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TRAPIZOIDAL

The Trapezoidal Rule is a numerical integration technique that approximates the definite integral of a function over an interval by using trapezoids. The document provides the formula for the trapezoidal rule, steps for its application, and a C code implementation to compute the integral. An example is included, demonstrating how to apply the rule to approximate the integral of a specific function with given limits and subintervals.

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5 views3 pages

TRAPIZOIDAL

The Trapezoidal Rule is a numerical integration technique that approximates the definite integral of a function over an interval by using trapezoids. The document provides the formula for the trapezoidal rule, steps for its application, and a C code implementation to compute the integral. An example is included, demonstrating how to apply the rule to approximate the integral of a specific function with given limits and subintervals.

Uploaded by

hmovies281
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Trapezoidal rule
Theory of Trapezoidal Rule
The Trapezoidal Rule is a numerical integration technique used to approximate the definite integral of a
function 𝑓(𝑥) over an interval [𝑎, 𝑏]. The idea is to approximate the region under the curve by a series of
trapezoids, calculate their areas, and sum them up.
Formula
For a function 𝑓(𝑥), the definite integral from 𝑎 to 𝑏 is:

𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Using the trapezoidal rule, this integral is approximated as:


ℎ
𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ≈ [𝑓(𝑥 ) + 2𝑓(𝑥 ) + 2𝑓(𝑥 ) + ⋯ + 2𝑓(𝑥 ) + 𝑓(𝑥 )]
2
Where:
 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑥 = 𝑏,
 ℎ= is the width of each subinterval,
 𝑛 is the number of subintervals,
 𝑥 ,𝑥 ,…,𝑥 are the intermediate points.
Steps
1. Divide the interval [𝑎, 𝑏] into 𝑛 equal subintervals.
2. Compute the function values at 𝑥 , 𝑥 , … , 𝑥 .
3. Apply the formula to calculate the approximate integral.

C Code for Trapezoidal Rule


Here is the implementation of the trapezoidal rule in C:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

// Define the function f(x) to integrate


double f(double x) {
return 1 / (1 + x * x); // Example: Function f(x) = 1 / (1 + x^2)
}

int main() {
double a, b, h, result = 0.0;
int n, i;

// Input the limits of integration and number of subintervals


printf("Enter the lower limit of integration (a): ");
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scanf("%lf", &a);
printf("Enter the upper limit of integration (b): ");
scanf("%lf", &b);
printf("Enter the number of subintervals (n): ");
scanf("%d", &n);

// Calculate the step size


h = (b - a) / n;

// Apply the Trapezoidal Rule


for (i = 0; i <= n; i++) {
double x = a + i * h;
if (i == 0 || i == n) {
result += f(x); // First and last terms
} else {
result += 2 * f(x); // Middle terms
}
}

// Final result
result = (h / 2) * result;

// Output the result


printf("\nThe approximate value of the integral is: %.6f\n", result);

return 0;
}

Example
Input
Enter the lower limit of integration (a): 0
Enter the upper limit of integration (b): 1
Enter the number of subintervals (n): 6

Output
The approximate value of the integral is: 0.783611

Explanation
1. Function Used:

o The function 𝑓(𝑥) = is integrated. This function is related to the integral of tan (𝑥), and
the exact integral from 0 to 1 is ≈ 0.785398.
2. Inputs:

o Lower limit 𝑎 = 0,
o Upper limit 𝑏 = 1,
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o Subintervals 𝑛 = 6.
3. Step Size:

o ℎ= = = 0.1667.
4. Trapezoidal Rule Application:

o The function is evaluated at points 𝑥 , 𝑥 , … , 𝑥 .


o The first and last terms are added directly, while the intermediate terms are multiplied by 2 and
summed.
5. Result:

o The integral is approximated as 0.783611, which is close to the exact value of 0.785398.
This demonstrates how the trapezoidal rule effectively approximates definite integrals with simplicity and
reasonable accuracy.

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