A MAJOR PROJECT

On

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON M40 GRADE OF CONCRETE BY PARTIAL

REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE WITH STEEL SLAG

A Project Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

Submitted To

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Submitted by

BH.SRINAGA VIJAYALAKSHMI APARNA 177Y1A0136

Under the esteemed guidance of

Mr. DSVSMRK CHEKRAVARTY

Associate Professor

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

i
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled ‘EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON M40

GRADE OF CONCRETE BY PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE
WITH STEEL SLAG’ by BH. Srinaga Vijayalakshmi Aparna (177Y1A0136) in the partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Civil Engineering of MARRI LAXMAN REDDY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND
MANAGEMENT, Dundigal, Hyderabad, during the academic year (2020-2021).

Project Guide Head of the Department

Mr. DSVSMRK CHEKRAVARTY Mr K. MURALI, M E, [PhD]

Mtech , [PhD]Associate Professor

EXTERNAL EXAMINAR Principal

Dr. K. VENKATESWARA REDDY,

M.Tech., Ph.D., MISTE

ii
 DECLARATION OF CANDIDATE

I hereby declare that the matter embodied in the report of major project “ EXPERIMENTAL
INVESTIGATION ON M40 GRADE OF CONCRETE BY PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF
COARSE AGGREGATE WITH STEEL SLAG ” is genuine research work carried out by me
under the guidance of Mr. DSVSMRK CHEKRAVARTY Mtech , [PhD] , Associate Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering, Marri Laxman Reddy Institute of Technology and
Management, Dundigal, Hyderabad.

The work embodied in this report is original & has not been submitted to the basis for the award

of degree, diploma, associateship or fellowship of any other University or Institution.

BH.SRINAGA VIJAYALAKSHMI APARNA

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my indebtedness and gratitude to my guide Mr. DSVSMRK

CHEKRAVARTY, Mtech, [PhD] Associate professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
Marri Laxman Reddy Institute of Technology and Management for his guidance and care
taken by him in helping me to complete the project work successfully .

I express my sincere thanks to Mr K. MURALI, M.E, (PhD), Head of Civil

Engineering department for his support and guidance for doing the project.

I am very much thankful to the principal Dr K.VENKATESWARA REDDY,

M.Tech, PhD, MISTE of Marri Laxman Reddy Institute of Technology and Management for
their encouragement and cooperation to carry out this work.

I express sincere thanks to all the teaching staff of Department of Civil

Engineering for providing a great assistance in the accomplishment of our project.

I also express my thanks to all the non-teaching staff of Department of Civil

Engineering for giving all the support and suggestions to complete my project.

I am very much thankful to the management of Marri Laxman Reddy Institute of

Technology and Management for their encouragement and cooperation to carry out this work

iv
 Abstract

The main objective of this project is to study the performance of concrete where
the coarse aggregate is replaced with steel slag. Now a days natural aggregates are
becoming scarce. Their production and transportation is also becoming difficult .
Several slags are occurred as a by-product of steel manufacturing process . The
main types of slags are blast furnace slag , steel slag and ladle slag. Steel slag is an
industrial waste product from steel manufacturing industry . It is the by-products
obtained from manufacturing of iron and steel . Steel slag is one of the alternative
material for coarse aggregate due to its properties which are almost similar to
conventional concrete. In this we use steel slag and concrete of M40 grade . Cubes
Beams and Cylinders are casted should be tested for 7 and 28 days to know the
compression , flexural strength and split tensile strength of the concrete .

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

CERTIFICATE ii
DECLARATION OF CANDIDATE iii
ACKNOWLWDGEMENT iv
ABSTRACT v
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVATIONS xi
1. INTRODUCTON
1.1. General 2
1.2. Scope and objective 3
1.3. Properties of concrete 3
1.4. Steel slag 7
1.5. Applications 8

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 10
3. METHODOLOGY 13
4. MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES 15
5. TESTS ON MATERIALS 25
5.1 Tests on cement 25
5.2 Tests on fine aggregate 31
5.3 Tests on coarse aggregate 35

6. MIX DESIGN 40
7. CASTING OF CONCRETE 46
8. TESTS AND RESULTS 51
9. CONCLUSION 74
10. REFERENCES 76

vi
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1 Observations of sieve analysis of sand 34

2 Observations of sieve analysis of coarse aggregates 38

3 Compression strength 56

4 Compression strength for 7 and 28 days 57

5 Flexural strength 63

6 Flexural strength for 7 and 28 days 64

7 Split tensile strength 69

8 Split tensile strength for 7 and 28 days 70

vii
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1 Portland cement 16

2 Fine aggregate 18

3 Coarse aggregate 20

4 Steel slag 21

5 Super plasticizer 23

6 Specific gravity of cement 28

7 Specific gravity of fine aggregate 32

8 Specific gravity of coarse aggregate 36

9 Cubes casting 48

10 Cylinders casting 49

11 Curing of specimens 49

12 Compression test on cubes 55

13 compressive strength 7 days 58

14 compressive strength 28 days 59

15 Flexural strength test 62

16 Flexural strength 7 days 65

17 Flexural strength 28 days 66

18 Split tensile test 68

19 Split tensile strength strength 7 days 71

20 Split tensile strength strength 28 days 72

viii
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVATIONS

fck – Characteristic compressive strength

f’ck – Target mean compressive strength

S – standard deviation

A – area

B – breadth

D – depth

L – length

P – load

ix
INTRODUCTION

1
 CHAPTER -1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL

Concrete is stuff composed of fine and coarse aggregate bonded

together with fluid cement (cement paste) that hardens over time. Most frequently
within the past a lime-based cement binder, like lime putty, but sometimes with
other hydraulic cements, sort of calcium aluminates cement or with cement to
make cement concrete.

When aggregate is mixed with dry cement and water, the mixture
forms fluid slurry that's easily poured and molded into shape. The cement reacts
with the water and other ingredients to make a troublesome matrix that binds the
materials together into a durable stone-like material that has many uses.

The technology of using concrete was adopted earlier on large-scale

by the normal Romans, and thus the most important an element of concrete
technology was highly utilized within the empire. The Colosseum in Rome was
built largely of concrete and thus the dome of the pantheon is that the World’s
largest unreinforced concrete structure. After the collapse of empire within the
mid-18th century, the technology was re-pioneered because the usage of concrete
has become rare. Today, the widely used simulated material is concrete in terms of
tonnage

2
1.2 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE
The main aim of this is to investigate the effort of using steel slag in ordinary
concrete under 7 days and 28 days curing conditions on its compressive strength ,
split tensile strength and flexural strength .

 To provide an alternative solution for the disposal of steel waste.

 To find out a suitable and effective/alternative material for partial

replacement of coarse aggregate.

 To find out possible utilization of waste materials in construction industry

that in turn considerably to increase the strength of concrete by replacement
of coarse aggregate with steel slag.

 To explore possibilities of improving mechanical properties of concrete

using steel slag instead of coarse aggregate partially.

1.3 PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

Different properties of concrete:

• Grades (M20, M25, and M30 etc.)

• Compressive strength

• Characteristic Strength

• Tensile strength

• Durability

• Creep

3
• Shrinkage

• Unit weight

• Modular Ratio

• Poisson’s ratio

1.3.1 Grades of concrete

Concrete is known by its grade which is designated as M15, M20 etc. in which
letter M refers to concrete mix and number 15, 20 denotes the specified
compressive strength (fck) of 150mm cube at 28 days, expressed in N/mm2 .Thus,
concrete is known by its compressive strength. M20 and M25 are the most
common grades of concrete, and higher grades of concrete should be used for
severe, very severe and extreme environments.

1.3.2 Compressive strength of concrete

Like load, the strength of the concrete is also a quality which varies considerably
for the same concrete mix. Therefore, a single representative value, known as
characteristic strength is used.

1.3.3 Characteristic strength of concrete

It is defined as the value of the strength below which not more then 5% of the test
results are expected to fall (i.e. there is 95% probability of achieving this value
only 5% of not achieving the same) The characteristic strength of concrete in
flexural member is taken as 0.67 times the strength of concrete cube.

1.3.4 Tensile strength of concrete

4
The estimate of flexural tensile strength or the modulus of rupture or the cracking
strength of concrete from cube compressive strength is obtained by the relations

fcr = 0.7 fck N/mm2

The tensile strength of concrete in direct tension is obtained experimentally by split

cylinder. It varies between 1/8 and 1/12 of cube compressive strength.

1.3.5 Creep in concrete

Creep is defined as the plastic deformation under sustained load. Creep strain
depends primarily on the duration of sustained loading. According to the code, the
value of the ultimate creep coefficient is taken as 1.6 at 28 days of loading.

1.3.6 Shrinkage of Concrete

The property of diminishing in volume during the process of drying and hardening
is termed Shrinkage. It depends mainly on the duration of exposure. If this strain is
prevented, it produces tensile stress in the concrete and hence concrete develops
cracks.

1.3.7 Modular ratio

Short term modular ratio is the ratio of modulus of elasticity of steel to the
modulus of elasticity of concrete.

Short term modular ratio = Es / Ec

Es = modulus of elasticity of steel (2 x 10 5 N/mm2)

Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete (5000 *(√fck) N/mm2)

5
As the modulus of elasticity of concrete changes with time, age at loading etc the
modular ratio also changes accordingly. Taking into account the effects of creep
and shrinkage partially IS code gives the following expression for the long term
modular ratio.

Long term modular ratio (m) = 280/ (3fcbc)

Where, fcbc = permissible compressive stress due to bending in concrete in

N/mm2

1.3.8 Poisson’s ratio

Poisson’s ratio varies between 0.1 for high strength concrete and 0.2 for weak
mixes. It is normally taken as 0.15 for strength design and 0.2 for serviceability
criteria.

1.3.9 Durability of concrete

Durability of concrete is its ability to resist its disintegration and decay. One of the
chief characteristics influencing durability of concrete is its permeability to
increase of water and other potentially deleterious materials. The desired low
permeability in concrete is achieved by having adequate cement, sufficient low
water/cement ratio, by ensuring full compaction of concrete and by adequate
curing.

1.3.10 Unit weight of concrete

The unit weight of concrete depends on percentage of reinforcement, type of
aggregate, amount of voids and varies from 23 to 26 kN/m2 The unit weight of
plain and reinforced concrete as specified by IS: 456 are 24 and 25 KN/m3
respectively.

6
1.4 STEEL SLAG

Steel slag, a by-product of steel making, is produced during the separation of the
molten steel from impurities in steel-making furnaces. The slag occurs as a molten
liquid melt and is a complex solution of silicates and oxides that solidifies upon
cooling. Virtually all steel is now made in integrated steel plants using a version of
the basic oxygen process or in specialty steel plants (mini-mills) using an electric
arc furnace process. The open hearth furnace process is no longer used.

In the basic oxygen process, hot liquid blast furnace metal, scrap, and fluxes,
which consist of lime (CaO) and dolomitic lime (CaO.MgO or "dolime"), are
charged to a converter (furnace). A lance is lowered into the converter and high-
pressure oxygen is injected. The oxygen combines with and removes the impurities
in the charge. These impurities consist of carbon as gaseous carbon monoxide, and
silicon, manganese, phosphorus and some iron as liquid oxides, which combine
with lime and dolime to form the steel slag. At the end of the refining operation,
the liquid steel is tapped (poured) into a ladle while the steel slag is retained in the
vessel and subsequently tapped into a separate slag pot.

There are many grades of steel that can be produced, and the properties of the steel
slag can change significantly with each grade. Grades of steel can be classified as
high, medium, and low, depending on the carbon content of the steel. High-grade
steels have high carbon content. To reduce the amount of carbon in the steel,
greater oxygen levels are required in the steel-making process. This also requires
the addition of increased levels of lime and dolime (flux) for the removal of
impurities from the steel and increased slag formation.

7
There are several different types of steel slag produced during the steel-making
process. These different types are referred to as furnace or tap slag, raker slag,
synthetic or ladle slags, and pit or cleanout slag.

The steel slag produced during the primary stage of steel production is referred to
as furnace slag or tap slag. This is the major source of steel slag aggregate. After
being tapped from the furnace, the molten steel is transferred in a ladle for further
refining to remove additional impurities still contained within the steel. This
operation is called ladle refining because it is completed within the transfer ladle.
During ladle refining, additional steel slags are generated by again adding fluxes to
the ladle to melt. These slags are combined with any carryover of furnace slag and
assist in absorbing deoxidation products (inclusions), heat insulation, and
protection of ladle refractories. The steel slags produced at this stage of steel
making are generally referred to as raker and ladle slags.

1.5 APPLICATIONS

If steel slag is used, natural resources can be preserved in steel industrial areas.
Slag can be used for various purposes. There is much more to explore about steel
slag as a civil engineering material, including the following:
•The study of friction created between the road and vehicle tyres
•The effect of temperature on steel slag aggregates
•The effect of steel slag and plastic waste as a binder on the properties of soil
•The study of the properties of steel slag when used with hot mix binder
•The use of steel slag as aggregate in concrete

8
Literature review

9
 CHAPTER -2

Literature review

S. T. Borole et.al (2016) concluded in their experimental work on concrete grade

M30 that the compressive strength, the Split tensile strength, the flexural strength
increased by 25% by fine aggregate weight in the percentage of steel slag and then
decreased considerably in the further replacement of steel slag in concrete. Eco-
friendly and mass use of waste materials in construction is possible with the use of
steel slag for partial substitution of concrete.

GozdeInanSezer et. al(2015) conducted their experimental study by substitute

steel slag for fine aggregates and/or coarse aggregates. The authors concluded that
both fine and coarse aggregates in separate combinations will replace the steel slag
but can not be substituted for fine or coarse aggregates in a single mix. They
indicated that steel slag could be used more advantageously as a coarse aggregate
rather than as a supplement for fine aggregate. The increase in the substitution
percentage increased the concrete weight. Compared to traditional concrete, an
improvement in the flexural strength of concrete was found.

Sultan Tarawneh, Emhaidy Gharaibeh and Falah M. Saraireh (2014) , Effect

Of Using Steel Slag Aggregate On Mechanical Properties Of Concrete, American
Journal of Applied Sciences 11 (5): 700- 706.

Khalid Raza, Sharda Sharma, Ritesh Mall and Patel (2014), Comparative
Strength Analysis Of Concrete By Using Steel Slag As An Alternative To Normal

10
Aggregates (Coarse) In Concrete, - International Journal of Civil Engineering
ISSN 2347 – 8527 Volume 3, Issue 5.

Narasimha Raj, Suresh Patiland and Bhattacharjee (2014), Concrete Mix

Design By Packing Density Method, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil
Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 11,
Issue 2 Ver. I (Mar- Apr. 2014), PP 34-46.

Juan Manso, Juan Polanco, and Javier Gonzalez (2004), "Electric Arc Furnace
Slag in Concrete", Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 16. pp 639-645.

Anastasioue and Papayiannil (2006), “Criteria for the Use of Steel Slag
Aggregates in Concrete", Measuring Book of Monitoring and Modeling Concrete
Properties.

11
Methodology

12
 CHAPTER -3

Methodology

 Collection of required materials : The methodology of research includes

collection of required materials i.e. cement , sand , coarse aggregate , steel
slag and super plasticizer
 Tests on materials : Tests are performed on the materials to know its
properties
 Designing the concrete mix proportions : The design of concrete mix is
done based on the properties of the materials
 Preparation of concrete mix , molding and curing : The concrete is mixed
based on the mix design and cubes , beams and cylinders are casted and
curing is done .
 Tests on concrete : The cubes , beams and cylinders are tested to know the
compressive strength , flexural strength and split tensile strength of
concrete.

13
MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES

14
 CHAPTER -4

MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES

MATERIALS USED

 Ordinary Portland Cement

 Fine aggregate
 coarse aggregate
 Water
 Steel slag
 Conplastsp430 super plasticizer

Portland cement:

Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general use around the
world as a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco, and non-specialty grout. It
was developed from other types of hydraulic lime in England in the late 19th
century by Joseph Aspdin, and usually originates from limestone. It is a fine
powder, produced by heating limestone and clay minerals in a kiln to form clinker,
grinding the clinker, and adding 2 to 3 percent of gypsum. Several types of
Portland cement are available. The most common , called ordinary Portland cement
(OPC). OPC is the most commonly used cement worldwide. The cost of
production is not expensive making it the sought after cement in the building
industry. They are widely used for the construction of high-rise buildings, roads,
dams, bridges, flyovers. Also, Ordinary Portland Cement is used for making grouts

15
and mortars. OPC is ideal for the construction of residential and industrial
complexes.

Figure 1 Portland cement

Fine aggregate:

Fine aggregates are essentially any natural sand particles won from the land
through the mining process. Fine aggregates consist of natural sand or any crushed
stone particles that are ¼” or smaller. This product is often referred to as 1/4’”
minus as it refers to the size, or grading, of this particular aggregate. Fine
aggregates are the structural filler that occupies most of the volume of the concrete
mix formulas. Depending on composition, shape, size and other properties of fine
aggregate can have a significant impact on the output. The role of fine aggregate
can be described in few points:
16
  Fine aggregates provide dimensional stability to the mixture
 The elastic modulus and abrasion resistance of the concrete can be
influenced with fine aggregate
 Fine aggregates quality also influence the mixture proportions
and hardening properties
 The properties of fine aggregates also have a significant impact
on the shrinkage of the concrete.

Properties of Fine Aggregates

While making the selection for appropriate aggregate to be used in particular

concrete mix, few properties needs to be considered, such as:

 Void content: How much amount of cement paste will be required for the
mix eventually depends on the empty spaces between the aggregate
particles. Always keep in mind that angular aggregates increase the void
content, whereas well-graded aggregate and improved grading decreases the
void content.
 Shape and texture: Size and shape greatly influence the quality of the
concrete mix. For the preparation of economical concrete mix, you should
know that rough-textured, angular, and elongated particles require more
water for the formula. However, you will need less water to produce
workable concrete when the aggregates are smooth, rounded compact
aggregate.
 Absorption and surface moisture: The fine aggregate density depends on the
inside solid material and void content, thus you need to measure the
absorption rate prior to ensure how much water will be required in the
concrete mixture.

17
  Abrasion and skid resistance: In order to minimize the wear in high traffic
areas, such as heavy duty floors and pavements you can consider the
relative measure when the fine aggregate is rotated in a cylinder
along with some abrasive charge.

Figure 2 : Fine aggregate

Coarse aggregate

There are many building materials which are used in the construction industry.
Coarse Aggregate is one of the most important and massively used building
material in the Construction Industry. Aggregate is one of the most important
component parts of the concrete.

Coarse Aggregates gives volume to the Concrete. Coarse Aggregates in

concrete provides body and strength to the concrete and acts as a
filler material which will give the homogeneous mass of the concrete.
18
Coarse aggregates are used in every Construction projects which includes the
construction of roads, Buildings, Railway Tracks etc.

Requirements of Good Coarse Aggregates:

The Aggregates which are used in the construction must have the following
properties

 The coarse aggregate should be durable.

 The coarse aggregate should be hard and strong.

 It should be clean and free from the dust and organic materials otherwise it
will reduce the bonding of the aggregate with concrete

 The aggregates should not react with the cement after mixing.

 Coarse aggregates should not be soft and porous.

 Coarse Aggregates should not absorb water by more than 5%.

 Aggregates should be chemically inert.

 The shape is of the aggregate preferably cubical or spherical.

Uses of Coarse Aggregates in the Construction Works:

The coarse aggregates have many advantages which are listed are as follows

 In the construction of railway tracks, coarse aggregates are widely used in the
railway ballast which will help to uniformly distribute the load.

19
  It will help to increase the volume of the concrete and also reduces the cost of
the project.

 Coarse aggregates are also used in the construction of Roads.

 The Coarse Aggregates are also used as the upper layer on the rainwater
harvesting to drain off the water into the ground.

Figure 3 : Coarse aggregate

Water:

Water is one of the most important elements in construction and is required for the
preparation of mortar, mixing of cement concrete and for curing work etc. The
quality of water used has a direct impact on the strength of the motor and cement
concrete in the construction work. The water used for curing and mixing must be
free from high quantities of alkalis, acid, oils, salt, sugar, organic materials,
vegetable growth, etc that might be deleterious to bricks, concrete or iron.

20
Impurities in water can cause metal corrosion, introduce unwanted silt and clay
into the concrete, adversely affect the hardening process of concrete and also
reduce the strength by even 25%. Thus the need to ensure the quality of water used
during construction is vital.

Steel slag

Steel slag is an industrial waste product from steel manufacturing industry . It is

the by-products obtained from manufacturing of iron and steel . Several slags are
occurred as a by-product of steel manufacturing process . The main types of slags
are blast furnace slag , steel slag and ladle slag. Steel slag is one of the alternative
material for coarse aggregate due to its properties which are almost similar to
conventional concrete.

Figure 4 : Steel slag

21
Conplast sp430 super plasticizer:

Conplast SP430 is a chloride free, super plasticising admixture based on selected

sulphonated naphthalene polymers. It is supplied as a brown solution which
instantly disperses in water. Conplast SP430 disperses the fine particles in the
concrete mix, enabling the water content of the concrete to perform more
effectively. The very high levels of water reduction possible allow major increases
in strength to be obtained.

Typical Dosage

The optimum dosage of Conplast SP430 to meet specific requirements should

always be determined by trial mixes using the materials and conditions that will be
experienced in use. For high strength, water reduced concrete the normal dosage
range is from 1.00 to 3.00 litres/100 kg of cementitious material, including PFA,
GGBFS and micro silica. For high workability concrete the normal dosage range is
from 0.70 to 2.00 litres/100 kg of cementitious material.

Uses

 To provide excellent acceleration of strength gain at early ages and major

increases in strength at all ages by significantly reducing water demand in a
concrete mix.
 Particularly suitable for precast concrete and other high early strength
requirements.
 To significantly improve the workability of site mixed and precast concrete
without increasing water demand.

22
 To provide improved durability by increasing ultimate strengths and
reducing concrete permeability.

Figure 5 : Super plasticizer

23
TESTS ON MATERIALS

24
 CHAPTER -5
TESTS ON MATERIALS

5.1 TESTS ON CEMENT

5.1.1 FINENESS OF CEMENT

Aim: To determine the fineness of the given sample of cement by sieving.

Apparatus: IS-90 micron sieve conforming to IS:460-1965, standard balance,

weights, brush.

Procedure:

1.Weigh accurately 100 g of cement and place it on a standard 90 micron IS sieve.

2.Break down any air-set lumps in the cement sample with fingers.

3.Continuously sieve the sample giving circular motion for a period of 15minutes.

4.Weigh the residue left on the sieve. As per IS code the percentage residue should
not exceed 10%.

Precautions: Air set lumps in the cement sample are to be crushed using fingers
and not to be pressed with the sieve. Sieving shall be done holding the sieve in
both hands and with gentle wrist motion. More or less continuous rotation of the
sieve shall be carried out throughout sieving.

Observations:

1) Weight of cement taken on the sieve = 100gm

2) Weight of residue after sieving = 6 gm

3) Percentage of fineness = weight of residue /weight of cement × 100= 6%

Result: Fineness of given sample of cement is 6%

25
 5.1.2.SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT

Aim: To determine the specific gravity of given sample of hydraulic cement.

Apparatus: Physical balance, specific gravity bottle of 50ml capacity, cleans

kerosene.

Procedure:

• Clean and dry the specific gravity bottle and weigh it with the stopper (W1).

• Fill the specific gravity bottle with cement sample at least half of the

bottle and weigh with stopper (W2).

• Fill the specific gravity bottle containing the cement, with kerosene (free

of water) placing the stopper and weigh it (W3).

• While doing the above do not allow any air bubbles to remain in the

specific gravity bottle.

• After weighing the bottle, the bottle shall be cleaned and dried again.

• Then fill it with fresh kerosene and weigh it with stopper (W4).

• Remove the kerosene from the bottle and fill it with full of water and weigh it
with stopper (W5).

• All the above weighing should be done at the room temperature of 27c + 10c.

Observations:

26
• Weight of empty specific gravity bottle (W1)=30 gm

• Weight of specific gravity bottle and cement (W2)=50 gm

• Weight of specific gravity bottle, cement and kerosene (W3)=84 gm

• Weight of specific gravity bottle and kerosene (W4)= 70gm

• Weight of specific gravity bottle and water (W5)=78gm

Specific gravity of kerosene Sk= W4−W1/W5−W1

= 0.79

Specific gravity of cement= W2−W1/((W4−W1)−(W4−W2))∗Sk

=3.15

Precaution:

• Only kerosene which is free of water shall be used.

• At time of weighing the temperature of the apparatus will not be allowed to

exceed the specified temperature.

• All air bubbles shall be eliminated in filling the apparatus and inserting the
stopper.

• Weighing shall be done quickly after filling the apparatus and shall be accurate to
0.1mg.

• Precautions shall be taken to prevent expansion and overflow of the contents

resulting from the heat of the hand when wiping the surface of the apparatus.

27
Result: Specific gravity of given sample of cement 3.15

Figure 6 : Specific gravity cement

28
 5.1.3. INITIAL SETTING TIME

Aim: To determine the initial setting time of cement as per IS: 4031 (part 5) -1988

Apparatus:

 Vicat apparatus conforming to IS:5513-1976

 Balance, whose permissible variation at a load of 1000g should be +1.0g
 Gauging trowel conforming to IS: 10086-1982

Procedure:

• Prepare a cement paste by gauging the cement with 0.85 times the water required
to give a paste of standard consistency.

• Start a stop-watch, the moment water is added to the cement.

• Fill the vicat mould completely with the cement paste. The mould is placed on
non-porous plate and smooth off the surface of the paste making it level with the
top of the mould. The cement block thus prepared in the mould is the test block.

• Place the test block under the rod bearing the needle.

• Lower the needle gently in order to make contact with the surface of paste and
quickly released allowing it to penetrate the block

• Repeat the procedure till the needle fails to penetrate to a point 5.0±0.5mm
measured from the bottom of the mould. The time taken between adding of water
and above mentioned point is the initial setting time.

29
Observations and calculations:

Weight of cement taken = 400gms

Water required for normal consistency = 30% (120ml)

Weight of water taken for making specimen= 102ml

Initial setting time = 35 minutes

Limitation:

For ordinary Portland cement the initial setting time should not be less than 30
minutes and final setting time not more than 10 hours.

Result:

The initial setting time of given cement sample is 35 minutes.

30
 5.2. 1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE AGGREGATE

Aim: To determine Specific gravity of fine aggregate using Pycnometer.

Apparatus: Pycnometer, Tray, Weighing balance, stirrer.

Materials used: Fine aggregate , distilled water.

Procedure:

• Take a clean, dry pycnometer, and find its weight with its cap and washer (W1)

• Put about 500 g of fine aggregate in the pycnometer and find its weight (W2)

• Fill the pycnometer as in step2 and with distilled water and measure its weight
(W3)

• Empty the pycnometer, clean it thoroughly, and fill it with clean water only to the
hole of the conical cap, and find its weight (W4)

• Repeat the same procedure at least for three different samples

Observations:

• Weight of empty pycnometer (W1)= 500gm

• Weight of pycnometer and fine aggregate (W2)= 1340gm

• Weight of pycnometer, fine aggregate and water (W3)= 1960gm

• Weight of pycnometer and water (W4)= 1460gm

31
Specific gravity= W2−W1/((W4−W1)−(W3−W2))

=1340-500/((1460−500)−(1960−1340))

=2.47

Result: Hence the Specific Gravity of sand is calculated as 2.47

Figure 7 : Specific gravity of fine aggregate

32
 5.2.2 SIEVE ANALYSIS OF SAND

Aim: To determine fineness modulus of sand.

Apparatus: The apparatus consists of eight different types of sieves i.e. 4.75mm,
2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600μ, 300μ, 150μ and 75μ sieve for fine aggregate.

Materials used: 500 gram sample of sand.

Procedure:

• The sample shall be brought to an air-dried condition before weighing and

sieving.

• Measure 3000 gram of the sand.

• Arrange sieve in descending order of size from the top.

• Put the sand in sieve 4.75mm, and shake for 10 minutes. Material shall not

be forced through the sieve by hand pressure.

• After 10 minutes stop the shaker and separate the sieve 4.75mm from the

apparatus. Then with the help of balance measure the weight of retained

particles, note this weight in the table.

• Measure the weight of the particles retained in each sieve and notes them in the
table.

• Calculate the percentage of weight retained on each sieve.

• Find the percentage of the weight which has passed through each sieve.

33
Table 1:

Sieve Weight Percentage Cumulative Cumulative

size retained Weight Percentage percentage of
(mm) (gm) retained of weight passed
weight
(gm)
retained
4.75 22 0.6 0.6 99.40

2.36 32 0.76 1.32 98.68

1.18 144 3.6 4.92 95.08

600 µ 973 12.28 17.2 82.80

300 µ 2000 57.5 74.7 25.30

150 µ 1170 24.1 98.8 1.20

75 µ 480 1.2 99.99 0.01

Pan 5 0.033 100 0

Total 275

Observations of sieve analysis of sand

Fineness modulus = 275/100 =2.75

Result: Hence the Fineness modulus of sand is calculated as 2.75

34
 5.3.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE

Aim: To determine Specific gravity of coarse aggregate using Pycnometer.

Apparatus: Pycnometer, Tray, Weighing balance, stirrer.

Materials used: coarse aggregate , distilled water.

Procedure:

• Take a clean, dry pycnometer, and find its weight with its cap and washer (W1)

• Put about 500 g of coarse aggregate in the pycnometer and find its weight (W2)

• Fill the pycnometer as in step2 and with distilled water and measure its weight
(W3)

• Empty the pycnometer, clean it thoroughly, and fill it with clean water only to the
hole of the conical cap, and find its weight (W4)

• Repeat the same procedure at least for three different samples

Observations:

• Weight of empty pycnometer (W1)= 500gm

• Weight of pycnometer and fine aggregate (W2)= 1350gm

• Weight of pycnometer, fine aggregate and water (W3)= 1970gm

• Weight of pycnometer and water (W4)= 1460gm

Specific gravity= W2−W1/((W4−W1)−(W3−W2))

=1350-500/((1460−500)−(1970−1350))

35
=2.5

Result: Hence the Specific Gravity of sand is calculated as 2.5

Figure 8 : Specific gravity of coarse aggregate

36
 5.3.2.SIEVE ANALYSIS OF COARSE AGGREGATE

Aim: To determine the fineness modulus of given coarse aggregates.

Apparatus: IS test sieves, square hole perforated plate 80mm, 40mm, 20mm,
12.5mm, and 4.75mm .Weighing balance (Sensitivity0.1 percent) sieve shaker, tray
plates.

Procedure:

• Take 5Kgs of coarse aggregate (nominal size 20mm) from the sample by

quartering.

• Carry out sieving by hand, shake each sieve in order 80mm, 40mm, 20mm,

12.5mm, and 4.75mm for about 5 minutes.

• The shaking is done with a varied motion backward and forward, left to right,

circular, clockwise and anticlockwise and with frequent jarring.

• So that material is kept moving over the sieve surface in frequently changing

directions.

• Find the weight retained on each sieve taken in order

37
Table 2

Sieve Weight Cumulative Cumulative

size retained Percentage of percentage of
(mm) (kg) weight retained weight passed
80 0 0 100

40 0.99 19.8 80.20

20 1.9 57.8 42.20

12.5 1.43 86.4 13.60

4.75 0.68 100 0

Total 864

Observations of sieve analysis of coarse aggregates

Result: Hence the Fineness modulus of coarse aggregate is calculated as 8.64

38
MIX DESIGN

39
 CHAPTER -6
MIX DESIGN

(M40 GRADE CONCRETE)

A) Design stipulations

1. Characteristic compressive strength required in the field at 28 days is 40 N/mm2

2. Maximum size of aggregate: 20mm (angular)

3.Minimum cement content = 320 kg/m3

4. Maximum water cement ratio = 0.45

5. Workability = 100mm ( slump)

6. Maximum cement content = 450 kg/m3

7. Degree of quality control: Good

8. Type of exposure: moderate

B) Test data for materials:

1. Cement used : OPC 53 grade

2. Specific gravity of cement: 3.15

3. Specific gravity of

a) Coarse aggregate: 2.5

40
b) Fine aggregate: 2.47

4. Coarse aggregate: Conforming to IS:2386 (part-2)

5. Fine aggregate: Conforming to Zone II of IS2386 (part-1)

C) Target mean strength:

Target mean strength f’ck=fck+1.6(σ)

Where

f’ck=Target mean compressive strength

fck= Characteristic compressive strength

σ= Standard deviation

Target mean strength =40+1.65*5

= 48.25 N/mm2

D) Selection for water cement ratio

For target mean strength of 48.25 N/mm2 maximum water cement ratio is
0.45

Adopt 0.4 < 0.45

E) Selection of water content

From table 2 , maximum water content = 186 lit

Water content for 100mm slump

= 186+(6/100*186)

41
= 197lit

As super plasticizer used is required up to 20% and above

Based on trails the reduction of 29%

W=197*0.71

=140 lit

F) CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT

Water cement ratio = 0.4

Cement content =140/0.4= 350 kg/m3

From table 5 of IS 456 minimum cement content for severe exposure condition
=320kg / m3

350>320

As the value is in between minimum and maximum content .

H) Proportion of volume of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate

From table 3 volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 20mm size aggregate

and fine aggregate for water cement content 0.5

In present water cement ratio is 0.4

Therefore volume of coarse and fine aggregate content is corrected by 0.02

Therefore corrected volume of coarse aggregate for water cement ratio of0.4= 0.62

Volume of coarse aggregate = 0.62*0.9

42
 =0.56

Volume of fine aggregate = 1- 0.56

=0.44

I) Mix Calculations for 1m3of Concrete:

a). Volume of concrete =1 m3

b). Volume of cement =Mass of cement/ Specific gravity of cement X 1/1000

= 350/ (3.15x1000)

=0.1 m3

c). Volume of water = Mass of water / Specific gravity of water X 1/1000

= 0.14 m3

d) volume of super plasticizer =7/1.145 x 1000

=0.0063 m3

e). Volume of all aggregate = a- (b + c+d)

= 1- (0.1+0.14+0.006)

= 0.754 m3

f). Mass of coarse aggregate = e × volume of coarse aggregate × specific gravity of

CA ×1000

= 0.754×0.56×2.5×1000

=1055.6 kg

43
g). Mass of fine aggregate = e × volume of fine aggregate ×specific gravity of FA
×1000

= 0.754×0.44×2.47×1000

= 819 kg

Hence, mix details per m3

Therefore, mix proportions for concrete mix of M 40 Grade is

Cement: FA: CA: Water Cement ratio = 1 : 2.3: 3.01 : 0.4

Mix proportions for trail

Water cement ratio = 0.4

Cement = 350kg/m3

Coarse aggregate =1055.6 kg/m3

Fine aggregate =819kg/ m3

44
CASTING OF CONCRETE

45
 CHAPTER -4

CASTING OF CONCRETE

5.1.1 Aggregates:

The coarse aggregate was kept completely immersed in clean water for 24 hours
and was gently surface dried. It was then spread out and exposed to the atmosphere
until it is completely surface dry. For fine aggregate, the water was sprinkled then
it was spread out and exposed to the atmosphere until it appears to be completely
surface dry.

5.1.2 Batching:

Measuring the quantities of constituents of concrete required for the preparation of

concrete mix is called Batching. Weight batch method is used to measure the
quantities. The quantities of fine aggregate, Natural coarse aggregate, crushed
ceramic waste, steel fiber, cement, water and admixture for each batch were
measured by a weighing balance according to the mix proportions obtained by the
mix design.

5.1.3 Mixing:

The objective of mixing is to coat the surface of all aggregate particles with
Cement paste and to blend all the ingredients of concrete into a uniform mass.
Though mixing of the materials is essential for the production of uniform concrete.
The mixing should ensure that the mass becomes homogeneous, uniform in color

46
and consistency. At first dry mixing is necessary of the uniform distribution of the
fiber.

Then the required amount of water is added to the mix. Through mixing is
necessary to get the consistent slurry of concrete. Admixture is added to the mix at
the later stage and after few minutes of mixing, the concrete becomes ready for
placing.

Casting of cubes:

The size of cube specimen is 100X100X100mm. Each mould is provided with

metal base plate and with a capping plate. The mix design is based on strength
criteria and durability criteria for mild environmental exposure. The ratios by
weight of cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregate, broken ceramic waste and
steel fibre are obtained and mixed thoroughly in dry condition. Then water
required is added to the dry mix and mixed thoroughly till to obtain uniform
mixture. Superplasticizer is added to the mix to maintain the workability of fresh
concrete. The concrete is filled into the mould in 3 layers. Each layer is compacted
with tamping rod, for 25 blows each time. After the top layer has been compacted
the surface of the concrete is brought to the finished, level with the top of the
mould, using a trowel. Six cubes are casted in each batch of mix.

47
 Figure 9: Cubes casting

Casting of beams:

Beam specimen of dimension 150 x150x 700mm are casted along with cubes.
Before placing the concrete into the mould oil is applied on the inner and bottom
surface for easy removal of the specimen. The concrete is filled in the mould in
layers. After placing each layer, it is compacted with tamping rod, 25 blows each
time. The tamping should be uniform throughout the mould. Finally, top surface is
smoothen using trowel.

Casting of cylinders:

Cylinder specimen of dimension 300mm height and 150mm diameter are casted
along with cubes. Before placing the concrete into the mould oil is applied on the
inner and bottom surface for easy removal of the specimen. The concrete is filled
in the mould in layers. After placing each layer, it is compacted with tamping rod,
25 blows each time. The tamping should be uniform throughout the mould. Finally,
top surface is smoothen using trowel.

48
 Figure 10 : Cylinders casting

Curing

The casted moulds are dried for 24hrs. Then the moulds are un molded. The cubes,
beams and cylinders were kept for curing in clean and potable water.

Figure 11 : Curing of specimens

49
TESTS AND RESULTS

50
 CHAPTER -7
TESTS AND RESULTS
SLUMP TEST

AIM:

Concrete slump test is to determine the workability or consistency of concrete mix

prepared at the laboratory or the construction site during the progress of the work.

APPARATUS:

Mould for slump test, non-porous base plate, measuring scale, temping rod.

INTRODUCTION:

Concrete slump test is carried out from batch to batch to check the uniform quality
of concrete during construction. The slump test is the simplest workability test for
concrete, involves low cost and provides immediate results. Generally concrete
slump value is used to find the workability, which indicates water-cement ratio, but
there are various factors including properties of materials, mixing methods, dosage,
admixtures etc. also affect the concrete slump value.

1. Very low workability: slump value 0-25mm or 0-1 inch

2. Low workability: slump value 25-50mm or 1-2 inch

3. Medium workability: slump value 50-100mm or 2-4 inch

4. High workability: slump value 100-175mm or 4-7 inch

51
True Slump – True slump is the only slump that can be measured in the test. The
measurement is taken between the top of the cone and the top of the concrete after
the cone has been removed.

Zero Slump – Zero slump is the indication of very low water-cement ratio,
which results in dry mixes. These type of concrete is generally used for road
construction.

Collapsed Slump – This is an indication that the water-cement ratio is too high,
i.e. concrete mix is too wet or it is a high workability mix, for which a slump test is
not appropriate.

Shear Slump – The shear slump indicates that the result is incomplete, and
concrete to be retested.

PROCEDURE:

1. Clean the internal surface of the mould and apply oil.

2. Place the mould on a smooth horizontal non- porous base plate.

3. Fill the mould with the prepared concrete mix in 4 approximately equal layers.

4. Tamp each layer with 25 strokes of the rounded end of the tamping rod in a
uniform manner over the cross section of the mould. For the subsequent layers, the
tamping should penetrate into the underlying layer.

5. Remove the excess concrete and level the surface with a trowel.

52
6. Clean away the mortar or water leaked out between the mould and the base
plate.

7. Raise the mould from the concrete immediately and slowly in vertical direction.

8. Measure the slump as the difference between the height of the mould and that of
height point of the specimen being tested

RESULT:

Slump for the given sample = 100 mm.

53
 COMPRESSION TEST ON CUBES

AIM:

To determine the compressive strength of cubes and cylinders.

APPARATUS:

Moulds (cylinder mould of 150mm diameter and 300mm height, cube mould of
(150mm X 150mm X 150mm), balance, compression testing m/c, mechanical
vibrator etc.

INTRODUCTION:

Compressive strength of concrete depends on many factors such as

water-cement ratio, cement strength, quality of concrete material, quality
control during production of concrete etc.

Test for compressive strength is carried out either on cube or cylinder.

Concrete is strong in compression and weak in tension.

PROCEDURE FOR CUBE TEST:

1. Remove the specimen from water after specified curing time and wipe out
excess water from the surface.

2. Take the dimension of the specimen to the nearest 0.2m

3. Clean the bearing surface of the testing machine

4. Place the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be
applied to the opposite sides of the cube cast.

54
5. Align the specimen centrally on the base plate of the machine.

6. Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it touches the top surface of
the specimen.

7. Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of 140
kg/cm2 /minute till the specimen fails

8. Record the maximum load and note any unusual features in the type of failure.

Figure 12 : compression test on cubes

55
 Table no - 3

S.NO Compress
Specimen Percentag Load Load Compr average average
ion
e of Steel in KN in KN ession strength Compressi Compressi
28days on
slag 7 28 strengt on
strength
Days Days h 7days 7days strength
28 days

1 751 1123 33.4 49.9

2 0% 723 11291 32.1 50.2 31.83 50.23
1
3 675 1139 30.00 50.6

2 1 763 1159 33.9 51.5

33.43
2 10% 756 1152 33.6 51.2 51.50
3 738 1165 32.8 51.8

3 1 765 1179 34.00 52.4

2 20% 761 1177 33.8 52.3 33.76 52.46
3 754 1186 3.50 52.7

Compression strength

56
 Table no - 4

S.NO CONCRE W/C STEEL COMPESSIVE STRENGTH

TE SLAG
GRADE PERCE
7 DAYS %INCREASE 28 DAYS %INCREASE
NTAGE
OF

1 0% 31.83 -
50.23
-
M40 0.4

2 10%
33.43 51.50
5.02 2.50

3 20%
33.76 52.46 4.40
6.06

Compression strength for 7 and 28 days

57
 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH 7 DAYS
34

33.5
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

33

32.5

32 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH 7
DAYS
31.5

31

30.5
0% 10% 20%
PERCENTAGE OF STEEL SLAG

Figure 13 : compressive strength 7 days

The compressive strength of concrete varies for 10 and 20 percentage when

compared with conventional concrete after 7 days of curing

58
 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH 28 DAYS
53

52.5
COMPRESIIVE STRENGTH

52

51.5

51
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH 28
50.5 DAYS
50

49.5

49
0% 10% Category 3
PERCENTAGE OF STEEL SLAG

Figure 14: compressive strength 28 days

Discussion : The compressive strength of concrete varies for 10 and 20

percentage when compared with conventional concrete after 7 days of curing . On
comparing the strengths 20% replacement of coarse aggregate with steel slag gives
highest compressive strength. The addition of steel slag has positive effect on
strength

59
 FLEXURE TEST

AIM:

To determine the Flexural Strength of Concrete, which comes into play when a
road slab with inadequate sub-grade support is subjected to wheel loads and / or
there are volume changes due to temperature / shrinking.

APPARATUS:

Beam mould of size 15 x 15x 70 cm, Tamping bar, Flexural test machine.

PROCEDURE:

1. Prepare the test specimen by filling the concrete into the mould in 3 layers of
approximately equal thickness.

2. Tamp each layer 35 times using the tamping bar as specified above. Tamping
should be distributed uniformly over the entire cross-section of the beam mould
and throughout the depth of each layer.

3. Clean the bearing surfaces of the supporting and loading rollers, and remove any
loose sand or other material from the surfaces of the specimen where they are to
make contact with the rollers.

4. Circular rollers manufactured out of steel having cross section with diameter 38
mm will be used for providing support and loading points to the specimens.

The length of the rollers shall be at least 10 mm more than the width of the test
specimen. A total of four rollers shall be used, three out of which shall be capable

60
of rotating along their own axes. The distance between the outer rollers (i.e. span)
shall be 3d and the distance between the inner rollers shall be d. The inner rollers
shall be equally spaced between the outer rollers, such that the entire system is
systematic.

5. The specimen stored in water shall be tested immediately on removal from

water; whilst they are still wet. The test specimen shall be placed in the machine
correctly centred with the longitudinal axis of the specimen at right angles to the
rollers. For moulded specimens, the mould filling direction shall be normal to the
direction of loading.

6. The load shall be applied at a rate of loading of 400 kg/min for the 15.0 cm
specimens and at a rate of 180 kg/min for the 10.0 cm specimens.

CALCULATION:

The Flexural Strength or modulus of rupture (fb) is given by

fb = pl/bd2

(when a > 20.0cm for 15.0cm specimen or > 13.0cm for 10cm specimen)

or

fb = 3pa/bd2

(when a < 20.0cm but > 17.0 for 15.0cm specimen or < 13.3 cm but > 11.0cm for
10.0cm specimen.)

61
Where,

a = the distance between the line of fracture and the nearer support, measured on
the center line of the tensile side of the specimen

b = width of specimen (cm)

d = failure point depth (cm)

l = supported length (cm)

p = max. Load (kg)

Fig 15 : Flexural strength

62
 Table no - 5

S.NO Specimen Percentag Load Load Flexural

Flexural average average
e of Steel in KN in KN strength Flexural Flexural
strength
7days
slag 7 28 28 days strength strength
Days Days 7days 28 days

1 24.46 37.12 2.90 4.40

2 0% 25.31 39.65 3.00 4.70 2.90 4.53
1
3 23.62 38 2.80 4.50

2 1 26.15 38.81 3.10 4.60

2 10% 25.31 38 4.50
3.00 3.00 4.63
3 24.46 40 4.80
2.90

3 1 27 39.65 3.20 4.70

3.12
2 20% 25.31 40 3 4.80 4.80
3 27.84 42.18 3.3 5.00

Flexural strength

63
 Table no - 6

S.NO CONCRE W/C STEEL FLEXURAL STRENGTH

TE SLAG
GRADE PERCE
7 DAYS %INCREASE 28 DAYS %INCREASE
NTAGE
OF

1 0% 2.90 - 4.53

-
M40 0.4
4.63
2 10% 3.44 2.20
3.00

3 20% 7.5 4.80 5.90

3.12

Flexural strength for 7 and 28 days

64
 Flexural strength 7 days
3.8

3.75
FLEXURAL STRENGTH

3.7

3.65
flexural strength 7 days
3.6

3.55

3.5
0% 10% 20%
PERCENTAGE OF STEEL SLAG

Fig 16 : Flexural strength 7 days

The compressive strength of concrete varies for 10 and 20 percentage when

compared with conventional concrete after 7 days of curing

65
 Flexural strength 28 Days
5.9
FLEXURAL STRENGTH

5.8
5.7
5.6
5.5 Flexural strength
5.4
5.3
0% 10% 20%
PERCENTAGE OF STEEL SLAG

Figure 17: Flexural strength 28 days

Discussion : The Flexural strength of concrete varies for 10 and 20 percentage

when compared with conventional concrete after 28 days of curing . On
comparing the strengths 20% replacement of coarse aggregate with steel slag gives
highest flexural strength. The addition of steel slag has positive effect on strength

66
 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST

AIM:

This method covers the determination of the splitting tensile strength of cylindrical
concrete specimens.

APPARATUS:

Compression testing machine, two packing strips of plywood 30 cm long and

12mm wide.

PROCEDURE:

1. Take the wet specimen from water after 7 days of curing

2. Wipe out water from the surface of specimen

3. Draw diametrical lines on the two ends of the specimen to ensure that they are
on the same axial place.

4. Note the weight and dimension of the specimen.

5. Set the compression testing machine for the required range.

6. Keep are plywood strip on the lower plate and place the specimen.

7. Align the specimen so that the lines marked on the ends are vertical and centred
over the bottom plate.

8. Place the other plywood strip above the specimen.

9. Bring down the upper plate to touch the plywood strip.

67
10. Apply the load continuously without shock at a rate of approximately
1421kg/cm2/minute (Which corresponds to a total load of 9900kg/minute to
14850kg/minute).

11. Note down the breaking load(P).

CALCULATIONS:

The splitting tensile strength is calculated using the formula

Split tensile strength T = 2P/ pi DL.

Where P = applied load

D = diameter of the specimen

L = length of the specimen

Figure 18 : Split tensile test

68
 Table no - 7

S.NO Specimen Percentag Load Load Split

Split average average
tensile
e of Steel in KN in KN tensile Split Split
strength
strength tensile tensile
slag 7 28 7days
28 days strength strength
Days Days 7days 28 days

1 191 325 2.70 4.60

2 0% 204 304 2.90 4.30 2.89 4.46
1
3 212 318 3.00 4.50

2 1 198 332 2.80 4.70

2.94 4.53
2 10% 191 311 2.70 4.40
3 226 318 3.20 4.50

3 1 204 318 2.90 4.50

2 20% 325 3.00 4.60 3.02 4.66
212
3 346 3.2 0 4.90
226

Split tensile strength

69
 Table no - 8

S.NO CONCRE W/C STEEL SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

TE SLAG
GRADE PERCE
7 DAYS %INCREASE 28 DAYS %INCREASE
NTAGE
OF

1 0% 2.89 -
4.46
-
M40 0.4

2 10% 1.70
2.94
4.53 1.16

3 20% 3.02 4.40 4.66 4.48

Split tensile strength for 7 and 28 days

70
 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH 7 days
3.05

3
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

2.95

2.9 Split tensile strength 7 days

2.85

2.8
0% 10% 20%
PERCENTAGE OF STEEL SLAG

Figure 19: split tensile strength strength 7 days

The compressive strength of concrete varies for 10 and 20 percentage when

compared with conventional concrete after 7 days of curing

71
 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH 28 days
4.7

4.65
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

4.6

4.55

4.5
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH
4.45

4.4

4.35
0% 10% 20%
PERCENTAGE OF STEEL SLAG

Figure 20: split tensile strength strength 28 days

Discussion :The Split tensile strength of concrete varies for 10 and 20 percentage
when compared with conventional concrete after 28 days of curing . On comparing
the strengths 20% replacement of coarse aggregate with steel slag gives highest
split tensile strength. The addition of steel slag has positive effect on strength

72
CONCLUSION

73
 CHAPTER -9
CONCLUSION

The following conclusions were drawn from the experimental investigations in the
present major project.

 Partial replacement of coarse aggregate with 10% &;20% steel sag showed
increase in compressive strength, Flexural strength, Split tensile strength for
M40 grade of concrete.
 The percentage increase in compressive strength with replacement of10%
steel sag as compared to conventional concrete is 5.02%,2.5% for
7days&;28 days respectively. Where as the percentage increase in
compressive strength with replacement of20% steel sag as compared to
conventional concrete is 6.06%,4.44 % for 7days&28 days respectively.
 The percentage increase in flexural strength with replacement of10% steel
sag as compared to conventional concrete is 3.45%,2.20 % for 7days&28
days respectively. Whereas the percentage increase in flexural strength with
replacement of20% steel sag as compared to conventional concrete is
7.5%,5.9 % for 7days&;28 days respectively.
 The percentage increase in Split tensile strength with replacement of10%
steel sag as compared to conventional concrete is 1.73%,1.16% for 7days&
28 days respectively. Whereas the percentage increase in Split tensile
strength with replacement of20% steel sag as compared to conventional
concrete is 4..4%,4.487% for 7days&28 days respectively.

74
 The increase in strength for the replacement of coarse aggregate by steel slag
up to 20percent may be due to shape, size and surface texture of steel slag
aggregates, which provide better adhesion between the particles and cement
matrix.

 Optimum level of replacement for steel slag is found as 20% Increase in

strength initially is attributed to shape.

 The improvement in strength may be due to shape, size and surface texture
of steel slag aggregate, which provide better adhesion between the particles
and cement paste.

 This experimental study has proved to be better way to disposal of steel

slag. The cost of slag is almost 50% of that of natural aggregate also it is
economical to use the Steel Industrial waste product. Also it could be easily
used as coarse and fine aggregate in all plain concrete applications.

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 REFERENCES

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