∴ 𝑣² = 0 + 2𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 . 𝑥 = 2𝑔𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 [∴ 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑓𝑠]

∴ 𝑣 = √2𝑔𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

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= √2 × 9.8 × 0.5 × sin 30°

1
= √2 × 9.8 × 0.5 × 2 = √9.8 × 0.5 𝑚/𝑠

= 2.21 𝑚/𝑠.
Hence, the velocity of the block after it slides down 0.5 m from its final initial position = 2.21 𝑚/𝑠.
𝒅𝑳 ⃗⃗
1.1.69. Establish the angular momentum theorem = 𝑵 ⃗⃗⃗ for a particle of mass m. 𝑳
⃗⃗ and 𝑵
⃗⃗⃗ are respectively
𝒅𝒕
the angular momentum and torque of the particle about the same origin. [CU- 97]
Ans: We know, 𝐿⃗⃗ = 𝑟⃗ × 𝑚𝑣⃗
⃗⃗
𝑑𝐿 𝑑𝑟⃗ ⃗⃗
𝑑𝑣
∴ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡
× 𝑚𝑣⃗ + 𝑟⃗ × 𝑚 𝑑𝑡
⃗⃗
𝑑𝐿 𝑑(𝑚𝑣 ⃗⃗)
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑣⃗ × 𝑚𝑣⃗ + 𝑟⃗ × 𝑑𝑡
⃗⃗
𝑑𝐿 𝑑𝑝⃗
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑟⃗ × 𝑑𝑡 [𝑝⃗ = 𝑚𝑣⃗ = linear momentum]
⃗⃗
𝑑𝐿
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑟⃗ × 𝐹⃗ = 𝑁
⃗⃗ [Proved]
⃗⃗
𝒅𝑳
1.1.70. Prove the angular momentum theorem ⃗𝑵
⃗⃗ =
𝒅𝒕
for a system of particles mentioning the condition for its
validity. [CU- 98]
Ans: Angular Momentum 𝐿⃗⃗ = 𝑟⃗ × 𝑝⃗ = 𝑟⃗ × 𝑚𝑣⃗ [𝑝⃗ = 𝑚𝑣⃗]
⃗⃗
𝑑𝐿 ⃗⃗
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑟⃗
⇒ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑟⃗ × 𝑚 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑑𝑡 × 𝑚𝑣⃗
⃗⃗
𝑑𝐿 𝑑𝑝⃗ 𝑑𝑟⃗
⇒ = 𝑟⃗ × + × 𝑝⃗
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
⃗⃗
𝑑𝐿
⇒ = 𝑟⃗ × 𝐹⃗ + 𝑣⃗ × 𝑝⃗
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐿 ⃗⃗
⃗⃗ + 𝑣⃗ × 𝑝⃗
⇒ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑁
Where, 𝑟⃗ = position vector of a particle
𝐹⃗ = force acting on the particle
⃗⃗ = Torque = moment of force = 𝑟⃗ × 𝐹⃗ = 𝑟⃗ × 𝑑𝑝⃗
𝑁 𝑑𝑡
If the direction of velocity and the linear momentum is same or opposite (physically not acceptable) then
𝑣⃗ × 𝑝⃗ = 0
⃗⃗
⃗⃗ = 𝑑𝐿
𝑁 𝑑𝑡
1.1.71. A puck of mass m sliding on frictionless ice is attached by a horizontal string of length l to a thin vertical
pole of radius 𝑹. The puck initially travels in (essentially) a circle a round the pole of speed 𝒗𝟎 . The string
wraps around the pole and the puck gets drawn in and eventually hits the pole. What quantity is
conserved during this motion? What is the puck’s speed before it hits the pole?
Ans: Here angular momentum is conserved 𝐿𝑖 = 𝐿𝑓
 𝑚𝑣0 (𝑙 + 𝑅) = 𝑚𝑣𝑅
𝑙
 𝑣 = 𝑣0 (𝑅 + 1) (right before the puck hits the rod)
Solving the equation of motion we get:
1 𝐿𝐴2
𝑣 = √1 + ( 𝑡) ²
𝐴 𝑚

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𝐿𝐴2
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 𝑡)
𝑚

1.1.72. A block of mass 𝒎 sliding on a frictionless tade is attached to a horizontal string that passes through a
tiny hole in the table. The block initially travels in a circle of radius 𝒍 around the hole at speed 𝒗𝟎 . It you
slowly pull the string down the hole, what quantity is conserved during this motion? What is block’s
speed when ɳ is a distance 𝒓 from the hole?
Ans: Angular momentum of the system is conserved.
𝐿𝑖 = 𝐿𝑓
 𝑣0 𝑚𝑙 = 𝑣𝑚𝑟
𝑣0 𝑙
𝑣 = 𝑟

_________

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