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Trapezoidal Rule

The trapezoidal rule is a numerical method for approximating definite integrals by assuming the integrand is linear between two endpoints. The formula for the trapezoidal rule is I approximately equals (b - a) / 2 * [f(a) + f(b)], which represents the area under the curve as a trapezoid. For improved accuracy, the method can be extended to multiple subintervals, incorporating additional function evaluations.

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34 views2 pages

Trapezoidal Rule

The trapezoidal rule is a numerical method for approximating definite integrals by assuming the integrand is linear between two endpoints. The formula for the trapezoidal rule is I approximately equals (b - a) / 2 * [f(a) + f(b)], which represents the area under the curve as a trapezoid. For improved accuracy, the method can be extended to multiple subintervals, incorporating additional function evaluations.

Uploaded by

mawaddaalwirfalli
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The trapezoidal rule is a numerical method used to approximate the value of a definite integral.

It is based on approximating the integrand f(x) by a linear polynomial (a straight line) between two

endpoints

of the interval of integration. The formula stems from the Newton-Cotes formulas and assumes the

function is replaced by a first-order polynomial.

Explanation

To approximate the definite integral:

I = integral from a to b of f(x) dx

the trapezoidal rule assumes that f(x) is approximately linear between the endpoints a and b.

This means f(x) is approximated as:

f(x) approximately equals f1(x) = a0 + a1 * x

where f1(x) is a first-order polynomial.

Derivation

Using calculus, the integral of the first-order polynomial over [a, b] is:

integral from a to b of f1(x) dx = integral from a to b of (a0 + a1 * x) dx

= [a0 * x + (a1 * x^2) / 2] from a to b.

To determine a0 and a1, the polynomial f1(x) is fitted such that:


f(a) = a0 + a1 * a, f(b) = a0 + a1 * b.

Solving these equations gives:

a1 = (f(b) - f(a)) / (b - a), a0 = f(a) - a1 * a.

Substituting a0 and a1 back into the integral results in:

integral from a to b of f(x) dx approximately equals (b - a) / 2 * [f(a) + f(b)].

Final Formula

The trapezoidal rule is thus given by:

I approximately equals (b - a) / 2 * [f(a) + f(b)].

Geometric Interpretation

The formula approximates the area under f(x) as the area of a trapezoid with bases f(a) and f(b),

and height b - a.

Extension

For better accuracy, the trapezoidal rule can be extended to multiple subintervals:

I approximately equals (b - a) / (2n) * [f(a) + 2 * sum of f(x_i) + f(b)],

where n is the number of subintervals, and x_i are the points dividing the interval [a, b].

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