IMAGE

FORMATION
Engr. Christian Keith Aldovino
IMAGE FORMATION
• Images are formed at locations where any observer is
sighting as they view the image of the object through the
lens.

• Why is an image formed?

- An image is formed because light emanates from an
object in a variety of directions. Some of this light (which we
represent by rays) reaches the mirror and reflects off the
mirror according to the law of reflection. Each one of these
rays of light can be extended backwards behind the mirror
where they will all intersect at a point (the image point).
LENSES
• A lens is a transmissive optical device that focuses
or disperses a light beam by means of refraction.

• It produces real or virtual images.

• A lenses’ power changes depending on its curvature.

LENSES
CONVEX LENSES
• It has an outward bulge in the center which causes
image to refract parallel rays of light inwards to a single
point, or what we call principal focus (F).

• It is also called as converging lens, because it causes

the light to converge.
LENSES
LENSES
CONCAVE LENSES
• Lenses that cave in on either side which causes the
image to refract rays of light outwards or disperse the
light.

• Light rays traveling into the concave travel away from

each other. For this reason, concave lens are also
called diverging lenses.
LENSES
LENSES
• Regardless of what type of lens it is, all lenses have a
principal focus (focal point) on both sides and there
will be equal distances from the center.

• Lenses are basically symmetrical and can work both

ways.
LENSES
LENSES
• Principal focus always sits on the axis, which is the line
parting in the middle of the lens.

• The distance between the principal focus and the very

middle of the lens is called the focal length.

• The shorter the focal length is, the more powerful the lens
will be. To make the lens more powerful, make it mor
curved or use a different material that naturally refracts light
stronger.
LENSES
IMAGES
• Images are formed at points where all the light rays
from a particular point on an object, appear to come
together.

• There are two types of images produced by lenses, and

they are called as real and virtual images.
IMAGES
REAL IMAGE
• Image is formed when light rays do come together to
form the image.
IMAGES
VIRTUAL IMAGE
• Image is formed when light rays don’t actually come
together where the image appears to be.
IMAGES
• When it comes to describing the images produced by
lenses, they are always either upright or inverted, as
well as how the size changed in comparison with its real
size, where they may become bigger or smaller.
RAY DIAGRAM
• A ray diagram is a diagram that traces the path that
light takes for a person to view a point on the image
of an object. On the diagram, rays (lines with arrows)
are drawn for the incident ray and the reflected ray.
Complex objects such as people are often represented
by stick figures or arrows.
RAY DIAGRAM
RAY DIAGRAM
PROBLEMS:
A convex lens has a focal length of 6cm. An object with a height of 2cm is
placed 8cm to the left from the center of the lens. Find the following: (a)
distance and direction of the image from the center of the lens? (b) height of
the image? (c) magnification? (d) provide illustrations.

Ans. 24 cm (right, real image), -6cm (inverted), -3 (magnified)

PROBLEMS:
A converging lens has a focal length of 6cm. An object with a height of 2cm
is placed 4cm to the left from the center of the lens. Find the following: (a)
distance and direction of the image from the center of the lens? (b) height of
the image? (c) magnification? (d) provide illustrations.

Ans. -12 cm (left, virtual image), 6cm (upright), 3 (magnified)

PROBLEMS:
A concave lens has a focal length of 4cm. An object with a height of 2cm is
placed 12cm to the left from the center of the lens. Find the following: (a)
distance and direction of the image from the center of the lens? (b) height of
the image? (c) magnification? (d) provide illustrations.

Ans. -3 cm (left, virtual image), 0.5cm (upright), 0.25 (diminished)

PROBLEMS:
A diverging lens has a focal length of 6cm. An object with a height of 2cm is
placed 3cm to the left from the center of the lens. Find the following: (a)
distance and direction of the image from the center of the lens? (b) height of
the image? (c) magnification? (d) provide illustrations.

Ans. -2 cm (left, virtual image), 4/3cm (upright), 2/3 (diminished)

MIRROR
• A mirror is a reflective surface that bounces off light,
producing either a real image or a virtual image. When
an object is placed in front of a mirror, the image of the
same object is seen in the mirror.

• It can be explained by the law of reflection, which states

that when a ray of light is made to fall on the reflecting
surface, the incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to
the surface of the mirror all lie in the same plane and the
angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
MIRROR
Terms Related to Mirrors:
• Incident ray: It is defined as a ray of light that hits the
surface.
• Reflected ray: It is defined as the ray of light that is
reflected back after hitting the surface.
• Normal ray: It is defined as the ray that is 90° to the
surface or the ray which is perpendicular to the reflecting
surface.
• Refracted ray: It is defined as the incident ray which
passes through a second medium resulting in the change of
direction.
MIRROR
Terms Related to Mirrors:
• Angle of incidence: It is defined as the angle between the
incident ray and the normal at which the incidence occurs.
• Angle of reflection: It is defined as the angle between the
reflected ray with respect to the normal at which the
reflection occurs.
• Angle of refraction: It is defined as the angle between the
refracted ray and the normal at which the refraction occurs.
MIRROR
Types of Mirrors:
• Plane mirror: The images formed from a plane mirror are
the reflected images in their normal proportions but
reversed from left to right. These are the most widely used
mirrors.
• Convex mirror: These are the spherical mirrors that are
curved outward and the image obtained is virtual,
diminished and erect for a real object.
• Concave mirrors: These are the spherical mirrors that are
curved inward and the image obtained from these mirrors
depends on the placement of the object.
PROBLEMS:
A converging mirror has a focal length of 8cm. A 4cm-object is placed 24cm
to the left of the center of the mirror. Find the following: (a) distance and
direction of the image from the center of the mirror? (b) height of the image?
(c) magnification? (d) provide illustrations.

Ans. 12 cm (left, real image), -2cm (inverted), -1/2 (diminished)

PROBLEMS:
A diverging mirror has a focal length of 6cm. An object is placed 3cm to the
left of the center of the mirror. Find the following: (a) distance and direction
of the image from the center of the mirror? (b) magnification? (c) provide
illustrations.

Ans. -2 cm (right, virtual image), 2/3 (upright & diminished)