module 3: Design perception

GOLDEN SECTION
PROPORTION
The proper harmonious relation of one part to another or to the whole.
the ratio between two sections of a line, or the two dimensions
of a plane figure, in which the lesser of the two is to the greater
as the greater is to the sum of both.
PROPORTIONING SYSTEM
Golden Section REGULATING LINES
Regulating Lines If the diagonals of two rectangles are either parallel or perpendicular
Classical Orders to each other, they indicate that the two rectangles have similar
Renaissance Theories proportions. These diagonals, as well as lines that indicate the
Modulor common alignment of elements, are called regulating lines.
Ken
Anthropometry
CLASSICAL ORDERS
To the Greeks and Romans of classical antiquity, the Orders represented
in their proportioning of elements the perfect expression of beauty and
harmony. The basic unit of dimension was the diameter of the column.
DORIC
IONIC
CORINTHIAN
TUSCAN
COMPOSITE

CLASSICAL ORDERS RENAISSANCE THEORIES RENAISSANCE THEORIES

Seven Ideal Plan Shapes for Rooms.
Andrea Palladio (1508-1580) was probably the most influential architect
of the Italian Renaissance. In The Four Books on Architecture, first
published in Venice in 1570, he followed in the footsteps of his
predecessors, Alberti and Serlio, and proposed these seven
"most beautiful and proportional manners of rooms."

Determining the Heights of Rooms.

Palladio also proposed several methods for determining the height of a room
so that it would be in proper proportion to the room's width and length.

The height of rooms with flat ceilings would be equal to their width.
The height of square rooms with vaulted ceilings would be one-third greater
than their width. For other rooms, Palladio used Pythagoras' theory of
means to determine their heights.

RENAISSANCE THEORIES
 MODULOR
Le Corbusier developed this proportioning system to order "the dimensions
of that which contains and that which is contained." He based the Modulor
on both mathematics (the aesthetic dimensions of the Golden Section and
the Fibonacci Series), and the proportions of the human body (functional
dimensions).

The basic grid consists of three measures, 113, 70, and 43 centimeters,
TV DISTANCE TO SOFA proportioned according to the Golden Section.

KEN
The traditional Japanese unit of measure, the shaku, was originally imported
from China. It is almost equivalent to the English foot and divisible into
decimal units. Another unit of measure, the ken, was introduced in the latter
half of Japan's Middle Ages.

The size of a room is designated by the number of its floor mats.

ANTHROPOMETRICS
Anthropometry refers to the
measurement of the size and proportions of the human body.
A special field that has developed from a concern with human factors is
ergonomics - the applied science that coordinates the design of devices,
systems, and environments with our physiological and psychological
capacities and requirements.
basic measurement SPACE ARTICULATION
SCALE SPACE
The size of something compared to a reference standard or to Space is the three-dimensional field in which objects and
the size of something else. Refers to how we perceive or judge events occur and have relative position and direction, esp.
the size of something in relation to something else. a portion of that field set apart in a given instance or for a
In dealing with the issue of scale, therefore, we are always particular purpose.
comparing one thing to another.

VISUAL SCALE SPATIAL RELATIONSHIPS

It refers to how small or large something appears to be in Space within a space
relation to its normal size or to the size of other things in its Interlocking spaces
context. Adjacent spaces; and
Spaces linked by a common space.
HUMAN SCALE
Human scale in architecture is based on the dimensions and
proportions of the human body.

SPACE WITHIN SPACE

A large space can envelop and contain a smaller space within its volume. Visual
and spatial continuity between the two spaces can be easily accommodated,
but the smaller, contained space depends on the larger, enveloping space for its
relationship to the exterior environment.
SPACE WITHIN SPACE
INTERLOCKING SPACE
Results from the overlapping of two spatial fields and the emergence of a zone
of shared space.

INTERLOCKING SPACE
ADJACENT SPACE
ADJACENT SPACE The most common type of spatial relationship.
It allows each space to be clearly defined and to respond, each in its own way,
to specific functional or symbolic requirements.
The degree of visual and spatial continuity that occurs between two adjacent
spaces depends on the nature of the plane that both separates and binds them
together.

SPACES LINKED BY A COMMON

SPACES LINKED BY A COMMON SPACE
SPACE Two spaces that are separated by distance can be linked or related to each other
by a third, intermediate, space.
The visual and spatial relationship between the two spaces depends on the nature
of the third space with which they share a common bond.
SPATIAL ORGANIZATION COLOR
Centralized A phenomenon of light and visual perception that may be described in
Linear terms of an individual's perception of hue, saturation, and tonal value.
Radial Like shape and texture, is an inherent visual property of all form.
Clustered
Grid
3 COLOR DIMENSIONS
CENTRALIZED ORGANIZATION VALUE
A central, dominant space about which a number of secondary
The attribute by which we recognize and Describe a color, such as
spaces are grouped
red or yellow.
LINEAR ORGANIZATION
A linear sequence of repetitive spaces. HUE
The degree of lightness or darkness of a color in relation to white
RADIAL ORGANIZATION and black
A central space from which linear organizations of space extend
in a radial manner
SATURATION
CLUSTER ORGANIZATION The brilliance or dullness of a color; this depends on the amount
Spaces grouped by proximity or the sharing of a common visual of hue in color.
trait or relationship

GRID ORGANIZATION
Spaces organized within the field of a structural grid or other
framework three-dimensional

CENTRALIZED RADIAL CLUSTER GRID

LINEAR
3 COLOR DIMENSIONS
WARM COLORS
COLOR WHEEL
COOL COLORS
WARM COLORS
VALUE Exhibit energy and joy(best for personal messages).
They have a tendency to appear larger.
APPEAR TO CONTRACT

COOL COLORS
Convey calmness and peace (best for office use).
HUE They have a tendency to appear smaller next to a warm color.
They often work well as a background color.
TEND TO EXPAND

SATURATION

VALUE

TINT
WHITE + HUE

TONE
GRAY + HUE

SHADE
BLACK + HUE

COLOR WHEEL
basic COLOR SCHEMES
COMPLEMENTARY
Uses colors that are opposite each other on the wheel.

ANALOGOUS
Uses colors that are next to each other on the color wheel.

TRIADIC
Uses three colors that are equally spaced on the color wheel, forming a triangle.

SPLIT COMPLEMENTARY
Uses three colors that are equally spaced on the color wheel, forming a triangle.

TETRADIC OR DOUBLE COMPLEMENTARY

Uses two complementary pairs, forming a rectangle on the wheel.
PROXEMICS
The study of the means by which individuals can make use of
personal space in interacting by one another.

LEVELS OF DISTANCE
Intimate Space
Personal Space
Social Space
Public Space

INTIMATE DISTANCE
Voluntarily selected gap between people who are drawn to
each other. At this close range, vision is distorted and any
vocalization is a whisper, moan, or grunt.

PERSONAL DISTANCE
18 inches to 4 feet (450mm-1.20m)
The sense of body heat is lost. Eyesight begins to focus, and vocalization
comes into play. Although only ritualized touch is typical, the other
person is still at arm' s length, available to be grasped, held, or shoved
away.

SOCIAL DISTANCE SEMI-FIXED FEATURE SPACE

12 feet (3.70 m) Furniture arrangement in public places has a distinct relationship to the
This is the zone of impersonal transaction. We now have to rely solely on degree of converstation.
what we can see and hear. By the middle of the range, the eye can focus on
Sociopetal
an entire face.
Sociofugal
PUBLIC DISTANCE
10 feet to infinity (3 meters and beyond)
The zone where we can no longer pick up subtle nuances of meaning from
the face or tone of voice. The eye can take in the whole body at a glance.

SOCIOPETAL
Spaces which tend to bring people together

SOCIOFUGAL
Spaces which tend to bring people apart and discourage conversations.